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NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

(IN NEW JERSEY) 




Slat.u- of Hrv. Al.n.ha,,, I>uts„„ in Clinton, Conn. Secon.i pastor 
<>t Newark's Moetini: Houso 



NARRATIVES 
OF NEWARK 

(IN NEW JERSEY) 

From the Days of 
Its Founding- 

By DAVID LAWRENCE PIERSON 

> t 

Hidonan General, Sons of the American Revolution 




1666—1916 



PIERSON PUBLISHING CO. 
756 BROAD STREET NEWARK 






Copyright, 1917, by 

ill • 7 ^^^RSON Publishing Co. 

ALL righU reserved, including that of translation 

intojoreign languages, inclnding 

the Scandinavian. 



/ 

m 31 1917 



©CI.A470SG9 



TO THE PURITAN MOTHER, 

WHO REARED THE FIRST GENERATION OF NEWARK 
CITIZENSHIP AND ENDURED SUFFERING IN A RIGOR- 
OUS ERA FOR THE SALVATION OF THE MANHOOD AND 
WOMANHOOD ENTRUSTED TO HER CARE, 

This Volume is Reverently Dedicated 
BY THE Author 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



" I. Puritans Arrive in the Wilderness . 
II. The Fundamental Agreement . • 

III. Indians Sell Land to Puritans . • 

IV. Instituting Provincial Government . 
V. Rev. Abraham Pierson, First Pastor 

VL Building the Meeting House . • • 
VII. Rev. Abraham Pierson, Second Pastor 
VIII. The Corn Mill . • • • • 

IX. System of Taxation Inaugurated 
X. Exterminating the Wolf . • • 
XL Lessening of Puritan Restraint . 
XII. Care of Domestic Animals . • 

XIII. Captain Treat Leaves Newark ^ . 

XIV. Preparing Against Indian Invasion 
XV. Rules of Conduct . • • • • 

XVI. Beginning of Newark's Industries 
XVII. The Proprietor's Quit Rent . • 
XVIII Newark Under Dutch Rule . • 
XIX. Governor Carteret Resumes Control Over 
New Jersey . • • • • 
XX. Unprofitable Land Speculation 

XXI. The First School _ • 

XXII. Governor Andros Has Designs Upon New 
Jersey 

XXIII. Abduction of Governor Carteret 

XXIV. Governor Carteret's Trial 
XXV. End of Proprietary Government 

XXVI. Puritan Sympathy Displayed 
XXVII. A Terrestrial Canaan ^ . • 
XXVIII. Newark's First Historian . . 
XXIX. The Third Pastorate . • • 



3 
10 
18 
21 
26 
34 
40 
47 
53 

58 

62 

67 

71 

76 

80 

84 

89 

95 

101 
107 
112 

117 

122 

127 

132 

139 

144 

149 

152 



VI 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



XXX 

XXXI 

XXXII. 

XXXIII. 

XXXIV. 

XXXV. 

XXXVI. 

XXXVII. 

XXXVIII. 

XXXIX. 

XL. 

XLI. 

XLIL 

XLm. 

XLIV. 
XLV. 
XL\1. 
XLVII. 
XLVIII. 
XLIX. 
L. 
LL 
LII. 
LIII. 
LIV. 
LV. 
LYI. 
LVII. 



Le\ 



olution- 



. Mining Copper and a Sunday Harvest 

Settlers Rise Against Landlord Tyranny 

College of New Jersey in Newark 

Approaching the Revolutionary War 

Perils and Trials of Early R 

ary Days . . . "^ 

Ravaging of Newark 

Xight Raid by King's Troops 

Reconstruction Days 

At the Threshold of the Nineteenth Cen- 
tury . . 

Orange Separates from Newark 

Battle Over County Seat 

Second War with Great Britain 

After the War of 1812 . 

A Captain of Industry 

Xewark Becomes a City 

Louis Kossuth Entertained 

A Period of Hardship 

Lincoln ^' isits Newark 

Civil War Sacrifices 

Marcus L. Ward Institutes IIosi)it 

Newark's 200th Anniversary . 

The Famous Industrial Exposition 

Dedication of Kearny Statue 

A Memorable Summer 

The Old Burying Ground . 

Newark's Water System 

A Modern City 

The 2o0th Anniversary 



Page 

158 
164 
173 
179 

188 
195 
203 
219 

226 

234 

240 

245 

253 

258 

265 

273 

279 

284 

290 

299 

307 

316 

324 

330 

334 

339 

346 
355 



LIST f)F ILLUSTRATIONS 

Statue of Rev. Abraham Pierson in Clinton, Conn. . 

Fro nils piece 

FACING PAGE 

Indian Village at Hackensack 8 ^ 

Map of Town by " Ye Pesayak River " 16*^ 

William Meeker Homestead 56 *^ 

Amahikan, Indian Chief 64 

Governor Edmund Andros 100 ^ 

Samuel Harrison's House 116 "^ 

Colonial Kitchen 148 "^ 

Rev. Jonathan Dickinson 168 

Rev. Aaron Burr 176 

Three of Newark's Distinguished Visitors .... 200-'^ 

Rev. Dr. Alexander Macwhorter 208 "^ 

Founder's Statue 216 ' 

Home of Captain Samuel Uzal Dodd 224 '■ 

Governor Bloomfield 232 

First Newark Bank Notes 240 " 

William Halsey— Newark's First Mayor . . . .248^" 

Park House 256^^ 

Statue of Seth Boyden '=>64 ' 

The Old and New Court House 272 '^ 

Statue of Lincoln ..... 280 '' ^ 

General Philip Kearny 288 ' 

Broad and Market Sts., 1865 296 ^'' 

Soldiers' and Sailors' Plot 304 ^ 

Home for Disabled Soldiers 312 

vii 



viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

-rj- c, , FACING PAGE 

Jiearny Statue 32q v 

George Washington Statue 328/ 

Branch Brook Park gog/ 

Newark Public Library 34^ • 

Market and Broad Sts., 1916 ^52^ 

Barringer High School 3gQ ^ 

Parade Passing City Hall 3gg v 



FOREWORD 

Pleasant indeed has been the pilgrimage of the author 
through the decades to the misty past of "Ye Towne by ye 
Pesayak River," and if in the Narratives a story has been 
told as plainly as revealed the pages will be entertaining 
and instructive to the reader. The history of Newark will 
ever be of absorbing interest to the studiously inclined. 
Interwoven therein are splendid types of manhood and 
womanhood consecrated upon the altar of religious and civic 
freedom. The heritage cannot be excelled by any munici- 
pality on the Continent. The Puritans built well, their chief 
characteristics being service and loyalty. Through the years 
their influence has lasted and to the credit of their descendants 
may it be said that appreciation is not withheld for their 
"works do follow them," even to the last generation. 

The Narratives were revised from a series of articles 
appearing in the Newark Evening News, written by the 
author in the winter of 1915-1916, anticipatory of the 250th 
Anniversary Celebration. An interest was immediately awak- 
ened in them and numerous requests for their preserva- 
tion in book form were received by the writer. 

Letters expressing the hope that this step would be taken 
were written by Hon. Franklin Murphy, former Governor 
of New Jersey, and Chairman of the Committee of O* 
Hundred of the 250th Anniversary Celebration; Rt ^cv. 
Dr. Edwin S. Lines, Bishop of the Episcopal Dicoese of 
Newark; Rev. Dr. Lyman Whitney Allen, former pastor 
of the South Park Presbyterian Church and Poet Laureate of 
the celebration-. Judge Charles S. Pilgrim, former Speaker of 
the House of Assembly of the New Jersey Legislature; Wil- 
son Farrand, headmaster of the Newark Academy, John 
Cotton Dana and others. 



FOREWORD 



The author lias received vahiable assistance from Rev 
Dr. Allen, who read tlie text of the book; Mr. Dana as 
Librarian of tlie Newark Public Library; Colonel Austen 
Colgate, of Orange; Rev. Joseph F. Folsom, correspond- 
ing secretary, and Miss Maude E. Johnson, Assistant 
Librarian, of the New Jersey Historical Societv G F 
A^etthn, photographer, of Newark; Charles Starr,' of the 
Orange Chronicle Publishing Conlpan^- Frank P Jewett 
photographer, of Orange; George H. Harrison of West Or- 
ange; John Lenord Merrill, Rev. David O. L'ving, and 
>\ ilhaiii R. Britton, of East Orange. 

Permission to use the articles was kindly given bv the 
iN'ewark Lvemng Neivs. 

The reader must bear in mind that New Year's Dav 
occurred on March 25 and not on January 1, while reading 
the early records. The Julian calendar, ordered by Julius 
Caesar in the year 45 b. c, remained in vogue till 1752 
when Pope Gregory's was substituted. The vear 1751 
therefore, lost the months of January, Februaiy, and the 
tirst twenty-four days of March. 

^ From the past an inspiration leads us on and the future 
IS tull of promise of a rising generation's competencv to 
manage the affairs entrusted to its care and to uphold the 
good name of Newark. 




Old perfumes wander back from fields of clover, 

Seen in the light of suns that long have set; 
Beloved ones, whose earthly toils are over, 

Draw near as if they lived among us yet. 
Old voices call us through the dusk returning; 

We hear the echoes of departed feet; 
And then we ask, with vain and troubled yearning. 

What is the charm that makes old things so sweet ? 

— Sarah Doudney 



NARRx\TIVES OF NEWARK 

(IN NEW JERSEY) 



CHAPTER I 

Puritans Arrive in the Wilderness 

SLOWLY a group of vessels, of the general type sailed 
by explorers and others who traveled over the liigli 
seas in the Seventeenth Centmy, made their way up the 
Pesayak River on an early May day in 1666. This Puri- 
tan company of about thirty families was nearing the end of 
the pilgrimage from Milford, in the Connecticut colony, to 
the Promised Land in the wilderness, about which little 
was known except that it was of great richness of field and 
forest, with streams aplenty irrigat- ^ — — ,.^^^ - 
ing the soil. U 

Comfortable homes, close relation '' 

of kindred and friends, and woll- 
tilled lands were all forsaken in this 
migration. Tradition, always un- 
certain as to reliability, has associ- ] 
ated two ships with that historic I 
voysige. Perhaps there were more. : 
After the craft left the broad ex- |^ I 
pause of bay and followed the river's ^ ^ 

,1 , J? j_l Sailing vessel of type used by 

course, tne countenances OI the Puritans in sailing from Milford to 
, Ml • 1 Newark 

men and women were illumined, as 

rich verdure on either side was unfolded. This evidence of 
Nature's luxuriance was gratefully accepted as a welcome 
relief from the monotony of the voyage. Stretching away 
to the westward, the vista made a most pleasing picture 
to Puritan eye and mind. Undulating acres of wooded land, 
clearings of wide areas and lowlands thickly covered with 
growth of tender grass swept before the gaze till the view 
was lost in the blue haze of mountain-top. 

In a northeasterly direction (now known as the Hacken- 

3 



4 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

sack meadows) a dense growth of cedar trees was noted. 
Tliis provided generous shelter against the winter's cold 
blasts. The Puritans thought also of the excellent oppor- 
tunity offered for securing sustenance from a soil promising 
rich harvests. 

The mists of time have blotted out the place where the 
vessels anchored. Along the western shore a high bluff 
extended a considerable distance and the point selected was 
no doubt at the most convenient depression. During the 
250th anniversary celebration a memorial fountain was 
erected in Landing Place Park, at Saybrook Place, marking 
the historic incident. 

A party of Hackensack Indians were interested ob- 
servers of the scene of (to them) strange intrusion. They 
had long watched the unfamiliar craft laboriously moving 
along the tortuous course of the stream. Intently did 
they view the high prows, cumbersome sails, and other clumsy 
appointments of the vessels drawing near. Prosperous 
people they saw standing upon the decks — uncompromising 
religionists — determined upon erecting a government ac- 
cording to their idea of correct living. 

Governor Winthrop, in 1G65, secured a charter from 
Cliarles II, which merged New Haven and Connecticut 
into one colony. This was displeasing to the strict church 
members in the former jurisdiction. Liberty of churches, 
in fact, their safety, was now in danger, they avowed, when 
the Half-way Covenant was adojited aS part of the new 
Constitution. Baptism of children was thereby allowed, 
irres])ective of parents' church membersliip. The Pin-ihm 
l)ractice i)ermitted this ordinance only for children of "the 
elect." The combining of the two colonies and the adop- 
tion of the obnoxious covenant had been anticipated by 
the more discerning of the "disaffected." 

Robert Treat was chainnan of a committee acting for 
Ihem in their desire to migrate from this intolerant religious 
enviromnent. Several desirable tracts back of Staten Is- 
land, in the vicinity of Raritan River and under the juris- 



PURITANS ARRIVE IN THE WILDERNESS 5 

diction of Governor Stuyvesant of New Amsterdam, were 
inspected. Negotiations with the Dutch ended, however, 
principally because sufficient liberty was not guaranteed 
the Puritans in the proposed settlement. Sliips, filled with 
English soldiers and sailors, soon afterward appeared in 
New York harbor, whereupon Governor Stuyvesant, sur- 
prised and overwhelmed, surrendered to the invaders, with- 
out resistance, all the dominion known as New Netherlands. 
Charles II, who assumed possession of the land by right 
of discovery, granted it to his brother, James, Duke of 
York. The latter then sent out the expedition which so 
thoroughly bewildered the Dutch authorities. The Duke's 
estate extended from the west bank of the Connecticut 
River to the east shore of Delaware Bay and was named 
New Albion. Sir George Carteret and John Lord Berkley 
were assigned that portion now known as New Jersey, but 
first named Nova Caesarea. Ten shillings and an annual 
rent of one pepper corn to be paid on the day of nativity 
of St. John the Baptist, if legally demanded, was the con- 
sideration asked of and agreed to by Carteret and Berkley. 
The transfer was effected on March 12, 1663. Three 
months later, on June 23 and 24, 1664, the land was formally 

Tjossessed. 

Philip Carteret, cousin several times removed of Sir 
George Carteret, was commissioned Governor of New 
Jersey. Headquarters were established on a commanding 
plot of ground back of "Achter Koll," as the narrow body 
of water separating Staten Island from the mainland was 
named by the Dutch. Four families were living near the 
site when Governor Carteret and retinue of thirty persons 
arrived in August, 1664. The settlement was named 
Elizabeth Town, in honor of Lady Elizabeth, wife of Sir 
George Carteret. 

Flourishing growth was expected of this aristocracy; 
but it was, as will be shown in another chapter, a source of 
much trouble to the owners living 3,000 miles across the 
Governor Carteret sent agents to New England, seek- 



sea. 



G NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

ing homesteaders for his colonization scheme. They carried 
llie constitution of the new Government, entitled "The 
Concessions of the Lord Proprietors of New Jersey," which 
granted the essentials, religious and otherwise, sought by 
the Puritans. Eagerly did Robert Treat and Rev. Abraham 
Pierson (noted Congregational minister) accept the over- 
tures for settlement on the river "back of Achter Koll," 
where 40,000 or more acres of land were at the disposal of 
settlers. A yearly quit-rent of half-penny per acre, to be 
paid the Lord Proprietors, was agreed upon. Treat's 
glowing report of the country's agTicultural possibilities, 
after a visit there in the late winter of I6G0, was the incen- 
tive for immediate preparations by the Milford group for 
the exodus. And now the aborigines beheld the zealous 
people braving the hardships of an unknown region in ad- 
herence to their religious principles. 

According to family tradition, Elizabeth Swaine, daughter 
of Samuel Swaine, gained the distinction of being the first 
white woman to step ashore, being assisted by Josiah Ward, 
who afterward became her husband. The unloading of 
sundry articles of household necessity and other requisites 
for the pioneer life was quickly accomplished. This was 
followed by prayer, offered by one of the men, for safe de- 
liverance from the misfortunes of the sea and for safe de- 
barkation in the new home — this branch of Zion planted in 
the wilderness. 

An Indian, who had stolidly watched the scene, then 
stepped forward and demanded payment for the land about 
to be occupied. The claim was advanced that it was the 
red man's property, and these Puritans, dressed in small 
clothes, and wearing queer, steeple-crowned hats, were 
interlopers. At least that was thought to be the probable 
explanation of the speaker's vehement language. The Puri- 
tans, by enlisting the services of an interpreter, John Cap- 
teen, a Dutchnum, who lived at Hackensack, learned the 
cause of Indian ire. They were quickly apprised of the fact 
that the Governor had not attended to the treaty price 



PURITANS ARRIVE IN THE WILDERNESS 7 

with the Indians, as he had guaranteed. Reluctantly it 
was decided to return to Milford. 

Alas! the migration was in vain, and visions ot a iemple 
erected in yonder clearing to the glory of the Great Jehovah 
w^ere now ruthlessly shattered. 

"I had expected the Governor had cleared the plantations 
from all claims and encumbrances," said Captain Treat to 
the Indians through the interpreter, "and had given us 
quiet possession, which he promised to do; but no s^ooner 
are we on the place and having our goods landed, than 1 
and others of this company are ordered off. You claim 
right as Hackensack Indians by being first here. We have 
the Governor's order to take the land, but you say that it 

is unpurchased." , ^ . x i 

The captain was very much exercised. Carteret appeared 
upon the scene as the vessels were being reloaded. Ihe 
fate of the expedition now hung in the balance. Addressing 
the Governor, Captain Treat said that he did not under- 
stand his position. Had not the company agreed to pay 
the half-penny annual quit-rent per acre? Had they not 
come into the land determined to settle and even end their 
davs here, cultivate the soil and glorify the name of God^ 
The Puritan blood of the speaker was rising. Every word 
was listened to with profound interest by his associates, 
for he was a man of wisdom and of much experience in 
worldly and spiritual affairs. The interpreter communi- 
cated the statement to the Indians. They th^^ knew the 
truth was told, if suspicion to the contrary had been enter- 
tained by them. - ,^,, 
The Governor acknowledged failure on his part to fulfill 
the contract, but implored the people to remain. Consent 
to this appeal was finally granted by heads of families 
(women had no voice in public affairs). The partly-loaded 
goods were again brought ashore and preparations made 
to spend the night as comfortably as the limited means per- 

''"The precious tinder box containing flint, steel and woolen 



8 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

cloth was ever ready. The two hard substances were 
brought together with dexterous motion till sparks were 
produced. These ignited the cloth, then placed under the 
stack of wood, and in this manner the fire was kindled. 

Symbolical indeed ! Here was begun a fire of vital strength 
and usefulness which figuratively speaking was to burn on 
through the years till a great company, not numbered by 
tens, but by hundreds and even hundreds of thousands, 
were to receive the benefits of the heroic, sacrificial spirit 
of the pioneer group ! 

Perro, a minor chief, acting as spokesman for the Indians, 
informed the Puritans that Oraton, the great chief, was four 
score and ten years of age, and would, therefore, be com- 
pelled to leave the business details to younger men. Not a 
little surprise was expressed by the captain and his com- 
mitteemen, upon visiting the village at Hackensack, to 
note the well-cultivated gardens planted with corn, peas and 
other vegetables, all faithfully tendetl by the women while 
the men were absent on hunting trips, fishing excursions or 
engaged in warring upon other tribes. The principal style 
of dwelling was the lodge. Bark of the chestnut tree, grass, 
and other material were woven in the construction, making it 
(luite impervious to the inclemencies of the seasons. The roof 
was usually dome-shaped; the oblong l)uilding was also used. 

The antecedents of the Hackensack band, Unami Di- 
vision, of the Delaware or Leni Lenape tribe, with whom 
the Puritan Fathers negotiated, are unknown, but there is 
no doubt of long possession. Implements of stone and other 
material were found in the soil and the evidences of long 
settlement at landing places and the charactt^r of the abodes, 
all tended toward this belief. The Ilackensacks were not 
warlike, were scantily clothed, and always ready for a run over 
the fields in search of game. The principal garment of the 
women had more the appearance of a bag than a dress, 
consisting of a square piece of buckskin, wrapped about the 
waist and allowing a bulge, into which articles needed in 
the daily life were placed while on a march. 



PURITANS ARRIVE IN THE WILDERNESS 9 

Oraton, through Perro, assured the comiiiittee that the 
settlers would not be disturbed in their home making. The bill 
of sale, it was agreed, should be held in abeyance till after the 
Branford and Guilford companies arrived inthespringof 1667. 

Opportunity was thereby given to secure the purchase 
price at leisure — sundry useful articles, of more value to the 
Indians than silver and gold. 



CHAPTER II 

The Fundamental Agreement 

"Such was their creed — a hfe and not a name 
Aiid here to found their perfect State they came." 

A. D. F. Randolph. 

T TPON tlie settlers rested the weighty responsibility of 
^-^ final trial in the New World of "carrying on spiritual 
concernments, and also civil and town affairs according 
to God and a Godly government." Humor had no place 
in their daily routine, and life on tliis mundane sphere was 
continually a serious matter. 

The religious spirit finds expression in positive manner 
in the Fundamental Agreement or constitution upon which 
the town was founded. Unanimously adopted at the first 
town meeting on May 21, 1666, by the Milford comi)any 
and delegates representing Branford and Guilford, the 
docmnent was then forwarded to the two latter places for 
signatures of residents of those places contemplating the 
pilgrimage. Credit is therefore given the men of Branford 
and Ciuilford of signing first. 

THE AGREEMENT 

"October 30, 166G. 

At a meeting touching the Intended design of many of the 
inhabitants of Branford, tlie following was subscribed: 

Lst. That ilonc shall be admitted freemen or free Burgesses 
|Deut. i-13] within our Town upon Pesnynk River in the Prov- 
ince [Exod. xviii-'-21] of New Jersey but such Plnnters as arc 
members [Dent, xvii-15] of some or other of the Congregational 
Chnrches, nor shall [Jer. xxx-Sll any but .such be chosen to magis- 
tracy or to Carry on any part of said (^ivil Judicature, or as 
deputies or assistants, to have poM-er to Vote in Establishing laws, 

10 



THE FUNDAMENTAL AGREEMENT 



11 



and making or Repealing them or to any Chief Mihtary Trust or 
Office. 

Nor shall any But such Church Members have any Vote in any 
such elections; Tho' all others admitted to be planters have Right 
to their proper Inheritances, and do and shall enjoy all other 
Civil Liberties and Privileges, According to all Laws, Orders, 
Grants, which are or shall hereafter be made for this Town. 

2d. We shall with Care and Diligence provide for the mainte- 
nance of the purity of Religion professed in the Congregational 
Churches. Wherefore unto subscribed the Inhabitants of Bran- 
ford. 

Jasper Crane Thomas Huntington 

Abraham Pierson Ebenezer Canfield 

Samuel Swaine John Ward, Sr. 

Laurence Ward Edward Ball 

Thomas Blacthly John Harrison 

Samuel Plum " John Crane * 

Josiah Ward Delivered Crane 

Samuel Rose Aaron Blatchly 

Thomas Pierson Richard Laurence 

John Ward John Johnson 

his 



Thomas L Lyon 

Diark 



John Catling 

Richard Harrison 
And upon the reception of their Letters and Subscriptions, 
the present inhabitants, in November following, declare their 
consent and readiness to do likewise, and at a meeting the twenty- 
fourth of next June, following, in 1067, they also subscribed 
with their own hands unto the two fundamental agreements ex- 
pressed on the other side, their names as follows: 



Robert Treat 
Obadiah Bruen 
Matthew Canfield 
Samuel Kitchell 
Jeremiah Peck 
Michael Tompkins 
Stephen Freeman 
Henry Lyon 
John Browne 
John Rogers 
Stephen Davis 



Edward Rigs 
Robert Kitchell 

his 

John B Brooks 

mark 
his 

Robert V Lymens 

mark 
his 

Francis F Linle 

mark 



Daniel Tichenor 
John Bauldwin, Sr. 
John Bauldwin, Jr. 
Jonathan Tompkins 
George Day 
Thomas Johnson 
John Curtis 
Ephraim Burwell 

his 

Robert R. Dennison 

mark 



12 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

Nathaniel Wheeler Ephraim Pennington 

Zachariah BurweU Martin Tichenor 

William Camp John Brown, Jr. 

Joseph Walters Jonathan Seargeant 

Robert Dalglesh Azariah Crane 

Hauns Albers Samuel Lyon 

Thomas Morris Joseph Riggs 

Hugh Roberts Stephen Bond 

The texts of Scripture incorporated, emphasized the com- 
plete obedience to an overruling Providence: 

"Take you wise men, and understanding, and kno^Ti among 
your tribes, and I will make them rulers over you.''— Deut. i-13. 

"Moreover, thou shalt provide out of all the people able men, 
such as fear God, men of truth, hating covetousness; and place 
such over them to be rulers of thousands, and rulers of hundreds, 
rulers of fifties, and rulers of tens."— /;.rof/. xviii-^21. 

"Thou shalt in any wise set him King over thee, whom the Lord 
thy God shall choose; one from among thy brethren shalt- thou 
set king over thee; thou mayest not set a stranger over thee, which 
is not thy brother "~Deuf. xvii-15. 

"And their nobles shall be of themselves and their governor shall 
proceed from the midst of them." — Jer. xxx-3L 

^^ The Surveyor-General of Elizabeth Town arranged 
''Middle highways in the length and breadth of the town 
(Broad and Market streets of our day) to be eight Rods 
wide and the Rest four." ^Mulberry and AVashington 
streets, included in the first map of road laying, were named 
respectively East Back Lane and West Back Lane. 

Three ranges were provided "with due preparation and 
solenmization," one each for the people of Milford, Bran- 
ford, and Guilford. Drawing for home lots was adopted 
as the most expeditious and hannonious method of settle- 
ment. ^ These lots consisted of six acres, except that of 
Captain Treat. He was allowed not only two additional 
acres, but also lh(^ i)riviU-v of first choice. This honor 
was ill ri«tuni for his skill and exi)ense in negotiating the 
purchase of the land. He selected the lot at the southeast 



THE PX^NDAMENTAL AGREEMENT 13 

corner of the highways running the length and breadth of 
the towns and extending easterly to East Back Lane (now 
Mulberry Street) and in a southerly direction beyond the 
point now occupied by the First Presbyterian Church. 
The two extra acres were on the westerly side of the road- 
way, near the watering place. 

All the men capable of handling axe, adz and saw, made 
inroads into the adjacent forests as huge trees were felled 
and hewn into required length for home building. Before 
the summer and autumn passed the virgin soil of early 
spring was dotted with neatly laid-out farms, on which were 
erected the homes of the people. 

TOWN LOTS OF THE FIRST RESIDENTS 

Made by Samuel H. Conger 

Northeast Section: A, Deacon Lawrence Ward; B, John 
Catlin; C, Samuel Kitchell; D, Josiah Ward; E, John 
Rogers; F, Robert Kitchell; G, Jeremiah Pecke; //, Obadiah 
Bruen; I, The Seaman's Lot; J, Thomas Richards; K, 
John Harrison; L, Aaron Blatchly; M. Stephen Davis; 
N, Samuel Plum; 0, John Crane; P, The Boatman's Lot; 
Q, Robert Lymon; R, John Davis. 

Northwest Section: A, Lieutenant Samuel Swaine; B, 
Sergeant Richard Harrison; C, Edward Ball; D, John Morris, 
in 1688; E, John Ward, Sr.; F, Matthew Canfield; G, 
Abraham Pierson, Jr.; H, Jasper Crane; /, Thomas Pierson, 
Sr.; J, Benjamin Baldwin; K, Thomas Huntington; L, 
Alexander Munrow; M, The Elder's Lot; N, John Ward, 
Jr., the turner; 0, Deacon Richard Laurence; P, Delivered 
Crane; Q, Hans Albers; R, Samuel Rose; S, The Miller's 
Lot; T, Samuel Dod; U, Daniel Dod; V, The Corn Mill. 

Southeast Section: A, Captain Robert Treat; B, 
Abraham Pierson, Sr.; C, Robert Denison; D, Thomas 
Johnson; E, George Day; F, Nathaniel Wheeler; G, Joseph 
Riggs; //, William Camp; 7, Martin Tichenor; J, Stephen 
Freeman; K, John Curtis; L, John Baldwin, Sr.; M, 



1 ^ N.y^RATI^ ES of Newark 

Tlioina.s Staples; .V, John Baldwin, Jr.; 0, Deacon Michael 
Tompkins; P, Jonathan Tomkins; Q, Ephraim Pennington; 
R, Seth Tomkins; S, The Tailor's Lot; 7\ Thomas Pier- 
son, Jr.; U, Samuel Harrison; V, John Browne, Jr.; W, 
Edward Riggs; A', Hugh Roberts. 

Southwest Section: A, The Meeting-house; B, Cap- 
tain Treat's extra; C, John Johnson; D, The Parsonage 
Home Lot; E, John Browne, Sr.; F, Stephen Bond; G, 
Zachariah Burwell; //, Ephraim Burwell; I, Thomas Lud- 
ington; J, John Brooks; K, Thomas Lyon; L, Joseph John- 
son; M, John Treat; N, John Gregory; 0, Henry Lyon; 
P, Joseph Walters; Q, Sanuiel Camfield; R, Robert Dalglesh 
(or Douglas); S, Francis Linle (or Lindsley); T, Matthew 
Williams; U, Walter's second division. 

A stream having its source in the spring on High Street 
emptied into the frog pond and did not continue to the 
Passaic River, as indicated on the map. This was an 
error of the engraver. 

Averaging thirty feet in length and sixteen feet in width, 
the houses were one and a half stories in height. Sloping 
roofs prevented an accumulation of rain and snow thereon. 
Water used for laundry i)uri)oses was stored in rain barrels 
as it drijiped from the roof in stormy weather, while a spring 
or brook supplied the commodity needed in other domestic 
requirements. When these were not available a well was 
opened on the premises. The watering place, where the 
Mve stock was refreshed, was already provided near the 
intersection of the two highways (now the southwest corner 
of Broad and Alarket streets). Here the frogs croaked 
undisturbed in the early spring; hence the name Frog Pond 
was more frequently ai)plied. The frogs also served as a 
barometer. Twice, according to superstitious belief, were 
they to be hushed by freezing weather before the soil was 
ready for spring planting. Not far away, in a westerh' 
direction, near the Essex County (^ourthouse, was the 
source of supply in a never-failing spring. The water trickled 
along tlic highway to West Back Lane and then in a south- 



THE FUNDAMENTAL AGREEMENT 15 

easterly course to the depression in which the water was 
impounded. 

Cavernous or double chimneys with which every house 
was equipped were made of clay and timber. They served 
more as an element of danger than safety till after a few 
years' trial, when stone and mortar were used exclusively 
in the construction. The hearthstone was in the main or 
living room, and used also as the Idtchen. The door opened 
on a level with the yard. The master was thereby enabled 
to bring in the back log at night with comparative ease. 
Of ample girth and averaging six to eight feet in length, it 
was drawn to the kitchen door by horse or ox and then 
deposited upon the fireplace. This was the last chore of 
the day. Carefully were the burning embers banked about 
the log. Through the long night the fire smouldered and 
in the morning was quickened into a lively blaze. When 
this failed a member of the family was sent post haste 
with an iron kettle to the nearest neighbor, where some 
"live coals" were borrowed with which the fire was restored. 
Flint and steel had an obstinate way at times of refusing 
to send out the coveted sparks when wielded by hands 
numbed with the cold. 

Foodstuffs were largely provided from field and stream 
during the first summer and there was no worriment about 
the high cost of living. Of game there was plenty, and fish 
of many varieties were taken from the river. Strawberries, 
wild and juicy, peeping here and there in the gi*ass when the 
June sun shone the strongest, were plucked by the women 
and children. Other fruits were also gathered in season. 
The grape and plum were the more luxuriant. 

Provision must be made for fuel (coal was not used till a 
century and a half later). Shortened September days gave 
warning of winter's approach and the attention of all the 
people was directed toward securing this necessary supply of 
household comfort. Stacks of firewood, towering many 
feet, rewarded the yeoman effort before tlie first snow 
whitened the landscape. 



10 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

111 I lie town j)laiiiiiiig .space was reserved for the market 
place, where the people exchanged coniniodities. This 
was known as the Upper Common, now Washington Park. 
Military Park was also an original reservation and was 
designated the Lower Common or the soldiers' training 
ground. 

Not till November did the delegation of New Englanders 
arrive with the long-awaited Fundamental Agreement, 
signed and sealed and necessary' subscriptions guaranteed. 
Chilling winds and snows of the long winter months were 
succeeded by the balmy days of the vernal season and sing- 
ing birds filled the woods with their music. The year 1667 
had arrived and the Branford and Guilford contingents 
were daily expected. Early in June they came with their 
worldly effects. On the 24th of the month the items to be 
attached to the Fundamental Agreement for town guidance 
were read, discussed and adopted. Signatures of the Mil- 
ford people were duly attached to the document and the 
remainder of the meeting was devoted to solemn service of 
prayer. In this manner was ]Milford by the Pesayak River 
dedicated to the service of God and man. The name was 
later changed to Newark, in honor of Rev. Abraham Pier- 
son, who received his ministerial orders at Newark-on-the- 
Trent, in England. The name was also pronounced and 
spelled New Worke and New Ark. 

The character of the people desired, their behavior while 
in residence and the manner of their going from town Wiis 
promulgated in this manner: 

Item, it is agreed upon tliat in case any shall come into us or 
rise up amongst us that shall willingly or wilfully disturb us in our 
Peace and Settlements, and esi)ecially that would subvert us 
from the true Religion and worship of God, and cannot or will 
not keep their o})inions to themselves or be reclaimed after due 
Time and means of Conviction and reclaiming hath been used; it 
is unanimously agreed upon and Consented unto us as a Funda- 
mental Agreement and Order, that all and Persons so ill disposed 
and affected shall after due Notice given them from the Town, 



THE FUNDAMENTAL AGREEMENT 17 

quietly depart the place Seasonably, the Town allowing them 
valuable Considerations for their Lands or Houses as Indifferent 
Men shall price them, or else leave them to make the best of 
them to any Man the Town shall approve of. 

Item — it was ordered and agreed upon, in Cases of changes of 
Lands or any kind of obligation whatsoever by Gift, Sale, Ex- 
change, or otherwise, that any new Inhabitant shall arrive or 
come into Town, to inhabit with us; it is agreed and ordered that 
he or they from Time to Time shall in all Respects subscribe and 
enter into the same engagements as his Predecessors or the rest 
of the Town have done, before he or they can or shall be accounted 
Legal Inhabitants in our Town, or have . . . Title to their 
Lands or Possessions therein. 

Item — it is solemnly consented unto and agreed by all the 
Planters & Inhabitants of the Town of Newark from their set- 
tling together at first, and again publicly renewed as their Joint 
Covenant one with another, that they will from Time to Time 
all submit one to another to be led, ruled and governed by such 
Magistrates and Rulers in the Town as shall be annually chosen 
by the Friends from among themselves, with such orders and 
Law whilst they are settled here by themselves as they had in the 
Place from whence they came, under such Penalties as the Magis- 
trates upon the Nature of the offence shall determine. 

Steadfastly did the Puritans adhere to these strong 
binding ties till the tide of changing sentiment encroached 
upon their sacred domain. No government in the New 
World had a purer conception or a more enduring hold 
upon the people than the one inaugurated in Newark. 



CHAPTER III 

Indians Sell Land to Puritans 

"Just to themselves, to others they were true, 
The Indians at their hands no outrage knew; 
They took his lands and paid as they agreed, 
And had from him a primal title deed, 
For these fair lands, that from the river shore 
Break at the mountain; full many a score 
Of miles of wood and undulating plain, 
And valley low, by purchase did obtain." 

—A. D. F. Randolph. 

ANNOI^NCEMENT was publicly made soon after the 
town lots were assigned the latest arrivals that the 
sale of land incorporated in the original purchase would 
be consummated on July 11, 16G7. Silently the Indians 
formed a semicircle in a convenient grove on the day set 
for the ceremony. In front of them was arranged the pur- 
chase price. The Puritans, solemn- visaged, looked after 
every detail and spoke only when necessary and in low tones. 

After "due preparation and solemnization for it," the 
sale began. Carefully the parchment was brought forth, 
the Indians looking on in awe as it was unrolled. Quiet 
reigned and naught was heard but the gentle midsummer 
breeze stirring the leaves of the trees. 

Nearly fourteen months had passed since the enactment of 
I he memorable scene on the river bank, when the white 
man promised to reward the native for settling on his land. 
Fulfilment of the contract, verbally made, was now being 
executed, with every legal and moral requirement. Articles 
named in the bill of sale, and agreed upon by both parties, 
were enumerated, first by Samuel Edsall, who conducted 
the business in behalf of the Puritans, and then by John 

18 



INDIANS SELL LANDS 19 

Capteen, the Dutch interpreter, representing the Indians, 
who promised to: 

dehver a Certain tract of Land, Upland, and Meadows of all 
sorts, Wether Swamps, Rivers, Brooks, Springs, fishings. Trees of 
all sorts. Quarries and Mines, or Metals of what sort soever. 
With full liberty of hunting and fouling upon the same, except- 
ing Liberty of hunting for the above said Proprietors, that were 
upon the upper commons, and of fishing in the above said Pesayak 
River; which said tract of Land is bounded and Limited with 
the bay Eastward, and the great River Pesayak northward, the 
great Creke or River in the meadow running to the head of the 
Cove, and from thence bareing a West Line for the South bounds 
Wh. said Great Creke is Commonly Called and known by the 
name Weequachick, on the West Line backwards into the Coun- 
try to the foot of the great Mountaine called Watchung, being as 
is Judged about seven or eight miles from Pesayak towne. 

The said Mountaine, as Wee are Informed, hath one branch of 
Elizabeth Town River running near the above said foot of the 
mountaine; the bounds northerly, viz.: Pesayak River reached 
to the Third River above the towne, ye River is called Yauntakah, 
and from thence upon a northwest line to the aforesaid moun- 
taine; all which before mentioned Lands for the several kinds of 
them, and all the singular benefits and Priviledges belonging to 
them, with ye several bounds affixed and expressed herein, as also 
free liberty and range for Cattle, horses, hoggs, and that though 
they range beyond any of the bounds in this deed Expressed, to 
feed and pasture Without Molestation of or damage to the owners 
of the cattle, &c., above said. 

Shall we not listen as the list of goods is called? 

"Four barrels of beere!" And given by our Puritan 
Fathers, too! But this stern, pious folk were tolerant of 
individual tastes when held within due bounds. 

Next we hear of "two ankors of liquor or something 
equivalent!" Records do not disclose the character of the 
latter. 

"Fifty double hands of powder" were then called. Small 
or large hands were not mentioned. 

"One hundred barrs of lead, ten swords, twenty axes, 




20 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

twenty coates, ten guns, twenty pistols, ten kettles, four 
blankets, ten paire breeches, fifty knives, twenty howes 
(garden hoes), 850 fathoms of wampum, three troopers' 
coates." 

"These things," the bill concludes, "are received, only 
a small remainder engaged to them by bill." 

Fantastical flourishes were used by the Indians with 
which they indicated their mark. Oraton, 
feeble in health, sent able men in his 
stead. The signers were, on his behalf, 
Wapamuk, Harish, Captamin, Sessom, 
Mamustone, Peter, Wamesane, Wekapro- 
kikan, Cacanakrue and Perawae. 

For the Puritans, Obadiah Bruen was 
selected to first place his signature, fol- 
Tea ketik uMd in oba- lowcd bv IMichacl Touipldns, Samuel Kit- 

diali Bruens home i ■!-» i t-» i tx • 

chell, John Brown, and Robert Denmson. 

Wampum mentioned in the bill of sale was made bj' the 
squaws of Indian tribes from the thick or blue part of sea 
clam shells. Ten of these were placed on a hempen string 
about one foot in length. From five to ten strings con- 
stituted a day's work by one fairly well adapted to the task. 
The price of each string was reckoned at one sliilling or twelve 
and a half cents. As a fathom measures six feet the money 
exchanged was about $63.75. 

Eleven years later, March 13, 1G78, the land to the moun- 
tain top was conveyed to the town of Newark by the Indians. 
Winocksop and Shennoctos acted for them in the sale. The 
consideration was "thirteen kans of rum, three coates and two 
guns." The entire cost of the two tracts was about $700. 

Homes of the Branford and Guilford settlers were ap- 
proaching completion as the summer advanced. "Willing 
hands make light work. And there were plenty of them. 

Autumn came on apace, the three neighborhoods were com- 
fortably situated, blazing fires crackled on the hearthstone, 
firewood was well provided, supplies were laid away for win- 
ter's use, and the spirit of contentment reigned in the town. 



CHAPTER IV 

Instituting Provincial Government 

GOVERNOR CARTERET, on April 7, 1GG8, ordered the 
first General Assembly of the province of New Jersey 
to meet at Elizabeth Town, on May 25 next, "for the 
making and Constituting such wholsome Lawes as shall 
be most needful and Necessary for the good government 
of the said Province & the maintayning of a religious Com- 
munion & Civil society one with the other as becometh 
Christians, without which it is Impossible for any body 
Politicq to prosper or subsist." 

The Governor selected his council of six members, com- 
posing the upper house, and the lower house was organized 
by two deputies or Burgesses each from Newark, Elizabeth 
Town, Woodbridge, Middletown, Piscataway and Bergen. 
Captain Robert Treat and Samuel Swaine were the Newark 
deputies. Puritanism was injected into every act placed 
upon the statute books. 

Persons resisting established authority were ordered 
punished at the discretion of the Court. Men between 
sixteen and sixty years of age were required to pro- 
vide themselves with arms, on penalty of one shilling for 
the first week's neglect, and two shillings for every week 
thereafter. 

Punishment for burglary and highway robbery was cruel. 
For the first offence burning in the hand was prescribed and 
for the second infraction burning in the forehead. In 
both cases restitution was made. For the third offence the 
penalty was death. Then, it was adjudged, the culprit 
was incorrigible and a detriment to society. Undutiful 
children, smiting or cursing father or mother, except pro- 
voked thereto for self-preservation, were punished with 

21 



22 



NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 



(Icalli. Treble restitution for stealiiif^- was exacted and for 
secontl offence sucli increase of punishment as the court 
might determine, even death, if the party so offending 
appeared to be utterly depraved. The thief, if unable 
to make restitution, was punished at the whipping post or 
sold for satisfaction. Night walking or reveling were mis- 
demeanors of serious character. Woe betide the innocently 
minded individual walking, even in modest manner, after 
the prescribed hour for retirement. Curfew was set at 
9 o'clock and the assembly gave the magistrate discretion 
in administering punishment to disturbers 
of the quiet of the town. 

No son, daughter, nuiid or servant could 
marry without the consent of his or her 
parents, masters or overseers. Three times 
the notice of forthcoming wedding must be 
published in public meeting or kirk near 
the abode or set up in writing at some pub- 
lic house near where the parties lived, four- 
teen days before the ceremony. The 
marriage was then solemnized "by some 
apjjroved minister, justice or chief officer, 
who on penalty of twenty pounds and to be put out of 
office is to marry none who have not followed these direc- 
tions." 

Tliirty pounds was the first levy made for provincial ex- 
penses, Newark's share being five pounds. Winter wheat 
was accepted for taxes at the rate of five shillings per bushel, 
summer wheat at four shillings and six pence, peas at three 
shillings and six pence, rye at four shillings and beef at two 
pence and half penny per pound. These articles passed 
as currency in town and province. 

Strangers appeai-ing in town were first billeted among the 
homes. This proved imsatisfactory and Henry Lyon was, 
in January, KJdS, ai)pointed first keeper of ordinary or 
tavern. Two years later he moved southward and liis place 
was known as Lyons Farms, now in the corporate limits of 




Map of Nuw Jersey be- 
fore Purilans' arrival 



INSTITUTING PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT 23 

Elizabeth. Thomas Johnson succeeded Lyon as tavern 
proprietor. The hostelry was established at the Johnson 
home, the site now the corner of South Broad and Walnut 
streets, where Grace Episcopal Church is standing. After 
the town meeting granted him power to keep the "Ordinary 
in the Town for the Entertainment of Strangers," a bind- 
ing clause relating to the dispensing of refreshments was 
added. "And Prohibited all others from Selling any Strong 
Liquors by Retail under a Gallon, unless in cases of Ne- 
cessity, and then by license from the Magistrate," is the 
language of the resolution. The tiip room opened on a 
level with the street. Benches were arranged out-of-doors 
on either side of the doorway, if the custom of tavern equip- 
ment of the early period was followed. Hither came the 
seafaring men, the town officials,' itinerant venders, settlers 
of neighboring towns and visitors from other colonies. 

Postal matter was distributed at the tavern. Letters 
arriving on a very irregular schedule were deposited on a 
table and handled by all so inclined. 

Goodman Johnson, as he was popularly known, was the 
father of the town drummer, Joseph Johnson. Another 
child in the family was named Saving. 

While the men were conducting town affairs or working 
their farms, the women, too, were active. In addition to 
their many household duties they gathered herbs in the 
field, portions of which were stored for medicinal purposes. 
Summer savory, profuse and redolent, was used in stuffing 
the juicy fowl (wild and domestic). Large quantities of 
white walnuts (hickory nuts), chestnuts, butternuts, hazel- 
nuts and beechnuts were brought from the forests by the 
boys and girls in the autumnal season in the true spirit of 
thrift and economy. 

Indian customs were interesting to the settlers. The 
marriage ceremony, particularly, was witnessed by grown 
people as opportunity afforded. The bride and bride- 
groom and their families assembled and were seated in a 
semicircle. First the bridegrobm delivered a wild animal's 






24 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

rib to the bride. Then she gave him an ear of corn, signify- 
ing that she was to provide the bread and he the meat. 
Without further formahty the couple began the roimd of 
existence, having the great outdoors as a dwelHng place. 

Assembled at a given point in a forest or clearing, where 
danger of attack from warring tribes was lessened, the 
natives formed circles one within the other when worship- 
ping the Great Spirit, and on certain occasions made sacri- 
fices of first fruits. The fattest buck was burnt upon a fire 
kindled for the purpose, and all feasted upon provisions 
brought by the women, taking care that no bones of animals 
eaten should break or be broken in any manner, for that, 

they reasoned, would invite visi- 
tation of evil spirits upon the 
tribe. 

The Indian did not intrude 
upon the life of the Puritan but 

Robert Treat's signature . i • i i • i i • i 

it was his delight to bring to the 
early homes sundry articles of food — product of hunting 
expedition, or exploration along the ocean beach for oysters 
and clams. They proved a very acceptable change in the 
daih^ diet. 

The most notable transaction after acquiring the land 
was the establishing of the boundarj^ line between Newark 
and Elizabeth Town. This was arranged on May 20, 1668, 
at Divident Hill, now in Weequahic Park. Newark repre- 
sentatives were Captain Robert Treat, Jasper Crane, 
Samuel Swaine, ^Matthew Canfield, and Thomas Johnson, 
every man well reatl and versed in dij^lomacy. John Og- 
den, Luke Watson, Robert Bond, and Jeffrey Jones acted 
for the Elizabeth Town planters. The description of the 
dividing line is decidedly aml)iguous in this remote day. 

"It is Consented unto that the Centre, or place agreed 
upon by the said Agents of the Towns for to Begin the 
Dividing Bounds, is from the Top of a Little round hill, 
named Divident Ilill; and from Thence to run up a North 
West Line, Into the Country," begins the description. 



INSTITUTING PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT 25 

"And for the Ratification of our Agreements, the said 
Agents of EHzabeth Town have marked an Oak Tree with 
an E, Next them; And the Said Agents of Newark Town 
have marked the same Tree with N, on that side next them 
and Their Town; and to the said Agreement we have this 
Twentieth day of May in the year 1668, set to our hands 
Enterchangably." Then follow the commissioners' signa- 
tures. 

When all the legal matters were attended to a solemn 
service of praise to God was held. Captain Treat, with 
his right hand lifted heavenward, commanded the officials 
and witnesses to kneel for the benefit of prayer. Three- 
quarters of a century later, in 1743, legal difficulties arose 
over the boundary line. A very old man made affidavit of 
the scene as it was impressed upon his boyhood mind: 

And I heard Captain Treat tell after what manner the line was 
settled between the two towns, and it was done in so loving and 
solemn a manner that he thought it ought never to be removed, 
for he, the captain himself, being among them at the time, prayed 
with them on Divident Hill, that there might be a goodly govern- 
ment between them. And after the agreement was signed, Mr. 
John Ogden, one of the commissioners, prayed among the people, 
and returned thanks for their loving agreement, and the captain 
said also that if the people of Newark differed with the Elizabeth 
Town people concerning that line that he believed they would never 
prosper. 



CHAPTER V 

Rev. Abraham Piersox, First Pastor 

jyEARLY twenty years had the Rev. Abraham Pierson 
adinmist^red the spiritual affairs of the Branford parisli 
when the hegira to the wilderness about the Pesavak River 
began He was in the zenith of his career as ; Puritan 
preacher and endowed with superior talents, which ]ie 
exercised mdefatigably. 

Born in Yorkshire, England, he was educated at Trinitv 
College, Cambridge, graduating therefrom in 1632, at tl^e 
age of nineteen years. He was Episcopally ordained, it is 
T m't^'t'Tvt '^^"^ved, at the parish church in Newark-on- 
Sh^iH^thih^vl* ^'^^-Tre^t- Coming to America, in 1639, in 
'3r.t'[^^"^i'/r' ^l^^^^^t of religious freedom, he settled in Bos- 
^ •liJS!svt"S!:^'^? ^^"- ^^ ^"^^' there he was ordained a Con- 
rB^-^-^ gregational minister and in the following 
:^;:;::£.h^,^r T''"''' .^^^^' '''''' ^^^^^^g a company of people 
'^'^:±fJi:zr^tt' fi^i^"^8" themselves straightened" in the 
Jj^HSl^^jr__ town of Lynn to a settlement on Long Island. 
r.^j:Z:j^.^,. ^^^^^y founded the town of Southampton. 
... , ^^^- ^^^' Pierson's chief ambition was to 

estabhsh the "Island of the Innocents," but in 1647, find- 
ing Ins hopes thwarted by many of more liberal views in 
religious matters, another effort was made at Branford to 
build a Puritan congregation. He also familiarized himself 
with the speech and customs of the Indians and at no little 
personal sacrifice prepared a catechism and printed it in 
their language. Conversions to tlu« diristian religion fol- 
lowed in a number of instances. 

Ob.lun.te was the minister when it was suggested that he 
remam m the Connecticut colony, after its union with New 
Haven. He was strongly opposed to the Half AYav Cove- 



REV. ABRAHAM PIERSON 




nant and arraigned it severely. Unanimous y the settlers 
agreed upon the lot adjoining Captain Treat s as the most 
available tor the parsonage, it being nearly opposite the site 
chosen for the Meeting House. The town freely consented 
at the meeting on September 10, 1667, to d.g a well tor 
the minister, to pay his transportation charges and al ow 
him eighty pounds "for the First Year which is to Be laid 
out in Building his House at Moderate prises for their 
Labour, which Year began the first of Oct'br Last, he Year 
1667, and To the Last of October, 1668, and so to Stand 

from Year to Year." , , , u-„i. 

Eighty pounds per annum was the stipulated salary which 
was to be paid iu equal installments in October and March 
at prices current, "and they do agree to pay Him Yearlj 
a pound of Butter for every milk's Cow in the Town, in part 

°*The''mInister was informed that "the Lords Half Penny 
rent, and Charges of Ways and Drainings in the meadows is 
exempted in this Vote." When he came to Newark Rev. 
Mr. Pierson wiv. accounted an elderly man though only 
fifty-four years of age. Reverence was accorded him wher- 



1 

28 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

ever ami whenever he appeared. Boys and girls were 
enjomed by parents to stand by the roadside in attitude 
of attention t.ll he passed. Men and women also stood 
aside when meeting him on tlie highways or in other public 
places bowmg low, almost obsequiously. Cotton Mather 
says of him that "the good man shone like a torch" in his 
going about the daily life. 

Abraham Pierson and Abigail Wheelwright were man-ied, 

IS believed, at the bride's New England home. She was 

tl.e daughter of Rev. John Wheelwright, of Lincolnshire, 

ijug and, who emigrated to E.xeter, New Hampshire. Their 

16« 4" T\ ?r^' '°™ ■■" Southampton, L. I., in 
1641-42. Died before 1684, at Newark. John, born in 
Southampton, L. I., in 1643, died before 1671. Abigail 
^rn m 1644, married in 1663, John Davenport, Jr., son of 
Kev. John Davenport, first minister of New Haven. Rev 
Abraham, second pastor of Newark, born at Southampton; 
m 164., married Abigail Clark. Grace, bom in 1650 at 
Branford married Samuel Kitchell, Signer of the Funda- 
mental Agreement. Susanna, born in December, Woi 
at JJranford, married Jonatlian Ball, of Stamford. Rebecca 
born in 1054, at Branford, married Joseph Johnson, Town 
Drummer, died m November, 1732. Theophilus, born in 165!) 
fn i7T<r T ''''^»'"'' P/o'"'"™* in Newark affairs and died 
in 1713. Isaac and Mary the two youngest of the offspring 
A comforter in every trial, the saintly man responded 
night and day to the calls of his people. When ordfnances 
were adopted by town meeting and the daily routine studied 
and brought to the most complete stage of efficiencv he 
was as a rule, consulted. A most useful official in the parish 
work was the town drummer. Jo.scpli Johnson, chosen at the 
town meeting of September 10, 166S. to a<-t in this relation, 
was the bell-rmger," calling the people to worship on the 
babbath the midweek lecture and town meetings The 
Item duly recording (his fact states that "Thomas John- 
son .shall have Eight shillings for his Son's beating the drum 
tins \car, and Repairing the remainder of the Year- And 



REV. ABRAHAM PIERSON 29 

in case his Son's shall Be Appointed to Beat it any Time, 
Morning, and Evening after this Time, They shall be al- 
lowed after the Rate of Five Shillings the Month." 

The drummer, who was seventeen years of age, lived with 
his father at the ordinary. His calls were sounded along 
the highway running the length of the town on the early 
Sabbath morning rounds, this English custom having been 
brought across the seas by the Puritans. The very air was 
charged with piety. 

Later, on January 2, 1670, "the Town Choose Jos. John- 
son for Drummer as before, upon Condition that he Beats 
the first Drum at least up as far as the Saw Pitt on the 
Corner of Serj't Harrison's lot." 

Strange spectacle it would be on our modern Sunday 
mornings for an official to walk solemnly along Broad 
Street, wearing tall crowned hat, close fitting coat, trousers 
extending to the knee, long stockings, and shoes capped 
with buckle, and carrying a drum almost as large as himself, 
striking it at intervals, warning the people to attend church. 

Rev. Mr. Pierson was well pleased with the success of the 
government of Newark. He could not have been otherwise. 
Brief was his part, however, in the period of changing 
affairs. The Proprietary Government, restored after the 
quarrel over the quit-rents, announced the right to admit 
planters was vested solely in the Governor and council. 
The Dutch came in control about the same time and the 
people were compelled to substitute the Reformed Church 
system for Puritanism. Bravely the conditions were met. 
The troubles ecclesiastical prematurely aged the pastor 
before coming to the Pesayak River, and he resigned him- 
self to the inevitable when authority over which he had 
no control removed the props from under his feet. The 
Puritan form of worship was resumed, however, after Dutch 
withdrawal, and also the daily customs of those subscribing 
to membership in the Meeting House Society. 

Rev. Mr. Pierson needed assistance, which was allowed 
liini, July 28, 1669, when "the Town by their TTnanimous 



30 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

Vote, declared their Freeness to desire and call upon ]Mr. 
Abraham Pierson, Junior, to be helpful to his Father in the 
exercising his Gifts in the Ministry for the space of a Year; 
and for his Encouragement they are willing to allow him' 
Thirty Pounds for this Year." 

As a mark of special attention, firewood was brought, when 
needed, to the pastor's kitchen door by the to^^^l' men. 
Temporal blessings freely offered by an appreciative people 
touched his heart. At last he found a haven of refuge. His 
every word of paternal admonition was listened to with rapt 
attention. 

As infirmities increased, the father leaned more and more 
upon the son who at town meeting on March 4, 1671, was 
requested to join him as a co-laborer. Now there wis to 
be a division of the ministrations of the preacher, teacher 
and physician. "And upon good experience of him," said a 
parishioner, speaking of Mr. Abraham Pierson, Jr., "he 
was called and ordained to be our teacher." The pastor's 
annual salary of eighty pounds was continued and the son 
allowed forty pounds. Both were furnished firewood. 

The health of the elder Pierson failed during the summer 
of 1678. He was able part of the day to sit near the window 
m his favorite chair, gaze over the highway and receive 
occasional salutations of passersby. As the midsummer 
flowers were fading into their long sleep the Shepherd of 
the Flock on the ninth day of August, 1678, relapsed into 
unconsciousness, and he, too, entered a long sleep, to awake 
in the glorious likeness of the Master he loved and served 
so faithfully. 

The days of the Pilgrim and the Puritan were over and 
earth would know him no more. He had fought a good 
fight and had kept the faith. The people came to the parson- 
age, and in subdued tones offered their sympathy to the 
stricken widow and children. 

Reverently on the day set for tlie funeral services tlie con- 
grc'gation assembled at the Mooting Houso and expressed 
thou- sorrow. It was a season of sore trial and of discipline. 



REV. ABRAHAM PIERSON 31 

Those physically able followed the bearers who carried the 
|„dy down the lane leading to a knoll west of the edifice 
whe're all that was nrortal of Rev. Abraham P.erson ihe 
first pastor, was placed in the grave. 1 he little God s 
Acre, back there somewhere in the v.cmity of Branford 
place and long, long since lost to mankind s view, had al- 
readv received several of the Puritan company gathered 
und^r the trees on the July day in 1667, when it made the 
honorable compact with the Indians. Deacon Lawrence 
Ward, Sargeant Riggs, senior, Robert Kitchell, Hugh Roberts 
Matthew Canfield, Delivered Crane, Stephen Crane, John 
Harrison and Josiah Ward were among those who preceded 
the pastor in death. 

Solemnly the people wended their way to the parsonage 
where the last office was performed. Refreshments were 
served and then the last will and testament ^-^^ PuWicly 
read The instrument bore the date of August 10, 1671, well 
remembered as the time when a serious illness seized the 
minister, and fear was then expressed that his end was near. 

If God takes me away by this sickness or until I have 

made a more formal will, ot a future date, then I do make and 

otitute this my last will and testament being 6""'^ P-^ ^'l. 

of the everlasting welfare ot my soul's estate and my body s res 

lecLn to eternal life by Jesus Christ, my dear and precious 

^ Wimis. I will that all my debts be duly and truly paid as 
theTare expressed and recorded in my b.oad book for reckoning^ 
which I brought from Brandford, being carefully understood 
because ot imperfections ot the writing or whatever else shall 
appear due to any though not there recorded. 

2dly That my wife shall have the thirds of my whole estate, 
to whose love and faithfulness I commit the brmgmg up of my 

children and do appoint her my ^o « ;"« t'TntefsIth to 
my great Bible and what other English books she pleaseth to 

'^Zw For my choice and precious daughter Davenport I will 
that her hundred pounds be made good, which I promised her upon 



•'^^ NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

l.er marriage, always provided that if u,)(,n just aeeount of mine 
estate and debts, my other daughters have an hundred pounds a 
piece, that she shall be advanced as much as any. 

4th. For my son Abraham, I do will that besides what he has 
had, or any horse kind he hath that he shall have all mv books 
(except what by particulars I give to any) together with the 
frame belongmg to the books; upon which consideration I will that 
he sh. pay back again to the estate eight pounds in part of the 
portion of my daughter Mary, upon her marriage dav, or two after 
For my next three sons, Thomas, Theophilus and Isaac, I will 
that they sh. have my whole accommodation of lands laved out 
or to be layed out within the limits of this plantation,\lwavs 
provided that my wife's thirds shall be at her sole disposal, during 
the continuance of her natural life. For my son Thomas, I do 
not bring in on his account either the home lot which the town 
gave him, or any horse kind which in former times I gave Him 
I will that he have a sufficient house lot upon his home lot in 
part of portion, and do give him Dr. Hall his paraphrase upon 
the Bible as a token of my love. For my two youngest sons, I 
would have them in due time to have each of them half of the 
homestead. Finally, all my just debts paid and my wife's thirds 
kept entire, I would have the whole of my remaining estate to be 
divided as portions to the rest of my children to wit: my three 
sons and four daughters according to equal valuations and pro- 
portions, the same to be payable on the day of their respective 
marriages, or one month after; but if they be not married, then, 
the male children— their portions sh. be payable when they are 
of the age of twenty. 

Furthermore, I would have my two lesser boys, to be taught 
to read the Eng. tongue and to write a legible hand, and all my chd. 
that be at home with me to have each of them a new Eng. Bible 
and a good Eng. book out of the library, such as thev bv the advice 
of their mother sh. choose. Likewise, I do request and hereby 
ordain my trusty and well beloved brethren and friends, Mr. Jasper 
Crane, Mr. Rob. Treat, Lieut. Swaine, Brother Tompkins, Bro. 
Lawrence and Bro. Sergeant Ward, to become supervisors of this 
my last will and testament, to be helpful unto mv wife, and to 
see that this my last will be faithfully executed, and when any 
one of these sh. die or depart the place, the rest sh. with mV 
wife's consent appoint some faithful man to fill up the empty 



REV. ABRAHAM PIERSON 33 

place. In witness whereunto I have set my hand, the day and 

year first above written. 

Abraham Pierson. 

Witness, Thomas Pierson. 

The above Thos. Pierson doth make oath th. this the last will 
and testament of the deceased Abr. Pierson, and th. he knows of 
none other. Sworn before me, the 12th of Mar. 1678. A true 
copy. Chas. G. M. McChesney, Register. 

Writing to their children in their Connecticut home, 
Obadiah Bruen and his wife thus informed them of the 
sorrow that had befallen Newark: 

Dear Loving Son AND Daughter: 

Hoping of your health, with yours, as we are at present. Praise 

to our God. 

It hath pleased God hitherto to continue our lives and liberties, 
though it hath pleased Him to embitter our comfort by taking 
to Himself our reverent pastor, Aug. 9, 1678, Mr. Pierson. 

Yet hath He not left us destitute of spiritual enjoyments,, 
but He hath given us a young Timothy— a man after God's own 
heart well-rooted and well-grounded in the faith, one with whom 
we can comfortably walk in the doctrines of the faith. Praise to 

our God. , • 1 1 

Upon experience of him he was called and ordained to be our 
teacher, Mr. Abraham Pierson, who follows in the steps of his 
ancient father in goodness. Praise to our God. 

Your loving father, 
Obadiah Bruen. 
and mother 
Sarah Bruen. 

The net value of Rev. Abraham Pierson's estate was 822 
pounds, a portion of which was incorporated in the library 
of 440 volumes, one of the largest private collections of 
books in the W^estern W^orld. Best of all was the legacy 
of a good name which he bequeathed to posterity, and the 
influence of which is felt in our community in this remote 
day. 



CHAPTER VI 

Building the Meeting House 

A/TETHODICAL in his eveiy action, the Puritan en- 
■^ -*- gaged in one thing at a time and usually with a very 
large measure of success. jNIost pressing of town require- 
ments in 16G8. was the Temple where the people could wor- 
ship the Creator in simplicity of service, but dwellings must 
first be provided, laws enacted, town laid out, the minister 
settled and other details arranged in keeping with this model 
settlement by the river. These had all received attention, 
and plans for the sanctuary were at last considered in the 
town meeting on September 10, IGOS. Discussion, almost 
to the point of weariness, preceded this action: 

The Town hath Bargained with Deacon Ward, Sarj. Richard 
Harrison, and Sarj. Edw. Rigs for the sum of Seventeen Pounds 
to Build the Meeting House, according to the Dimentions agreed 
upon, with a Lenter to it all the Length which will make it Thirty 
Six foot Square, with the doors and Windows, and Flue Boards 
at the Gable ends; only the Town is to Hew and Bring all the 
rest of the Timber upon the place, which is Agreed upon to be 
done as soon as they Conveniently Can; With whom the Town 
Confided in to have well done, and Some Abatement in the price 
if they can afford it. 

Crops were harvested and other necessary winter prep- 
arations completed before the task of securing ^Meeting 
House timber was assigned the settlers. Though zero 
weather often retarded operations many trees were felled 
(luring the winter and were drawn from the forests, by teams 
of horses or yokes of oxen to the site for the edifice designated 
by Rev. ^Ir. Pierson and others. Contrary lo modern 
building methods each of the four sides was laid out on the 




BUILDING THE MEETING HOUSE 3 

ground and oak pins and a few nails used in fastening th 
timbers. Wliile the assenil)led town people stood at a du 
tance, the men raised, one side at a time, till all four wer 
in position. The lenter, roof and other accessories wer 
afterward added. Accidents frequently happened whe 
houses and barns were raised, but the Meeting House wa 
finished without any untoward incident. 

Soon after the new year, on March 30, 1669, "The Tow 
Agreed with Thomas Ludington and Thomas Johnson t 
raise the Meeting House for five Pounds; the Town havin 
shewed their willingness to be helpful upon Moderate Terms 
,, and to lend them Things as they Needed that was withi; 
their Compass, to carry it on and tor 
the Place where it should stand it was 
agreed to set up in the place where it 
now lies, and to stand near fronting 
on a square with the Street; which for """7k7t'M^tingH^se' 
the very Place and more direct manner 

of standing it was left to the advice of Mr. Pierson, Deacoi 
Ward and Mr. Treat." 

No sooner was the raising over, than a shortage of nail 
was discovered. This was responsible for the town meetin; 
"the 7th of April, 1669, when they Agreed to provide Nail 
for the closing the Meeting House, in a voluntary Way, t( 
see what every man would do in a voluntarily; and the;; 
chose Brother Tompkins, and Good'n Johnson to . 
and know what the Rest of the Town would engage upoi 
such Accounts, for such an End; and they are all to be pai( 
out of the Town Treasury — all which nails are to be pai( 
into Broth. John Brownes, as soon as they can." Not til 
January 2, 1670, did "The Town Agree with Thos. John 
son About his Floaring Half the Meeting House, for Fou 
Pounds, of Good Chestnut or Oak, of 2 Inches and a Hal 
Plank, and they are to find and do all, to Edge and Laj 
Down the floar on Seven Good Sleepers; and in like Mannei 
they Have Bargain'd with Jno. Brown, Mr. Burwell, Jno 
Baldwin and Joseph Riggs to do the other Half." 






so NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

Town ineotings and long- hours of catoclictical exercises 
and schoolmaster's sessions for the chiltlren were to be 
associated with this Temple of Newark in its creative days, 
while the incense of divine service was to buoy many a life 
in troubled hours of physical and spiritual suffering. Around 
it was the tide of town progress to ebb and flow in an era 
fraught with uncertainty and hardship. 

Destined was this rude structure to stand for two score 
years on the main highway, silent witness of the hopes and 
aspirations, the joys and sorrows of a quaint folk, placing 
their very existence most trustfully and with child-like 
confidence in the Lord. 

Sabbath IVIorning arrived — the day of ^Meeting House 
dedication. Housewives had tidied their homes, the frugal 
morning meal was early served and the town drummer 
announced first call for service. Even of step, hands folded 
and eyes cast downward, the Puritans a])proached the open 
sanctuary door. Silently one and all entered and accepted 
the seats assigned by the townsmen, according to "oflSce, 
age, estate, infirmity, descent or parentage." 



Would that T had the pencil and the skill, 
The opening service fitly to portray; 

How would your eyes with tears of gladness fill, 
Your hearts leap up as theirs to sing and pray. 

The gray-haired sire, the bronzed and stalwart son, 
The stooping mother and bashful maid, 
With little children, quiet now and staid. 

Had in their places gathered, one by one. 

No organ peal disturbed the solemn air. 

No anthem ushered in the opening prayer; 

First on tlie ear, stretched to its true intent, 

Broke th' full voice of him whom God had sent; 

They at its summons rose with reverent mien, 
They bowed low, the heart too full for speech. 

While on the wrinkled face there might be seen 
A look that compassed heaven in its reach. 



BUILDING THE MEETING HOUSE 37 

As from the preacher's hps there outward went 
Words that on whigs of praise were heavenward sent; 
And when he ended with his full Amen ! 
From trembling lips it faintly rose again." 

— A. D, F. Randolph. 



Facing the door was the dais, where the minister sat so 
that he could see all who entered. The Bible and the hour 
glass were in place on the desk, and in view of the congrega- 
tion; the latter marked the passing of time while the Word 
was expounded "that all may the better live more godly 
lives." Chief seats were reserved for the deacons — the 
venerable Michael Tompkins and Richard Laurence — the 
latter having succeeded Lawrence Ward, recently deceased. 
Rough wooden walls did not detract from the spirit of wor- 
ship. Hearts of all were attuned to gratitude for the reali- 
zation of long-hoped-for accomplishment — the erection of 
the edifice, now the most pretentious structure in the town. 

Rev. Mr. Pierson arose and looked upon the congregation. 
Adult faces were stern set; young people and children, ex- 
pressions of awe creeping over their faces, glanced timidly 
at the pulpit. The service had begun. There was a long 
prayer, singing of a psalm in metrical version, one line at a 
time, by precentor and people, the reading of Scripture 
and the preaching, dealing no doubt with the total depravity 
of men. Announcements were made of the bans (if there 
were any). Not long after the dedication morning, Eliza- 
beth Ward, relict of Josiah Ward, she who was Elizabeth 
Swaine, and David Ogden "were read out in meeting" as 
desirous of entering the holy bonds of matrimony. Sweet 
resignation marked many a womanly face as the minister 
dwelt upon the awfulness of sin and of the terrible visitations 
which would surely follow too worldly occupation of one's 
thoughts and actions. 

Regularly were the Sunday services held at the Meeting 
House regardless of weather conditions. Misbehavior of 
the young people and of the elders, too, was under review of 



38 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

town meeting on November 24, 167J), when it was chroni- 
cled: 

There being Comphiint that many as are grown Persons, as 
well as boys, do misbeliave themselves on the Lord's Day in the 
time of Public Service, both in the Meeting House and without 
by the House Sides; also by sleeping, Whispering or the like. 
Wherefore the Town hath chosen Thomas Pierson, Junior, and 
Samuel Potter, to use their best Care and Endeavors to restrain 
like Disorder in Time of publick Worship, by rebuking such Per- 
sons as behave themselves irreverently, within or without the 
House; and if there are such grown Persons as will not be re- 
strained by their Rebukes, then they are to present them to 
the Authority. 

On November 29, Ki.SO: 

It is agreed upon by \'ote that a ^Nlan should be chosen to look 
after and see that the Boys and Youth do carry themselves rev- 
erently in time of public Worship upon the Lord's Day, and 
other Days and Times of Worship. And if any grown persons 
shall carry themselves irreverently' he is to make Complaint to 
the Authority and present their Names; and his Word shall be 
accounted Evidence against him or them offending, whether the 
offence be committed within or without the House. Joseph 
Walters is chosen to be the Man for the Purpose above said. 

Church attendance was compulsory winter and summer. 
The only protection against the chilly 
atmosphere of the barren edifice was 
the foot-stove, made of tin oi* metal. 
This was filled with wood coals and 
brought by the people from their 
homes. 

A trial it was for the women and chil- 
dren sitting through a long service, 
often lasting two hours, while the temperature hovered about 
zero. Clothes were occasionally dampened by a storm 
through which they passed on their way to the Meeting 




BUILDING THE MEETING HOUSE 39 

House. Umbrellas were unknown till the middle of the next 
century, and then were only used by women. 

Henry Lyon, appointed first tavern keeper and who was 
living at Lyons Farms, near Elizabeth Town, "hath a 
Right to and shall have a Seat in the Meeting House, paying 
proportionately with his Neighbors," is a town record of 
July 24, 1680. At the same time "it was agreed by Vote 
that that Middle Part of the Meeting House which is yet 
to be seated, shall have Three Seats of a Side." Deep- 
rooted was the spirit of leligion in Newark's cradle days and 
it has so continued through the centuries. 



CHAPTER VII 

Rev. Abraham Piersox, Jr., Second Pastor 

T TNUSUALLY subdued was the town on the first Sab- 
^^ bath after August 9, 1678. This date marked the 
separation of the spirit from the eartlily tabernacle of Rev. 
Abraham Pierson, Sr. 

"And the evening and the morning were the seventh 
day" was interpreted by the Puritans, in consonance with 
Levitical hiw, as the time to "Remember the Sabbath Day 
to keep it holy." Secular activities began with the setting 
of the sun on the day now known as Sunday. The 
dinner hour on Saturday of each week (always served with 
punctuality and when the sun was at meridian) was the signal 
for men, women and children to prepare for the weekly ob- 
sen^ance. As the sun descended behind the mountains the 
master of the household called his family about him — in 
summer by the open door, just inside the entry, and in 
the winter by the glowing hearthstone fire. Tranquil was 
the hour of twilight! Serene were the faces of sire and mis- 
tress and solemn those of children. They saw not the ex- 
quisite colors of the western sky as the orb of day faded 
from view. Their eyes rested upon the Bible, as the pages 
were turned for the selection. 

"I will extol thee, my God, oh. King, and I will bless 
Thy Name forever." The 14.5th psalm was chosen. At 
the sixteenth verse the master read with emphasis: "Thou 
openest tlu'nc^ liand and satisfiest the desire of every living 
thing." A long ])rayer was fervently offered and the simple 
service ended with the benediction. 

The fire, winter and summer, was banked earlier than on 
other days, refreshing slumbers waited upon the household, 
and with the rising sun all were in readiness for further 

■to 




REV. ABRAHAM PIERSON, JR. 41 

• 
participation in service of praise to Almiglity God. Only 
necessary attention to live stock was permitted in the way 
of worldly activity. Quietly it was done, 
all conversation, except upon religious 
themes, strictly prohibited. Joseph John- 
son, the town drummer, could not help his 
reflective mood as he sounded the call for 
]Meeting House services. He was now a 
member of the Pierson family, having 
married Rebecca, daughter of the first 
pastor, and thoughts constantly recurred to ^^^^y ^''^"^P 

the good man so recently gone to his rest. 

Sensible of the responsibility thrust upon him in assuming 
his father's mantle, the young preacher entered the pulpit 
at the hour announced, and, we are informed, "gave a good 
account of himself." Rev. Abraham Pierson, now thirty- 
three years of age, was born at Southampton, Long Island, 
in 1645. Rudiments of his education were received from his 
parents, and then he entered Harvard College, graduating 
in 1668, the second year of Newark's settlement. In full 
flush of manhood, the minister was comely of appear- 
ance and his figure well-proportioned, indicating physical 
and mental endurance. Disdaining not to labor in the 
field, he accumulated worldly goods and sustenance in tJie 
hours of relaxation and also acquired health for the prosecu- 
tion of his chosen profession. 

Rev, Mr. Pierson was one of the first clergymen born, 
educated, and ordained to the priesthood on the Western 
Continent. An environment, religiously high-tensioned, ex- 
hibited weakening signs, at the beginning of the second 
pastorate, and no one was more aware of the fact than he of 
the cloth. To the Meeting House on September 30, 1678, 
came the men of Newark to provide for his temporal welfare, 
as they had so loyally for the father 

"It is fully and unanimously consented to," reads the 
action taken, "and agreed upon by every Planter now Pres- 
ent, all being called by Name, that they will from Time to 



t2 NARRATRT.S OF NEWARK 

rime pay or cause to be payed Yearly, in their full Pro- 
)()rtions Equally in a Rate that may be agreed on by the 
Major Tart of the Town, to the Maintenance and allowance 
now agreed upon for the upholding and preaching of the 
^Yord in our Town, and Eighty Pounds by the Year is 
igreed upon to be allowed to the present Minister with his 
lire wood — and to be Rate free." 

The pastor was first assigned a home lot on the highway 
'unning the breadth of the town, but a few years later he 
:)urchased the homestead at the northeast corner of the two 
nain highways, the tract being part of the drawmg by 
Deacon Lawrence ^^'ard in the original allotment. When 
the latter died the property reverted to his widow Eliza- 
beth. In the town book of deeds and surveys this item is 
Found : 

John Catlin and John Ward, turner, administrators of the 
estate of the late Deacon Lawrence Ward, convey to Abraham 
Pierson, Jr., Clericus, with consent of Elizabeth Ward, relict of 
Deacon L. Ward, the dwelling house, well, yard, barn, garden and 
orchard with one acre and three rods of land, contained by and 
idjacent to the same according to a bill of sale bearing date of 
L'^ebruary 1, 1672, as also one great wainscott chair, two hogs- 
leads, one kneading trough and two joint stools, formerly be- 
longing to the said LawTence Ward. 

Rev. Mr. Pierson married Miss Abigail Clark, daughter of 
uleorge Clark, of INIilford, Conn. Abraham, the first-born 
3f tliis marriage, was, in after years, a prominent Con- 
lecticut Magistrate. The other children of the minister's 
family were Sarah, Susanna, Mary, Hannah, Ruth, James, 
\bigail and John. The last-named became a weD-known 
Presbyterian clergyman. 

Peter Watson who had come to the province, writing to 
liis brother Jolm^ in Selkirk, Scotland, in August, 1684, 
indicated changing religious sentiment in Newark. He 
^ays: "They are here very good Religious people. They 
]jo under the name of Lidependents, but are most like to the 



REV. ABRAHAM PIERSON, JR. 43 

Presbyterians, only they will not receive every one to their 
Society. We have great need of good and Faithful Ministers 
And I wish to God that there would come some over here; 
they can live as well, and have as much as in Scotland, and 
more than many get; we have none in all the Province of 
East Jersey except one who is Preacher in Newark." 

The people, impressed with the pastor's independence re- 
garding church membership and attendance, baptismal rites 
and his desire for a general revision of Puritan practices, 
were arrayed for and against him, and even his salary was 
withheld. Discordant notes were injected into the daily life, 
and the bolder of the town men discussing the issues with 
him found themselves no match for one so skilled in debate 
as he and who was equally shrewd in reading the character 
of men by their demeanor. The opposition developed into a 
fear for the man who demonstrated his ability in an unusual 
degree to occupy the office of town leader. 

Rev. Jonathan Dickinson, of Elizabeth Town, first Presi- 
dent of the College of New Jersey, ascribed the trouble 
to an unwarranted jealousy among the people, principally 
because of the Rev. Mr. Pierson's superior attainments. 
Matters were approaching a climax during the winter of 
1687, when the pastor's supporters, having a majority vote 
at the town meeting on January 2, adopted the following: 
"The way of rating, as formerly, which was after desisted 
from, and agreed upon to pay the Minister by Contribution 
for the year 1687." 

Another meeting was called for January 9, one week 
later, when: 

It is fully and unanimously consented to and agreed upon by 
every Planter now present, all being called by Name, that they 
will from Time to Time pay or cause to be paid yearly, in their 
full proportion, equally, in a Rate that may be agreed on by the 
Major Part of the Town, to the Maintenance and Allowance now 
agreed upon for the upholding and preaching of the Word in 
our Town, and Eighty Pounds by the Year is agreed upon to be 
allowed to the present Minister, with his firewood and to be 



44 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

Rate free. Note, it is to he understood that every man that 
doth now suhscrihe to this Agreement, he paying his Proportion 
in the Rate, shall not be hable to be prosecuted to make Pay- 
ment for any that may be deficient in non-payment. In Con- 
firmation whereof we have hereunto set to our Names. 

John Ward, sen., John Bruen, Thos. Johnson, Samuel Freeman, 
Jolm Curtis, John Baldwin, jr., Seth Tompkins, ^Micah Tompkins, 
Samue' Tichenor, Edward Ball, Edward Riggs, Samuel Kitchell, 
John Cockburn, Anthony Oliff, Joseph Riggs, Theophilus Pierson, 
Azariah Crane, Samuel Harrison, Daniel Dod, Stephen Davis, 
Samuel Plum, sen., John Crane, Nathaniel Ward, John Browne, 
sen., Zachariah Burwell, Ephraim Burwell, Thomas Browne, 
John Tichenor, Joseph Browne, John Browne, jr., Joseph Walters, 
Ebenezer Canfield, Matthew Canfield, Robert Dalglesh, Francis 
Lindly, Samuel Pierson, Jasper Crane, Joseph Harrison, Thomas 
Pierson, Samuel Dod. George Harrison, Samuel Lyon, Thomas 
Richards, David Ogden, Samuel Rose, Richard Lawrence, Jona- 
than Sargeant, John Baldwin, sen., Hans Albers, Jonathan Tomp- 
kins, Joseph Robinson. 

Now was the house divided. Twenty-one years had 
elapsed since the pioneers came to the country. Town 
government, fostered upon the purest principles of^Christian 
fellowship, was eminently successful under the leadership 
of men of indomitable character, and the moral tone of the 
community was the equal, if not superior, to all others in the 
province. The civic and religious life was not broken. 
Only a slight jar had been received. 

The homes in constant need of fuel caused the settlers to 
cut wide clearings in the forest. The town nevertheless 
continued supplying Rev. Mr. Pierson's firewood. The 
daj' appointed for sawing, chopping, hauling and arranging 
it in the minister's yard partook of holiday spirit. While 
the men were engagetl in their self-imposed labor, the women 
were busy in the parsonage kitchen, arranging the feast. 
Refreshments, liquid and solid, were served in unstinted 
(|uantitics to the hungry and thirsty woodchoppers, whi^ 
minded not their fatigue in Ihe enjoyable aftermath, 
which was as mirthful as Puritan rigidity allowed. Cider 



REV. ABRAHAM PIERSOX, JR. 45 

was served in generous portions and there was food enough 
for all. 

Dr. Pierson may have preached reminiscently as he an- 
nounced his intention to leave Newark after notifying the 
town officials of his acceptance of a call to Killingworth, 
Conn., in 1692. He was now forty-seven years of age, dis- 
tinguished in bearing and of a perspicacity difficult to attain in 
a partly unresponsive intellectual environment. Differences 
existing for many years were laid aside as the day for dis- 
solving the relationship drew near. Amends were made for 
remissness in withholding the pastor's salary. It was an 
humbled meeting of planters responding to the drummer's 
call on April 2, 1692, when, with as much haste as Puritan 
slowness of action warranted, this provision by way of rep- 
aration was adopted unanimously: 

It is voted that Mr. Pierson shall be paid his Salary for the 
Time for which no Rates have been made proportionable to the 
Rate made for Two Years together fviz) '88 and '89. 

The preacher and teacher, counsellor and consoler, who 
was about to leave for far-away New England had spent 
pleasant hours by the planters' firesides and partaken of 
their hospitality. It was not an easy matter to say good- 
bye after the long association. The last sermon was preached ; 
the ship was loaded with the minister's merchandise and 
household goods; the final hand-clasps were exchanged. 
Matrons and maidens wept as wind and sail set the craft 
in motion, and more than one of the solemn-looking men 
standing on the shore with difficulty shouted their fare- 
wells, so overcome were they at the parting. It was a 
separation, indeed, forever. Covering a quarter of a cen- 
tury and more, the two Piersons, father and son, planted 
their souls' best efforts in Newark life. Their work abides 
even to this day. 

After serving the people of Killingworth (now Clinton) 
about ten years, Rev. Mr. Pierson accepted the call, in 1701, 
to the rectorship of Yale University, or the College of Con- 



46 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

necticut, its first designation. Six years he occupied the high 
office. Known as a divine of close appHcation to the Scrip- 
tures and an eminent scholar, he brought to the new insti- 
tution a high sense of obligation. Faithfully he administered 
the duties of the office till failing health overtook him. He 
died at the close of the year 1706. Trumbull, of Connecticut, 
says : " He had the character of a hard student, a good scholar 
and a great divine. In his whole conduct he was wise, stead\' 
and admirable, was greatly respected as a pastor and he in- 
structed and governed the college with general approbation." 
An inscription on a tombstone at the burial plot, furnished 
by Miss Lizzie Pierson, compiler of the Pierson Genealogy, 
contains the following: 

Here 

Lyeth ye body 

of ye 

Rev. d Mr. Abra.h Pierson, 

The first Rector of ye College 

of Connecticut, 

who deceased 

March ye .5th 1706-7 

aged 61 years. 

And alongside is a tombstone with this inscription: 

Here 

lyeth ye body 

of Mrs. Abigail Pierson 

wife of ye Rev. 

INIr. Abra.m Pierson 

who deceased 

March ye 15th A. D. 

1727 

aged 73 years. 



CHAPTER VIII 

The Corn ]\Iill 

ONE of the settlement's urgent needs was a corn mill. 
Reducing the grain to a digestible commodity was an 
abiding necessity and more frequently performed by the 
laborious process of pestle and bowl. Corn meal, the break- 
fast diet nearl.y every day in the year, known also as mush, 
hasty pudding, porridge and suppawn, was prepared by 
tossing the golden mass into a kettle of boiling water. It 
was poured into pewter cups after a few minutes' energetic 
stirring, milk added, and served to the waiting members of 
the family. A Sabbath Day variation was effected by serv- 
ing it cold. Silver bowls were used by the master in homes 
of affluence, a mark of distinction rather than of pride. 

A pine table without cover answered for our modern 
mahogany, and the furnishings of the home were limited to 
the articles absolutely used in the round of the day. 

Opinions were frequently expressed by a few more in- 
geniously inclined at the town meeting on March 9, 1G68, that 
the creek in the north end of town would provide ample 
power for a corn mill, in the erection of which efforts half- 
heartedly made earlier in the year had failed. 

Captain Treat now proposed a plan for the encourage- 
ment of an individual or individuals to assume the con- 
tract for building the mill, that it might be finished before 
reaping the next harvest. 

Firm was the belief of all in home trade. The thought 
was not in public mind of turning to New England or any 
other place to secure one skilled in the trade of millwi'ight. 
Confident were more of the optimistic planters that from 
among their number a proposition would be advanced in 
response to this alluring offer: 

47 



48 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

"The Town saw Cause, for the Iiicouragement of any 
amongst them that would Build and Maintain a Good Mill | 
for the supply of the Town with Good Grinding, To offer ^! 
and Tender freely the Timber Prepared for that use. Twenty 
Pounds Current Pay, and the Accommodations Formerly 
Granted Belonging to the Mill, viz. : 18 Acres of upland and 
6 of meadow, with the only Liberty and privilege of Building 
a Mill on ye Brook; which Motion was Left to the Considera- 
tion of the Town Betwixt this and the 12th of this Mo. 
Current at Even, and the Meeting is adjourned to that time. 
And in Case any desire sooner or in the Mean Time to have 
any further Treaty or Discourse, about his or their under- 
taking of the Mill, they may repair to Mr. Treat, Deacon 
Ward, and Lieut, Swaine to prepare any Agreement between 
the Town and them." 

The most perplexing municipal problem of the Twen- 
tieth Century involves no greater difficulties than did this 
first public utilitarian enterprise. The drummer warned 
the planters to attend the adjourned meeting on March 
12, 1C68. All were eager to hear Captain Treat's report 
and were prompt in attendance, but he was compelled to 
regretfully announce that no offers had been received for 
taking up the important task. Lieutenant Swaine, who 
was a millwright by trade, after a conference with the cap- 
tain and others, volunteered to act in the capacity of super- 
visor if all the tow^n men would assist in the work. For his 
compensation Swaine was to receive twenty shillings by the 
week "and three Pounds over for his skill." He was also 
"to give his best advice about the Dam . . . and the 
Town promiseth to help him with Work in part of his pay as 
he needs it; common Laborers at two shillings by the Day 
and Carpenters at 2s. Gd. the Day." Robert Treat, Henry 
Lyon, John Brown and Stephen Davis were to oversee the 
work, Thomas Pierson and George Day were "to call the 
men forth to Labour," and Zachariah Burwell and John 
Baldwin "to saw about half the Tunber that's to be cut," 
and were allowed six shillings for each 100 feet of boards 



THE CORN MILL 



49 



"and for the Two inche Plank they are to have 6d. more in 
the Hundred." The meeting adjourned with the under- 
standing that the "town would send men forth upon the 
Discovery to see if they could find any suitable Stones for 
Millstones." 

Nearly a year and a half the work dragged along till the 
town patience was exhausted. At the opportune moment, 




Grinding Stone found near site of Corn Mill 



Captain Robert Treat and Sergeant Richard Harrison, 
agreed, at the meeting on August 24, 1670, to build the mill. 
I "The Town at length Made a full agreement with Mr. 
Robert Treat and Serj't Rich'd Harrison," reads the ac- 
count written by Captain Treat, "about the Building and 
Maintaining of a Sufficient Corn Mill, to be set upon the 
Little Brook, with suitable Necessary's, and Making the 
Damns, and all other Provisions, needful for and belonging 
to the sd Mill, and furnishing the same with a good Miller, 
and to keep it in Good repair; to Grind all the Town's 
Grist's into Good Meal, Giveing Such due Attendance thereto 



50 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

as tlie Town being the one Party and the owners of sd ]Mill 
the other Party shall from Tmie to Time and at all Times 
Agree upon for the Twelfth Part of Indian Corn and the 
Sixteenth of all other Grain. 

"And for their Encouragement to set upon the Work 
with as Speed as they Can, and upon their Efeeting and 
Maintaining thereof sd Town doth promise and agree to 
and with the sd Treat and Harrison, that they shall have 
the sole privilege of the sd Brook, Not prejudicing Common 
Highways; with all the Town's Grist's from Time to Time, 
all Stones, Capable of Millstones in the Towti's utmost 
Limits and Bounds, with all the Timber, that was prepared 
for it by Jos. Horton, with 2 days work of every Man and 
Woman that Holds an Allottment in the Town; with all the 
Lands fomierly Granted to Jos. Horton, Entailed to the 
Mill in all respects as their own Lands During the Time 
and Term of their Having and Upholding the sd Mill; 
they being not to be Alienated or disposed from the Mill 
without the Consent of the Town; and also Thirty Pounds to 
be Paid to the sd Crane & Harrison, their Heirs or Assigns 
a;t or before the 1st of INIarch Next, in Good Wheat, Pork, 
Beef, or one Fourth in Good Indian Corn, at such Prices as 
may be Like to procure Iron, jNIillstones, or the Workmens 
wages, viz.: Winter Wheat at 5s pr. Bus'l, Summer, do. at 
4s. 5d, Pork 3d. pr. lb. Beef a 2d, and Indian Corn a 2s. 6d 
Bus'l; and upon these Conditions the said Towti with 
their Two Inhabitants, have Mutually Bargained and 
Agreed for the Carrying on this work." 

The mill was nearing completion in the spring. Grinding 
days were proclaimed on May 23, 1671, when "it's agreed 
that the 2d day of the week and the 6th day of the same 
week and the Next Days if the Town Need and the Work 
Cannot be well done on those days that are appointed and 
agreed upon by the 'i\)wn Mei'ting and the Owners of the 
Mill to be their Grinding Days; upon which days the Miller 
is to attend to his Grinding and the Town are to bring 
their Grists and the ^Miller Promiseth to do his best as for 



THE CORN MILL 51 

Himself to secure the same until it Be enclosed under Lock 
and Key." 

All was in readiness lor operations on a certain bright 
May morning in 1071. 'J 'he dam had formed a good sized 
pond and the final inspection of the mill proved its worthi- 
ness. Puritan and Indian viewed with awe the creaking 
timbers in response to the turning of the water wheel. The 
sluice gates were opened, the stones began to move and 
clouds of dust arose from the pit where corn was turned into 
a finely powdered meal in an instant. Now the mill was a 
reality ! A place was assured for the town grinding. Praises 
were on the people's lips for the two men who wrought the 
achievement. The miller presented an odd-looking figure 
in his stout trousers of leather, apron of same material and 
woolen shirt. He was well shod and he wore a large hat 
winter and summer. The dust, passing through one or two 
rents, powdered his hair a yellow tinge. He who turned the 
wheel of Newark's first industrial venture was happy in his 
work, so happy that he may have whistled a Meeting House 
tune when grinding was heavy and the mill was working well 
i abreast of the rush orders. 

The Indians arrived carrying bags of corn across their 
backs and departed with the grain turned into meal. Wheat 
and rye were brought to the mill by the settlers, but corn 
was the largest item of the grist. Robert and Richard 
gathered in the shekels while peace and harmony, prosperity 
and plenty, rewarded the merry water wheel's churning. 
1 The partnership was dissolved by mutual consent when the 
! former returned to his Milford home about a year after the 
I installation of the plant. Sargeant Harrison continued as 
the sole owner till May 16, 1683, when he transferred his 
interests in the property to his three sons — Samuel, Joseph, 
and George. The father who was now three score and ten 
years old, the age limit prescribed by the psalmist, was pre- 
paring his estate for the final end. 

The young men — they were under thirty-five years of 
age — continued the grinding till their days of labor were 



52 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

over. Then others took their pUiees and Mill Brook, Corn 
IVlill, its pond, raceway, and all the traditions clustered about 
them were associated with the town life nearly two centuries. 
Here it was that the boy and girl of several generations spent 
happy hours while the water flowed gently on its way to the 
ocean in the calm summer day or dashed furiously when dis- 
turbed by autumnal or winter storms. And here in the 
stirring Revolutionary period tar barrels were lighted as 
Liberty's Torch and peace proclaimed and independence 
abroad in the land, the fire was kindled for many years on 
each recurring anniversary of the country's natal day as an 
expression of the intense patriotic Newark Spirit. 



CHAPTER IX 

System of Taxation Inaugurated 

TDRINCIPLES of sound local government were launched 
^ before the town was organized. While on the his- 
toric trip from Milford to the wilderness about the Pesayak 
River the Puritans discussed the constitution whereon to 
build the settlement. Equal distribution of all the burdens 
was planned and an item attached to the Fundamental 
Agreement explains the justice of the method employed 
in raising taxes. 

"The Town hath agreed that a rate should be made for 
Payment of every Man's Share of the Purchase," we read, 
"and that they would refer the Matter to Seven Men, that 
should have full Power to hear, examine and judge of every 
Man's Estate and Persons, as their Rule, by which they will 
proceed in Time Convenient to pay for their Lands bought 
of the Natives, with the necessary Charges of settling the 
Place, and Mr. Pierson's Transport, and the Divisions and 
Sub-Divisions of all their Lands and Meadows belonging to 
the same. 

"And the Men so Chosen were Mr. Robert Treat, Deacon 
Ward, Samuel Swaine, Mr. Camfield, Michael Tompkins, 
Richard Laurence and Joseph Walters, any five of whom 
shall have full Power to act herein, and for their Direction 
herein, the Town saw Cause to allow and pass upon every 
Head of a Family or that takes up Allotment in the Town, 
to be valued at 50 pounds, and for every Child or Servant 
in the Family besides. Ten Pounds by the Head, which shall 
be allowed as good Estate; and for all other kinds of Goods 
and Estates, Real and visible, that Men intend, God willing, 
to transport on the Place, the town wholly referrs themselves 
and the sole Determination into their Hands, according to 

5.3 



.>4 NARRATR ES OF NEWARK 

whose Judgment it sliall stand — Wliicli being done, the 
^J'own saw Cause that One Tliird Part of every Man's 
Estate in generall through the whole Town should be de- 
ducted, and according to the Remainder both the Charges 
and the Divisions of Land should be proportionated and 
borne for this Year." 

"A sure List of Every Man's Estate Approved by the 
Sale Men," was also incorporated. ]Mr. Robert Treat was 
rated at $3,300, Deacon Ward at $1,850, Samuel Swaine at 
$2,750, Mr. Camfield at $'-2,500, Richard Laurence at $1,365, 
Joseph .Walters at $900 and Michael Tompkins at $1,300. 

Material wealth was measured by actual individual hold- 
ings. Gold and silver were scarce as mediums of exchange in 
barter and sale. A brass or iron kettle was of incalculable 

value and carefully treasured. 
They were needed in the daily 
life, and could only be obtained 
from the Mother Country. 
Corn, peas, wheat, beef and 
pork were staple products and 

The Pine Tree Shilling i i • i i 

currency was stantlardized by 
these necessaries, under a regulated system of prices estab- 
lished by the Provincial Assembly. Accustomed are the 
people of the Twentieth Century to business dealings involv- 
ing vast sums of money and the collection of millions of dol- 
lars for public use. How insignificant, iiT comparison, the 
first tax budget a])pears! 

It amounted to an even $l,'-200! 

Newark's levy for 1915, providing for only a small portion 
of the territory of 1066, was $6,500,000. Thomas Johnson, 
of sound financial understanding, whose name is jjrominently 
identified with the foundation period, was appointed tax 
collector. 

The manner of paying the tax was intlieated at the same 
meeting: "The One Half of it that is to be Paid between this 
and the first of January next, and the other half Between 
ihis and tlie Last of March Next, in any Current pa}' that 




SYSTEM OF TAXATION INAUGURATED 55 

will pass and is Accepted Between Man and Man upon the 
place, and the Town hath made choice of Henry Lyon to be 
their Town Treasurer for the Year Insueing, or until the 
first of January come Twelve Months." 

Tillers of the soil made their way to Johnson's home and 
paid their stipulated tithe — corn on the cob, shelled corn, 
wheat, pork, wood, pelts of wild animals; in fact, anything 
allowed in the way of exchange. 

The treasurer took account of stock, handed a receipt to 
the collector and then proceeded to liquidate town obliga- 
tions. First a portion was returned to Johnson, for he was 
''Allowed Eight Shillings for His Son's beating the drum this 
Year, and Repairing the remainder of the Year." Corn 
was rated at three shillings per bushel, so the father of the 
drummer carefully measured two bushels and two-thirds of a 
bushel, good measure, of corn as his son's compensation. 
This allowance was rated at about 96 cents. Later, how- 
ever, the drummer received a large increase in his annual 
salary, it being fixed at five shillings per month or about 
$7.50 for the year. • 

Other items of the first tax levy were seventeen pounds for 
building the Meeting House, five pounds and more for 
raising and supplying nails in construction, and incidentals 
for erecting town pound, corn mill appropriation and sun- 
dries. 

Five years later the Puritan was dilatory in squaring his 
account with the tax collector. Debate on the levy for 
1671-1672 waited till the harvest was stored and then two 
days were required to complete the business, as the record 
shows : 

Town Meeting 14th Nov'r, 1671, which Meeting adjourned 
to the 26th Inst, to finish what they Cou'd Not due this day; 
and Concerning rates it was agreed that all rates that shall be 
levied this Present Year. (Except the Lord rent and Surveying 
of Land), should be made and Levied by Persons Valued at Is. 
4d. per Head, by Lands the Home Lotts rateable at three half 
Pence pr Acre, and for the First division of Upland and Meadow 



56 



NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 



to Goe at Id. pr. Acre, and for the Second of land Not to berated 
this Year; also Cattle to be rated as they were last year; and 
Concerning the Lord rent and Surveying of Land, the Charges 
thereof to be levied by lands only, which rates was Ordered as 
follows, viz: a Rate of 50 pounds was Granted to be Levied forth- 
with, to answer the Occasions of the Town, and where to any 
Unto whom they are Indebted. 

Item — a rate of 20 pounds was ordered to be made to pay the 
Charges of Surveying Lands; which Monies are to be paid into 
the Treasurer's Hands. 

Item — its agreed that a List of every Man's Estate Shall be 
Brought in to the men apointed. Between this and the 2d Decemb'r 
Next, and Every one that dwells in the North End of the Town to 

Serj't Jno. Ward, and those of the 
South End to Thos. Johnson, under 
the Penalty of 6d. to be charged to 
the rates of any that are defective, 
having Had Notice of this order 
which 6d. Shall be Taken out of the 
Rates of Those Men, that are put 
upon the trouble to get it; and the 
Men Appointed to make the rates are Mr. Obadiah Bruen, Serj't 
Jno. Ward, Thos. Johnson, Jno. Curtis and Jno. Brown, Jun'r, 
who are desired to attend the work and Issue It as soon as they 
Can: the prizes of Corn and flesh are the same as it's Expressed 
in the Country Laws. 




The Lord Baltimore Shilling 



Unresponsive were some of the planters to this appeal, 
their procrastination making the more prompt brethren 
nervous as the winter grew on apace. Delinquents must 
be l)rought to a knowledge of their civic duty, it was declared 
at the town meeting on January 1, 1()71. Various motions 
were offered and then this item was made of record: 

The Rates made for the Town were read and Published, and 
its agreed that every Man should pay his proportion to the Treas- 
urer between this and 10th Feb'y Next, or else the Constable, by 
order nuist destrain for it. 



Indignation prevailed, rising and falling in about the same 



SYSTEM OF TAXATION INAUGURATED 57 

proportion that the mercury does in the barometer indicating* 
atmospheric changes. Evidences are not lacking that a re- 
belhous spirit was exhibited against the word "distrain," 
cuhninating at the meeting on August 10, 1673, in a serious 
dispute. Expletives were injected into the discussion and 
several of the planters were called to account for unruly con- 
duct. The disturbance arose over the manner of raising 
the rate. Charges were made of individual attempts to dodge 
reasonable taxation: While the Recorder was writing 
the spicy particles of speech in the town book, including 
adjectives (Puritan), fearful looking on paper, he well knew 
they would all be expunged of record. This, for reasons un- 
explained, was not done, however, till February 25, 1675, 
two years and a half later. 

Puritan temper moderated on November 14, when the 
business of compelling the planters to pay their share of 
taxes was discussed in orderly manner. Then it was 
"Agreed that every Man shall Bring in a List of their 
Estates to Jno. Curtis and Jno. Brown, Jun'r Next day 
after this Meeting; and if it's known they Leave out any 
of their Estates they shall forfeit 5s. in the pound; and if 
any Do not Bring in their Estates Timely, the said Johns 
shall have Is. for every one they Fetch." Some of the 
August temperature remained, but it was dropping by de- 
grees. A motion prevailed that "All Swine and Cattle that 
are Rateable which are now a Live, or hath been killed 
since August shall be Rated." Another resolution reads: 
"It's Agreed, that all land shall be a Like Rated Now and 
Hereafter, upon Condition that there may be no more dis- 
turbance in Town about the way of Rateing; Lands at Id. 
pr. Acre, Cattle of all kinds as formerly." 

This insight into the manner of raising taxes in the early 
days indicates that not the least of the troubles of the 
founders was equitable distribution of the burden of main- 
taining town government. 



CHAPTER X 

Exterminating the Wolf 

THE trials of the early Newark householders were com- 
plex. The proverbial Puritan patience was exliausted 
by the depredations of wild animals. Wolves strayed at 
will from their lairs above the ridge (where High Street 
now crosses) and a variety of game abounded within the two 
purchases extending from the river to the mountain-top. 
This well-watered land was a paradise for the feathered 
tribe and for the wild animals darting here and there through 
the thicket. 

The young men, tramping through the woods and view- 
ing the wide-spreading vista from the rocky eminence at the 
western town limits, discovered several nests of eagles at the 
highest point, which became famous as a lookout station 
for Washington's scouts during the Revolutionary War. 
Turkey Eagle Rock was known far and wide and the name, 
abbreviated, has abided ever since. The striking beauty 
of the spot has made it an ideal retreat for the nature lover. 
Now included in the Essex County chain of parks. Eagle 
Rock has been saved for all time, though much of its former 
ruggedness has disappeared. 

When winter snows were upon the ground the wild 
animals, nearly crazed for the want of food, stealthily ap- 
l)roached the clearings under cover of night. Wolves were 
the chief annoyers, and their need of satisfying meals sent 
them searching for live stock. They even attacked horses 
and oxen. It was no uncommon occurrence for a housewife, 
u])on opening her door, to see snarling wolves displaying 
their fangs as they prowled about the yard. Bears also ap- 
peared at the doorways, but were more cautious. 

Efforts were made in the very beginning of the settlement 

58 



J h 



EXTERMINATING THE WOLF 59 

to exterminate the wolf. "The town agreed that any Man 
that would take Pains to kill Wolves he or they for their 
Encouragement should have 15s. for every grown wolf that 
they kill, and this be paid by the Town Treasury," is an 
item attached to the Fundamental Agreement. Sergeant 
Riggs, during the first two or three years, was the principal 
dispatcher of wolves. He acquired skill by similar exploits 
in Roxbury, Mass., Milford, Conn., and other places where 
he lived. His marksmanship was proved also in the Pequot 
War, where he won his military title for rescuing his captain 
and twelve men from an ambuscade. An expert in the use 
of firearms, he slew the animal upon sight. The wolf pit 
was also employed by Riggs. The keen 
olfactories of the sensitive animal detected 
from a distance the bait set under the thin 
layer of tree branches and earth and little 
time was lost in an investigation. It gin- 
gerly stepped upon the artificial covering 
in search of the tempting morsel and was 
plunged into the excavation underneath. 
The Sergeant then secured the prize, re- ^''^^ °\|^|^ J^"^^' 
moved the ears, took them to the magis- 
trate as evidence of his prowess, and received the bounty 
offered. 

Restless nights were caused the Puritans by the wolves 
as they howled singly and in chorus when appearing in the 
settlement during the hours of darkness. An occasional crash 
at the enclosures where sheep, pigs and other animals were 
thought to be safeguarded, revealed the presence of the 
intruders. The ever-ready gun was brought forth in the 
hands of a trusty Puritan, and there was one less wolf to 
annoy the people after its well-directed charge reached its 
mark. Provoking indeed was the problem of conquering 
this beast. For a time it also appeared as if all the wild 
animals in the province were gathering in the Newark 
plantations. 

Bears were seen about the uplands in the summer seeking 



60 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

berries and other food. They were trapped and also taken 
by hunters. Other fur-bearing animals were captured and 
their pelts used in making warm garments for the women 
and children. Wild pigeons, ducks, and turkeys, flocking 
about the watering places, furnished the homes with a choice 
array of edibles. 

The summer of 1679 was trying to Puritan nerves. The 
wolf was growing bold in its successful raids and came into 
the town more frequently. As autumn approached the nui- 
sance was becoming unbearable for even the mild Puritanic 
temper, and on October 13, 1679, it was declared "that if 
any Person shall kill any Wolves and bring the Heads to the 
Constable, shall have allowed by the Town Ten Shillings per 
Head." 

Bounties were offered continuously, leading the struggling 
colonists to enter the campaign of extermination. The 
routine of life was varied with exciting chases after the wary 
animal over the fields and through the woods, where in this 
day are comfortable homes and other evidences of a highly 
civilized community. 

The planters more skilled in the use of firearms or at trap- 
ping added a considerable sum to their accounts. But they 
were suspected of shrewd practices, and at the town meeting 
of February 24, 1681, "it is agreed that if any Person or 
Persons kill any Wolves or Bears, which they require pay for 
from the Town, they shall only be such Wolves and Bears 
that are killed within our Town Bounds, that they shall 
be allowed pay for." 

Other less ferocious animals, chiefly the deer, damaged 
fences surrounding the gardens, ate the tender shoots of new 
corn in the spring and trampled with impunity over the 
vegetables in the summer months. 

The unconquered denizens of the forest so exasperated the 
people that on September 6, 1698, "it is agreed upon by vote 
for Incouragement to those that will kill wolves that they 
shall have Twenty Shillings j). Head ($2.50) allowed them 
in a Town Rate for this Year." Four years later (November 



I 



I 



EXTERMINATING THE WOLF 61 

2, 1702), "It is voted that those Persons that have killed 
Wolves since the last Town Rate or shall kill any wolves, 
shall be allowed twelve Shillings p. Head." 

Decimation of the species was in process. An economical 
clause of the September meeting action provided that "those 
Creatures which People intend to kill for their Use, shall be 
Rate Free." The bear at first exempt, came under the ban 
when the town offered five shillings for the capture of cubs. 
An additional bountj^ was offered by the Provincial Assembly. 

The deer ran wild in the mountain section till after the 
advent of the Nineteenth Century. In 1830 a fine specimen 
was brought down by a hunter on the site of the Elmwood 
School in East Orange. 

Hunting parties from Newark found game of larger variety 
in the mountains and valleys for a century and a half after 
the settlement and the lesser animals — foxes, raccoons and 
opossum — till a recent period. Stories of exciting chases 
over the fields in the "brown October days" and the feasting 
afterward were incidents relieving an otherwise prosaic life. 



CHAPTER XI 

Lessening of Puritan Restraint 

XT EARLY seven years did the Puritan hope of mankind's 
^ ^ redemption, embodied in the Fundamental Agreement, 
remain in force, till the restored Carteret Administration 
revoked the town privilege of selecting prospective planters, 
on December 11, 1672. Then the war between Holland and 
England-France placed the people under Dutch government. 
The province, once more restored to the English, Sir George 
Carteret, in his instructions to Governor Philip Carteret, on 
July 30, 1674, again announced that granting of letters of 
admission to towns in the province would only be through 
the Governor and Council. 

The Puritans did not act in the matter, however, till 
March 1, 1677, when this resolution was adopted: 

It is voted as a Town Act, that all and every Man, that improves 
Land in the Town of Newark, shall make their appearance at 
Town Meetings, and there attend to any Business as shall be 
proposed as any of the Planters do, and be liable to any Fine as 
others are in Case of their Absence at the Call, or a whole day, or 
going away before the Meeting break up — and also that the Clerk 
is to set their Names in a list, and Call them as others are called. 

Every planter was now on an equal footing irrespective of 
membership in the Established Church, and permitted by 
voicQ and vote to engage in town affairs. But there came 
a remorse of conscience. The Puritan spirit did not expire 
easily; the freedom given non-church members was not en- 
tirely approved of by the more staid of "the ele'ct." "Abom- 
inations would creep in to the hurt of the town," one of the 
more sanctimonious remarked, the provincial authority to 
the contrary notwithstanding. 

C2 




LESSENING OP PURITAN RESTRAINT G3 

The situation was discussed periodically till November 7, 
1685, when as a balm to the troubled feelings, an item was 
adopted at the meeting, providing that "William Camp and 
John Baldwin, Jun'r are chosen to go from House to House of 
those who have not subscribed to our fundamental Covenant 
and return their answer to the Town." But their report, 
if ever made, was not recorded. And in this way the Puritan 
ideal was eliminated from the official life. Never was a man 
again to be questioned about his church membership when 
voting at elections. Imagine a 
citizen in our day being ques- 
tioned about his religious affilia- 
tion before allowed to cast his 
ballot! 

Even then, twenty years after Beit wom by^^chardJiartshome, Shrews- 

the signing of the historical docu- 
ment, the dawn of a new liberty was appearing, dispelling 
restraint and ushering in gradually, it is true, a spirit of 
tolerance. 

Frequently less than a majority of planters answered their 
names at regularly called meetings. Fines, as a result, were 
provided for absenteeism on November 28, 1672, personal 
visits were made upon the delinquents by townsmen and 
constables and every human power exercised to awaken a 
keener sense of the electorate's duty. 

The drummer was directed not to save the instrument, but 
to beat it with all his strength when announcing the alarm 
for the assembly; but there are "none so deaf as those who 
will not hear." 

Temper was near the breaking point at the meeting on 
January 1, 1683. The Puritan had no idea, however, of 
personal attack upon his brother. That would have been an 
awful departure, even with provocation, from the rules of 
behaviour. An instance of this kind has not been discovered 
in our early local history. 

The ancestors were businesslike. "Whereas, there is an 
Order made by Vote 21 of March, 1675-6," begins the reso- 



64 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

liition, "for our Orderly attendance at Town jNIeetings, and 
for want of due Execution many are remiss in their Attend- 
ance, by which means Town Business is much hindered, 
and some as do attend are much damnified by losing their 
Time. We that are now present do assent that all past 
offences upon this account be past by us to this Day. 

"And do now subscribe our names (provided that Three- 
fourths of the Planters do subscribe) to submit to all and 
every penalty in that Order before mentioned upon our late 
Coming, total Absence or a regular going away before the 
Meeting be dismissed. 

"And whereas, the said order directs every Delinquent 
to give their Reasons to the Town. We do now agree and 
think it most fit that Three Men in each End of the Town be 
Chosen for each Person, that is remiss to repair to within 
two or three Days at the most after the Meeting, and if their 
Reasons are satisfying to them why they were absent they 
shall be remitted their Fine; otherwise within three Days 
after such Town IMeeting their Names as are remiss shall be 
returned to the Constable, who is to gather up such Fines, 
and shall have half for his Pains." 

"Having had much trouble about the disorderly coming to 
Town Meetings," reads the resolution of March 21st, referred 
to in the above articles, "the Town doth now agree that 
Twenty-four Hours shall be accorded legal Warning, and if 
any Man doth not come to the Place of Meeting to Answer 
to his Name, at the Second Beat of the Drum shall be 
fined 6s." 

If absent a whole day "he is to be fined half a Crown, and 
for half a Day's Absence fifteen Pence, and for going away 
before the Meeting is dismissed without leave two Shillings, 
except he give a satisfying reason as afr'd. 

"Also, if any man be absent Part of the Day, he shall be- 
side his fine, lose his Vote, and stand to what the Town hath 
done or shall do in his Absence." 

Fines were levied upon the stay-at-home voters but often 
there was neither meat nor corn, let alone monev, in the 




A M A H I K A N, Indian Chief of 1709, who roamed in the Valley 
of the Hudson River 

Courtesy of the American Museum of Natural History 



LESSENING OF PURITAN RESTRAINT 65 

households to pay them. "Well, then, said the Constable 
to a delinquent Puritan: "If ye have neither corn nor meat 
there is plenty of timber that needs cutting. Prepare fire- 
wood for the Minister!" 

Anthony Oliff (proper spelling Olive) was appointed con- 
stable's deputy. His home was on a sixty-eight acre tract 
at the mountain, where Tulip Avenue and Oak Bend now 
intersect in Llewellyn Park. Cherry trees planted by Olive 
were standing there in 1852. He passed away on March 16, 
1723, at the age of 87 years. His tombstone with its rude 
carving is the oldest one in Orange's Old Burying Ground. 
Felling trees, chopping wood and other menial work were 
assigned the dilatory settlers till their conscience was ad- 
justed to a better understanding of citizenship. 

This is the roll of men who defied their fellow citizens by 
levying fines upon them: 

I- 

John Ward, Thomas Johnson, Richard Lawrence, William Camp, 
Stephen Davis, John Baldwin, Jr., Samuel Plum, John Wilkins, 
John Johnson, John Burwell, Zachariah Burwell, John Bruen, 
Thomas Lyon, John Curtis, Samuel Potter, Joseph Brown, 
Edward Ball, Thomas Brown, Samuel Harrison, Samuel Tichenor, 
Joseph Riggs, John Ward, Jr., Thomas Luddington, John Bald- 
win, Sr., Joseph Walters, David Ogden, Theophilus Pierson, An. 
thony Oliff, Samuel Lyon, Ephraim Burwell, Samuel Rose, 
Thomas Pierson, John Crane, Edward Riggs, Jonathan Tomp- 
kins, Jabez Rogers, Seth Tompkins, Stephen Brown, John Brown, 
Sr., Henry Lyon, Samuel Kitchell, Robert Dalglesh, Richard 
Fletcher, John Brown, Jr., Jonathan Sargeant, Joseph Harrison, 
Thomas Richards, Ebenezer Canfield, John Tichenor, Samuel 
Ward, Nathaniel Ward, John Ward, Turner, John Treat, Francis 
; Lindly, Daniel Abett. 

Prominent citizens are missing from this roll. The ab- 
sentees for the most part lived at the mountain, out of hearing 
of the town drum. The census of Newark on January 1, 
1683, in the seventeenth year of the settlement, discloses a 
population of about 450, of which eighty were lot owners, 



66 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

including two widows. The latter were Mrs. Mary Bond 
and Mrs. Elizabeth Morris. 

Matthews Williams, admitted a planter in 1680, and 
among the list of stay-at-homes, was the progenitor of the 
Williams family in Essex County. He possessed a large 
acreage fronting along the main highway, Grace Episcopal 
Church and the Y. M. C. A. buildings in Orange are occupy- 
ing part of his land. A weather-beaten tombstone in the 
Old Burying Ground in that city has this inscription: 

M. W. 

Here Lies the Body 

of Matthew Williams, 

who departed this Life 

November 12, 1732. 

in the 81 year of his age 

Remember this as you pas by 

As you are now so once was I 

As I am Now so you may be, 

Prepare for death and follow me. 

A^ an alternative, favoring those planters who objected 
to the frequency of meetings, it was decided on January 8, 
1685, to hold "four Town Meetings in a Year, at a Time Cer- 
tain (viz) : the first upon the first day of January, the Second 
the Second day of April, the Third the first second day of 
July, the fourth the first second day of October." Provision 
was also made for posting upon the INIeeting House door the 
announcement "10 or 12 days before appointed by this 
Order." 

The attendance improved and the affairs of town moved 
along in much smoother channels than they had for several 
years. 



CHAPTER XII 

Care of Domestic Animals 

EVERY year, beginning in January, 1668, two reliable 
men were chosen for the responsible offices of Fence 
Viewers. The first two appointees were known for their 
special qualifications in this task, tact and restrained temper. 
That all interests might be safeguarded, "Serj. Ed'd Rigs 
and Michael Tompkins are Chosen to be Viewers of Fences 
of our Town for this Year Ensueing," is recorded at a meeting 
held in that month. 

Theirs was not an enviable office, yet they did not shrink 
from the performance of its duties. The annual inspection 
was made as soon as the frost disappeared from the ground 
in the spring and visits made at other times when exigencies 
demanded. Four score years was this practice continued, 
till stone walls were generally used for partitioning public 
and private property and the need of Fence Viewers had 
passed. 

An all-day meeting on October 19, 1681, was concerned in 
the fencing of four acres of common land. To each and every 
homestead a task was assigned. No excuse was accepted. 
If an owner was physically unable to perform the stint, a 
substitute was provided. More than eighty allotments were 
made, ranging from two rods to fifteen and one-half rods. 
The more difficult labor of arranging the gates was assig-ned 
Aaron Blatchly, Samuel Harrison, David Ogden, John 
Curtis, John Baldwin, Sr., Deacon Michael Tompkins, 
William Camp, John Ward, Jr., Matthew Canfield, and 
Thomas Johnson. "The Barrs called Wheeler's Barrs to 
Joseph Riggs," we read, as the business of assigning portions 
of the work proceeded, "to be sufficiently made and main- 
tained from Time to Time, instead of Three Rods of Fence— 

67 



68 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

there is two Rods of Fence allowed for the Two Mile 
Brook." 

This item was faithfully placed in the day's record: "It is 
always to be understood that the Rod Pole this Fence was 
laid out by was 16 feet and 9 inches in length." Three inches 
more than a rod was indeed worth considering by the weary 
Puritan when the sun was high in the heavens, his back 
aching and the stretch apportioned him not more than half 
finished. 

The planters met in the pasture land on a cool October 
morning, equipped for duty. Loads of chestnut posts and 
rails were drawn by oxen and horses guided by stalwart 
pioneers, to holes opened at regular intervals under the 
direction of the surveyor, and fence-making continued 
throughout the day with now and then a 
pause for refreshments. Toiling uncom- 
plainingly, the founders were proving by 
the sweat of their brow a right to citizen- 
ship. With the completion of the work an 
inspection was made by the Fence Viewers 
who reported the rails and gates all in their 
Candle-stick proper places and they, with their brother 

Puritans, rejoiced that an enclosure was at last provided for 
pasturing the town cattle. 

The pound was one of the first institutions and authorized 
three years after the exodus, on May 24, 1669: "The Town 
Ordered and Agreed that for all unruly Cattle or Horses 
that are turned in or voluntarily Left in the Neck or Com'on 
Field, that they shall pay Five Shillings by the Head Pound- 
age; half to the Pounder and half to the Town, besides all 
damages that they shall do to any Man in his Corn, Grass, 
or Hay, or otherwise, and for all Cattle that are not unruly. 
Horses, Oxen or Cows, Four Pence by the Head Poundage, 
Besides any damages." The ox, most patient and useful 
animal, sharing honors with the horse as man's close friend 
in the brute creation, was not placed in the list of "unruly | 
animals." Docile and easy to manage, the faithful beast 




CARE OF DOMESTIC ANII^IALS 69 

was a valuable asset. Fortunate indeed was a planter 
possessed of an ox; doubly fortunate if he had a yoke of 
oxen, for he was then rated "well-to-do." 

Evidence of the hog being in disrepute was produced at an 
earlier meeting on April 17, 1669, when "the Town Agreed 
with John Catling to hang out and sufficiently fasten some 
Poles or Young Trees in the River, at the end of or adjoining 
to our Common Fence, and to turn them out and up the 
River about a Rod or Two, and somewhat back again after the 
manner of a Pound, to Prevent Hogs swimming around the 
Fence into the Neck; and upon his so doing they stand for 
this summer, he is to be allowed Ten Shillings out of the 
Treasury for his Pains." Often seen in the highway in 
spring and summer, wallowing in the soft ground at the frog 
pond, rooting down by the river's edge, the hog was a source 
of trouble. Occasional squeals were heard as it became 
partly innnersed in a quagmire or quicksand. Not till cool 
weather appeared did the animal cease its annoyance of 
town folk. 

Reduced to spare-ribs, pickled pork, highly seasoned 
sausage, and well-smoked hams and bacon, the hog proved a 
household blessing. After a hearty dinner, in which a succu- 
lent joint of roast pork formed the principal article of diet, 
the Puritan sat on cold winter days in front of the hearth- 
stone fire a picture of contentment, smoking a long clay 
pipe filled with Virginia tobacco brought to Newark in 
exchange for apples and cider. At a later period, if it was 
not then a practice, the housewife joined the husband in 
smoking. Their pipes were a solace in an exacting day of 
dull routine. 

For 250 years the goat has been identified with Essex 
County life. He was ever present in that part of the town 
known as the Neck, and was in disrepute on January 1, 1671, 
when "it's Ordered that no Goats at any Time of the Year 
shall be kept anywhere in the Neck, or Common Fence." 
Ousted from the feeding ground, this animal was chased 
here and there, abused, never out of trouble, always express- 



70 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

ing dislike for public pastures and private preserves. He 
reveled in a scamper along the highways. 

All the settlers were out on their lots in the spring of 1682, 
repairing their fences. The Viewers carefully made their 
rounds, pausing to offer suggestions and receiving scant 
courtesy in return from the more recalcitrant owners. 
Daniel Dod was brought before the town meeting for exam- 
ination on April 19, 1682. The Viewers reported that 
"there having been much Damage done by Reason of defec- 
tive Fences, and in special by a Piece of Fence against a 
Home Lott formerly given to Daniel Dod, upon account of 
his making and maintaining a Fence at the Front of his Lott 
so given. 

"And Altho' this Grant (To Daniel Dod) is not found 
upon the Record, Yet several Persons that was then Present 
do now declare that they do fully remember that the Lott 
was given to Daniel Dod upon the afs'd Condition, as namely: 
Deacon Michael Tompkins, Deacon Richard Laurence, Mr. 
Thomas Johnson, Stephen Davis and William Camp, and 
also several others. Yet now Daniel Dod refuseth to make 
or maintain the same, only as his Proportion in Common 
with other, tho' made and maintained by him at first. Upon 
these Persons' Testimony and the Complaint of Damage 
done by the Insufficiency of this fence — the Town doth by 
Vote declare their Minds concerning the same (Viz) : that 
Dan'l Dod is to make and maintain, from Time to Time that 
Fence at the front of his Lott by as is before exprest." 

And the aforesaid Daniel, who was thus brought to judg- 
ment, complied with the town meeting requirement. Pro- 
geny of this settler have been among the leading residents of 
Essex County in the succeeding generations and serving the 
country and communitv in a commendable manner. 



CHAPTER Xin 

Captain Treat Leaves Newark 

THE town records do not disclose the day and month 
Captain Robert Treat bade his neighbors farewell. His 
name last appears on May 26, 1673, when at a public meeting 
"It is agreed that the highest Estate in our Town is to patten 
but one Hundred Acres, within that compass as is already 
purchased, and so every one, accordingly, proportionable 
to his Estate." The Captain drew No. 63. He was now 
fifty-one years of age and well preserved in physique. Per- 
haps he ofiFered one of his famous prayers "so lovingly 
spoken" for the comfort of the people he was leaving. 

An Englishman by birth, Robert Treat emigrated in 
boyhood with Richard Treat, his father, to Wethersfield. 
The son was in early manhood, about 1640, a resident of 
Milford, and later he served there as town clerk. His ex- 
perience in this office proved of notable service to the Newark 
settlers. Minutes of the town's first six years were written 
by him. 

The captain was elected to the office of magistrate, and 
also commissioned major of militia on his return to Connec- 
ticut. He was active in defending the colonists while 
King Philip's War raged and his life was in danger during 
the uprising. A ball passed through his hat at the Battle 
of Bloody Brook, and it is said that he had no less than 
"seventeen fair shots at the enemy." His bravery and ex- 
cellent execut ve ability qualified him for the office of Deputy 
Governor to which he was elected in 1676 and served seven 
years. He was then chosen Governor, retiring in 1698, 
the infirmities of old age compelling him to do so. He was 
prevailed upon, however, again to accept the office of Deputy 
Governor, holding it till 1708. The transition into the 

71 



72 



NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 



larger life was on July 12, 1710, and the sunset of the four 
score and five years was gloriously achieved. 

Governor Treat's name has an imperishable renown in 
colonial history in connection with the Charter Oak. Sir 
Edmund Andros, in 1686, attempted while Governor of New 
England to seize the charter of Connecticut during a session 
of the Assembly. Governor Treat would not relinquish the 
office he was administering so successfully, extinguished the 
light in the room, forestalled the action of Andros and 





! ' ■ ■ ■ 

i 


^^^^^H 


^^Km^-' m-^siM.^Mmmm^^ i 


:. l^H 




. ll" life 





Captain Treat's chairs 

conveyed the precious instrument to Captain Wadsworth, 
who deposited it in a hollow tree, now known as the Charter 
Oak of Hartford. 

Lambert's History of the New Haven Colony gives this 
estimate of Governor Treat's life and service: 



Few men have sustained a fairer character or rendered the public 
more important services. He was an excellent military officer, a 
man of singular courage and resolution, tempered with caution 
and prudence. His administration of government was with wis- 
dom, firmness and integrity. He was esteemed courageous. 



CAPTAIN TREAT LEAVES NEWARK 73 

wise and pious. He was exceedingly beloved and venerated by 
the people in general and especially by his neighbors at Milford 
where he lived. 

Children of Captain Treat remained in Newark. John 
Treat, his son, was a deputy to the Provincial Assembly, 
from 1694 to 1702, and was for many years a leading citizen 
of the town. He died August 1, 1714, at the age of sixty -five 
years. Sarah Treat married Jonathan Crane, son of Jasper 
Crane, Jr., and Mary was the wife of Deacon Azariah Crane. 
Descendants of the latter occupied the home of Captain 
Treat till about 1800. Azariah Crane was a notable man 
and one of the first settlers of Montclair. When Captain 
Treat returned to Milford he "betrusted his property at 
Newark to his son, Deacon Azariah Crane, who lived in the 
stone house at Newark." The deacon left a permanent 
memorial when he bequeathed to the First Presbyterian 
Church of Newark, his "silver bole to be used by the Church 
forever." 

Children of Deacon Azariah and Mary Treat Crane were 
Nathaniel, Azariah, Jr., John, Robert, Mary Baldwin and 
Jane. 

"A good name is rather to be chosen than great riches and 
loving favour rather than silver and gold," was a favorite 
Puritan quotation from the Book of Proverbs. 

Michael Tompkins, Signer of the Fundamental Agreement, 
vacated his Milford home, one of the most pretentious in the 
New Haven Colony, to follow the westward trend of Puri- 
tanism. The house was twenty feet square, two stories in 
height and about thirty rods distant from the Meeting House. 
Under cover of darkness, the Refugees Goffe and Whalley, 
fleeing from the English wrath for passing judginent upon 
Charles I, found an asylum in the Tompkins home. They 
were given accommodations in a room on the first floor, where 
they remained two years. Directly overhead was the living 
room, where the young women of the household spent many 
hours of the day. 

Unconscious of the guests being on the floor beneath, 



74 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

the young ladies, having learned a satirical ballad floated 
across tlie ocean from England, frequently sang it set to a 
popular air. In substance the satirization was upon the 
two hidden refugees, who found it difficult to remain quiet, 
so convulsed with laughter were they over the young ladies' 
lack of knowledge of their presence. 

John Browne, Jr., elected town clerk in 1676, was the 
first "outsider" admitted into the close communion of 
Newark citizenship. Permission was thus granted him at 
the fourth town meeting, held March 5, 1668: 

John Brown, Jr., was by a full vote of the Town admitted and 
received a planter, and hath the Grant of an Accommodation. 
Both of uplands and Meadows, According to his Estate that he 
does Give in, and is truly possessed of; he paying his proportion 
of the Charges Laid out for it, and do Seasonably Come to possess 
the Same Some Time this Spring. 

In addition to the home lot, planters were allowed a hold- 
ing of meadow land, the area according to their rating. 

Brown duly appeared on a spring day, true to his promise, 
and signified his intention of becoming a planter. The 
ceremony of receiving him into full membership of the 
Puritan government was impressively performed. Ques- 
tions were first asked regarding his status, religiously and 
financially. Satisfying the officials that he intended to 
reside pennanently and become a useful citizen, a large Bible 
was produced. The young man placed his right hand 
upon it while the oath of allegiance was given, in the fol- 
lowing language: 

You do Swear upon the Holy Evangelists Contained in this 
Book to bare true faith and Allegiance to our Soveraine Lord 
King Charles the Second and his Lawful! Successors, and to be 
true and faithful to the Lords Proprietors, their successors, and 
their Government of this Province of New Jersey as Long as you 
shall Continue an Inhabitant under the Same without any Equi- 
vocation or Mentall Reservation whatsoever, so help you God. 



CAPTAIN TREAT LEAVES NEWARK 75 

When the second purchase was made to the mountain- top 
each settler received an additional share of land. 

Sons of planters, when they attained their majority, were 
the recipients of lots, upland and meadow, if found capable, 
after due examination, of tilling the soil. One of the first 
young men of the town requesting full association was 
John Bruen, who appeared before the fifth town meeting on 
March 9, 1668, when "on Mr. Obadiah Bruen's Motion in 
the Behalf of his Son, Jno. Bruen, was taken into Con- 
sideration and Granted, that he should have Six Acres of 
Upland Somewhere in the Neck adjoining to his Father's 
second division; he Taking of his share of Fence, and paying 
unto the Treasury Sixteen Shillings, for all Charges past 

To This day." 

Newark's pioneers were of one mind, that in union there 
is strength. The first families were upon terms of close 
relationship: the home life, impregnated with hardships, 
was the pivot around which the strength of the settlement 
revolved and had its being. 



CHAPTER XIV 

Preparing Against Indian Invasion 

TDROVISION was made for training day at the town 
-■- meeting on May 23, 1671, when it was "Agreed upon 
that the 5th of June Next shall Be forthwith Published for 
every Soldier that day to appear at the beat of the drum, to 
shew his Arms and Ammunition, and to spend the day in 
the Exercising their Arms, as they shall Agree among Them- 
selves; vmder the Penalty of 2s. 6d. for Absence, and all 
fomier penalty's Agreed upon for being defective in their 
Arms — and they so met shall have full power to Appoint 
another day of Meeting — and to order the matter of the 
Squadrons for the carrying of Arms to Meeting and Ward- 
ing on the Lord's Day During the Time of Publick Exer- 
cise; which is the Town's mind and order that it should be 
Strikly Observ'd and Attended. ' 

The training ground at first was near the frog pond. 
Memorable was that fifth of June, when an entire day was 
devoted to military exercises. Permanent officers were 
elected at the meeting on August 30, 1673. Lieutenant 
Swaine and Thomas Johnson were selected Captains, Ser- 
geant Ward and Josiah Ward Lieutenants, and Sergeant 
Harrison and "Mr." Samuel Harrison Ensigns. 

The Puritan Fathers were engaged, they thought, in a 
more important contest than that of waging war upon 
savages. Their spare time was used in attacking Satan. 
Militant they were not and averse to clash of arms, though 
occasions are not lacking for self -protection, when the martial 
spirit was displayed. 

Hostile Indians were visiting settlements not far removed 
from Newark in the late summer of 1673. Apprehension 
for town security resulted In a meeting on September 24, 

76 



AGAINST INDIAN INVASION 77 

in which it was agreed "that if we are desired to join with 
other Towns to send Men to the Indians to demand the 
Robbers, that we should send Men with them." No rec- 
ord was made of our local soldiers joining the punitive 
force. 

"It was also by the Magistrate's order published that in 
consideration of the present Danger, and fear of what may 
further ensue, We do therefore require that every Man in 
our Town, under Sixty, and above Sixteen Years of age, 
Shall meet together with their arms well fixed, upon Eight 
of the Clock on the first day of October, which is this day 
Senight, upon the penalty of five Shillings. The Ammuni- 
tion for Each Man to bring with him being Half a Pound 
of Powder and Twelve Bullets, fit for his gun, or Two Pounds 
of Pistol Bullets and upon that Day the 
Soldiers shall chuse the rest of their Offi- 
cers. 

The town was not unprepared in August, 
1675, when reports of Indian uprisings were 
received. King Philip was on the war path 
in New England. Neighboring colonists 
were passing through a scourge of the red candie stick 

man's hatred and it might be Newark's 
turn next. Heart-rending stories of massacred white people 
were vividly told by seafaring men at the ordinary, whither 
they repaired after anchoring their ships at the Landing 
Place. 

On one particular day, the 28th of August, 1675, the 
drummer went along the highway, beating his drum fu- 
riously. Leaving plow in furrow, axe by woodpile, horses 
and carts standing by roadside, the men of military age 
proceeded with all haste to the Meeting House. A few 
carried fireanns which they were able to grasp as they 
passed their homes. Fears were expressed for the town 
safety. Instant attention, it was urged by the officials, 
should be given to bulwarking the INIeetmg House and con- 
vertuig it into a fortress, where the people could flee in 




78 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

emergency. Indians were in hostile array, and they were 
expected to visit Newark. Rumors of their presence were 
daily circulated. 

"It's agreed that the Meeting House shall be lathed,' 
begins the first item adopted, "and filled up with thin Stone 
and Mortar below the Girts, and the Charge hereof shall 
be levied as the Town shall Agree." And further: 

"Item — It is also agreed for the better Security of the 
Town, all the Men above Sixteen Years of Age, shall from 
Day to Day as their Turn come attend this Work about the 
Meeting House till it be finished and bring their Arms with 
them. Twelve Men is appointed to appear in a Day." 

Provision was neglected for supervising officials. A meet- 
ing was called on September 10, and the defect remedied 
in this manner: 

"It is agreed that two Men of these Twelve which are 
to come according to their Turns, are chosen to be Over- 
seers to appoint the work and to take Notice who is wanting." 

The barricading then proceeded more expeditiously. 
Town authority was needed to establish directors of the 
work. Method, even in preparations for safeguarding 
the people's fives, was a Puritan trait. Referring again 
to the meeting on Augoist 28, 1675, "It is agTeed that two 
Flanckers shaU be made at two Corners of the Meeting 
House with Palisades or Stockades; and the Charge of all 
this Work to be borne by the Persons and Estates as belongs 
to the Town." 

Systematic watcliing was suggested, and "It is agreed 
that all the Home Lotts as belongs to this Town watch 
according to their Turn, as well as those as are not Inhabited 
as those that are." Near the end of tlie year the available 
war material was inventoried and a deficiency disclosed. 
John Ward, Tiu-ner, declared that powder and ball were 
nearly exliausted. On roll call an aJanning condition was 
discovered. Unbelievable as it may seem, yet no man had 
enough ammunition to engage in a woK hunt, let alone 
prosecuting a defeiLsive attack of savages. Replenisliing 



AGAINST INDIAN INVASION 79 

the stock was ordered on Marcli 21, 1675, as follows: "John 
Ward, tiu'ner, is chosen to procure a Barrel of Powder and 
Lead Answerable to it, as reasonably as he can for the Town's 
use; provided that the Town pay him once within this week 
in Corn, Fowls, Eggs, or in any way to satisfy liim." 

A watch was provided on June 10, 1679, "for the better 
Security of the Town. It is agreed to ha^e a Watch kept 
in the Town. Three in a Night, at some House ap- 
pointed by the Sarjents, and one of the Three to stand 
Gentry, one at one Time, and another at another; and at 
the break of Day or thereabouts all Three of them to be 
walking, that if there be Danger it may be timely discovered 
and prevented, and about half an hour after Daybreak to 
call the Drummer and he is to beat the Drum. It is also 
agreed that one fourth Part of the Town at a Time, and so 
taking their Turns, shall carry anns to Meeting on the 
Lord's Day — and two to Ward, and to stand Gentry." 
The drum was beaten at dawn, the favorite hour of attack, 
for the purpose of frightening away any hostile Indians lurk- 
ing about the town. 

Another watch was decided upon at a meeting on Febru- 
ary 25, 1680. Then it was voted that "Stephen Davis and 
Joseph Rigs are appointed to give a Gharge to the Watch 
every Night. Gaptain Swaine and Lieutenant Gurtis are 
chosen to give the Gharge for the Watch and Warders." 

The men on guard sallied forth at stated hours into the 
night, proceeding northward as far as the Gorn Mill and 
southward to William Gamp's (now Lincoln Park). The 
watcher's only light was a tallow candle, snugly placed in a 
lantern, sending a faint ray barely a man's length ahead into 
the darkness. Vigilance of the pioneers saved, possibly, a 
blurred page of distressing narratives in the local history. 



CHx^PTER XV 

Rules of Conduct 

FREEDOM of the town was not granted strangers witliin 
the gates of Puritan Newark. Officials passed upon 
requests for settlement in a most rigid examination till the 
power was usurped by Governor Carteret. Notwithstanding 
the interdiction, visitors from ne ghboring colonies or from 
across the sea were not suffered to tarry if suspicion arose in 
official mind that they would in any way detract from the 
pious life of the pioneer era. Once welcomed, however, 
the hospitality continued as cordial as was within the power 
of the people to extend. Fourteen years after the town was 
instituted a growing propensity toward frivolous conduct 
was corrected at a meeting on February 25, 1680, as follows: 

To prevent sundry Inconveniences which may grow to this 
Town of Newark, by the inconsiderate receiving and entertaining 
of Strangers amongst us — It is Voted, That henceforward no 
Planter belonging to us or within our Bounds or limits, receive or 
entertain any Man or Woman of what Age or Quality soever, 
coming or resorting to us, to settle upon their Land nor shall any 
person that hath been or shall be received as a Planter among us, 
by Right of Inheritance or otherwise, sell, give nor in any way 
alienate, or pass over, Lease, or Lett any House or House Lott, 
or any Part or Parcel of any of them, or any Land of what Kind 
or Quality soever, to any such Person, nor shall any Planter or 
Inheritor permit any such Person or Persons so coming and re- 
sorting, to stay or abide above one Month, without License from 
those the Town shall appoint for that Purpose, under the Penalty 
of Five Pounds for every such Defect; besides all Damages that 
may grow by such Entertainments. 

Town morals did not improve to an appreciable extent. 
A withheld resolution adopted at the February meeting was 

80 



RULES OF CONDUCT 



81 



igain discussed on October 19, 1681, and duly placed in 
the records: 

To prevent disorderly Meeting of Young People at unseasonable 
times, it is voted as a Town Act, that no Housekeeper or Master 
3f a Family, shall harbour or entertain any Person or Persons in 
the Night after Nine o'clock, or at other unseasonable Times 
[extraordinary occasions excepted), nor shall they suffer them 
disorderly to meet any Place, within their Power, to spend their 
rime, Money or Provisions inordinately in drinking, gaming or 
such like; nor shall they suffer any Carriage, Conference or Coun- 
cil, which tends to Corrupt one another. All such persons so 
transgressing shall be liable to such fines the 
Authority shall think fit. 

Perhaps the watch had noticed people 
moving about in the evening or pleasure 
parties may have come in from adjoining 
settlements and tarried late. Promptly 
at 9 o'clock each night an inspection was 
made of the town, when all lights were ex- 
tinguished, except in those homes wliere 
illness had seized a member of the family. 
Explan.'ition was demanded for every 
burning candle after the hour and silence required. 

There was little relaxation of Puritan restraint. Children 
even of leading families were acquainted with toil, and 
taught to be helpful to mother in the never-ending, multitu- 
dinous household duties. Youth quickly merged into 
middle life and women were placed in the old age set at two 
score and five years, when they were expected to wear a lace 
cap, sit by the fire-place, knit and engage in other light 
work. Even the necessities of life were obtained under most 
aggravating conditions. The kettle of boiling water often 
fell into the fire, creating havoc and causing pain to those 
standing near, from contact with steaming splashes of the 
fluid. Roasting a joint required patience. Tied to the 
end of a rope, suspended from the ceiling, it was the duty of a 




Candle lantern 



82 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

boy or girl to twist it continuously before the open fire till 
mother had pronounced it "done to a turn." How the 
housewives would have enjoyed the luxury of running 
water in their homes and other Twentieth Century con- 



veniences 



The quiet of the town life was shocked by the appearance 
of foreigners carrying swords and pistols. All who sailed 
the high seas were armed in preparation for an attack by 
pirates, who then were very numerous. The local port in 
the latter Seventeenth Centiny was widely known. Vessels 
dropped anchor at the Landing Place, discharged consign- 
ments of goods and received barrels of cider, apples and other 
commodities in return. 

The Provincial Assembly convened at Perth Amboy, on 
April 6, 1686, at which a bill providing for the restriction of 
firearms was introduced. Complaint of surreptitious dis- 
appearance of boats from the riverside was also considered 
by the la\NaTiakers. Thirteen days did the House of Depu- 
ties, where the bill originated, and the Councilors discuss the 
measure, and at the "post meridian session" April 17, 1686, 
the following is recorded by the clerk in the quaint writing 
of the period: 

A Bill from the House of Deputyes for p'hibiteing the weareing of 
swords daggers pistolls Dirks stilettoes &c., by the Inhabitants 
of this province — was here Read — amended and sent back by Mr. 
Sam'l Dennes — and againe brought here and signed by the Gover- 
nor, &c. 

It was ordered at a session of the Assembly, held April 10, 
1686, that "llie Bill for the punishm't of such p'sons as shall 
take away clandestinely Canoes and boates which was this 
day sent to ye Deputyes with sundry amendm'ts being fairly 
Transcribed out was signed by our Governor for Concurrance 
&c. — and by the Reciuest of tlie Deputies — It's Agreed that 
the same bee im'ediately published." 

"The Secretary gave the board an account," reads the 



RULES OF CONDUCT 83 

concluding paragrapli of ilie record, "that in the Dreadful 
fire w'ch hap'ned in his house upon Satterday last the original 
Concessions of Lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret 
amongst other writings bookes and papers were there burnt 
and consumed." 



CHAPTER XVI 

Beginning of Newark's Industries 

NOW famed the world over, Newark's industries had their 
initiative in scanty resources and crude appHances, 
Encouragement was officially given artisans of neighboring 
and even distant settlements "inclined to come among us," 
by offering them homestead grants. Every effort consistent 
with town regulations aided those engaging in industrial en- 
terprises. 

"Jonathan Sargeant," we read in the transactions of the 
town meeting of December 5, 1670, "for his Encouragement 
to settle in the Town, follow his Trade, and to help Mend his 
Home Lott they gave Him that piece of Meadow that Lies 
at Beef Point which was formerly Granted to John Rockwell, 
the Boat Man," Town weavers of the Milford gToup, eager 
to erect their homes and ply their trade, made an error in 
lading out their home lots. They were established nearly 
six years, when at the town meeting of March 19, 1G73, "It 
is agreed that Weavers Thomas Pierson and Benjamin 
Baldwin shall be considered to make their Lotts on the Hill 
shorter." John Cunditt, another early and industrious 
weaver, installed a loom near the Corn Mill. 

Thomas Pierson was pious and hard-working. This was 
equally true of his neighbor Baldwin. Both tended their 
looms with punctuality and zealousness as became good 
citizens. Weaver Pierson was often visited by his kinsman, 
Rev. Abraham Pierson, first pastor, who "dropped in" of a 
morning or afternoon, as inclination prompted him. While 
the loom was clicking merrily under the skilled guidance of 
Thomas, the two Puritans talked of spiritual matters, those 
of town concern, of the latest news brought into port from 
distant parts, and of prospects for commmiity expansion. 

84 



BEGINNING OF NEWARK'S INDUSTRIES 



85 



Shearing sheep, cleansing and carding wool, spinning and 
dyeing yarn, weaving cloth, required a month or more of 
tedious effort. Sheep raising was a profitable industry, and, 
on March 10, 1704, the flocks were so nu- 
merous that "it is voted that there shall 
be a Shepherd hired for to keep the Sheep 
— Samuel Harrison, Robert Young, Eli- 
phalet Johnson and Thomas Hays are 
chosen Sheep Masters." 

Dyeing of wearing apparel was a domes- 
tic industry in which women were experts. 
The dye vat was made of wood, strongly 
bound with hickory hoops. A pennanent 
position was given it near the hearthstone. 
Covered with a cushion, a seat was thus 
provided for the younger members of the 
family. Dyes were extracted from sumac, 
the bark of black walnut, chestnut, and 
other trees. 

Spinning wheels were used in the latter 
part of the Seventeenth Century. Chests 
of snowy linen were the housewife's pride 
and the bride furnished her home with 
all the requirements in this line made by 
her own hands. Beehives were generally 
possessed by householders. Honey was 
used as a medicine and as food, and varied 
the monotony of corn meal diet at break- 
fast. Feathers of wild geese were care- 
fully sorted and made into bedding and pillows which, sad to 
relate, were used every month in the year. Children and 
elderly people were placed in feather beds, when the weather 
was intensely cold, as a preventive against illness. 

Before retiring at night logs of wood, heated at the fire- 
place, were "smoothed" about the bed till a requisite degree 
of warmth was attained. Later the wanning pan, in which 
wood coals were placed, served as an acceptable substitute. 




Warming Pan 



Slioemaking, Newark's chief industry at the beginning of 
the Nineteenth Centiuy, liad its inception in the vocation 
of the travehng shoemaker. Men pursuing this calhng were 
needed in 1680, and on June 23, "a good and true shoemaker 
was invited to come among us" in this unique overture: 

It is Agreed that the Town is wiUing Samuel Whitehead should 
come and Inhabit among us, provided he will supply the Town 
with Shoes, tho' for the present we know not of any Place of 
Land Convenient. 

Samuel, who was prospering at his trade in Elizabeth 
Town, declined this half-way invitation. How could he 
make shoes if he had no place to lay his head and incidentally 
his tools of trade .f^ He remained at home, where he after- 
ward served as town clerk and in other official capacities. 

Itinerant shoemakers, as a rule, made the rounds of settle- 
ments in early autumn. They who plied this trade were wel- 
comed not only for their skill but also for the gossip they 
brought with them. The upper parts of shoes were made 
by adult members of the family, while the itinerant ad- 
justed the heavy soles, lasting, it was expected, until his next 
annual appearance. Food and shelter were provided for him 
at the home during his employment, and he was accorded the 
place of honor at the dining table where the family was enter- 
tained with stories and items of news of other towns visited. 
Forerunners of the extensive leather industry of Newark 
were the tanneries operated by Hugh Roberts and Hans Albers. 
The former, who settled in the southeast section, succumbed 
to the rigors of the pioneer life. Albers, however, continued 
for many years as a tanner in the northern part of the town. 

Soap making was a home industry and a duty of the 
women folk. Wood ashes were carefully scraped from the 
fire-place, deposited in a barrel and water added. When the 
desired quantity had accumulated a fire was built in the yard, 
a tripod erected and a large kettle suspended therefrom, 
into which the contents of the barrel, strained through a 
cloth, were poin-ed. Scraps of fat were then carefully stirred 



i 



BEGINNING OF NEWARK'S INDUSTRIES 87 

in till the mess bubbled into soa]). The precious material 
was then placed in tubs for future use. 

Unavailable refuse was consigned to the fire-place, an in- 
cinerating plant, handy indeed. 

Cooperage, or the trade of barrel-making, was a profitable 
industry, requiring skilled labor. Thousands of hand-made 
barrels were produced in Newark every year. Those used 
for holding liquids were of white oak, while the ones for stor- 
ing dry commodities were of red oak. The staves were 
bound by hickory hoops. 

Two complete barrels of white oak were the product of a 
day's work of maker and helper, while the others were turned 
out at the rate of four or five in the same time. 

The soil was especially adapted to the gro\\i;h of apple 
trees. They were very numerous on the mountain-side, and 
the blossoms as they appeared in the spring created a scene 
of marvelous beauty. The delicate fragrance of the flower- 
freighted air was detected from a distance by travelers on 
water and on land. Newark plantation apples were readily 
disposed of in other colonies and large consignments were 
sent to the West Indies. 

Late in the Seventeenth Century more than 1,000 barrels of 
cider were exported each year. Jersey's famous applejack 
was also distilled in large quantities till the latter part of 
the fourth decade of the Nineteenth Century, when a tem- 
perance movement resulted in the destruction of nearly all 
the orchards. This was done so that the fruit could not be 
used in making whiskey. 

Tallow candles were made from scraps of fat boiled in a 
large kettle. Into this a hempen string or three of them 
formed in a braid were dipped. The process was repeated 
till the required thickness was secured. Hence the name 
"tallow dip" was often applied. Half dozen or more strings 
were suspended from a round piece of wood and these were 
"dipped" as a labor-saving device. A day's product aver- 
aged from 200 to 250 candles, varied in size and the length 
was from a foot to a few inches. 



88 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

Sergeant Richard Harrison was the first town sawyer, and 
well he carried on his trade of supplying the people with 
building material. Thomas Davis received permission to 
erect another saw mill in the southern section of the town on 
June 19, 1695. 

Slaves were permitted in the province. In the concessions 
granted by Governor Carteret to the signers of the Funda- 
mental Agreement, 150 acres of land were offered to every 
freeman, "and the same quantity for each able man servant 
and seventy-five acres for every weaker servant or slave 
carried with him or sent." No record was made, however, 
of the importation of slaves into Puritan Newark. Fair 
dealing, thrift and economy were ever practised. Pro- 
ducers were not permitted to send goods, raw or finished, 
out of town, till local needs were satisfied. 



CHAPTER XVII 

The Proprietors' Quit-Rent 

GOVERNOR CARTERET, as the year 1669 drew to a 
close, anxiously waited for an expression of Newark's 
attitude toward pa^onent of the quit-rent. An agreement 
was entered into before the settlers departed from New 
England, whereby, in exchange for the grant by the Pesayak 
River the Lords Proprietors were to receive as their compen- 
sation a half penny per acre per annum, the payment to begin 
in 1670, for all lands occupied. 

The Governor knew of the prosperous yields of Newark 
soil. He also remembered the incident three years before, 
when the Puritans were compelled to pay the Indians for 
the very land from which he was now expecting the ever 
memorable tax. Most solicitous was his excellency for his 
subjects' welfare, embodying his sentiments in a letter read 
at town meeting on February 3, 1669. Pleased was he with 
striking evidences of material wealth in Newark's well-ordered 
plantations. 

"Are the planters mindful of the Lord Proprietors' tax.?" 
inquired the Governor. 

One can almost detect Captain Treat's broad smile as he 
carefully read the letter and then submitted it to the meeting. 

"Why should we pay the Lords' tax?" more than one 
planter inquired. "Because," the Captain answered, "we 
have given our solemn promise to do so." 

All were of the same mind after a brief discussion. Treat, 
as the recorder, was directed to reply to the Governor. 

"After all due salutations to be presented by the Con- 
stable to our Worshipfull Governor," the letter began, "we, 
the Inhabitants or freeholders of the Town of New Ark do by 
him make Return to the said Governors Writing, as followeth, 

89 



00 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

\'iz: That they do Hold and Possess their Lands and Rights 
in tlie said Town, Both by Civil and Divine Right, as by their 
Legall purchase and Articles doth and May Shew. And as for 
the payment of the Half Penny per Acre for all our Allotted 
Lands, According to our Articles and Interpretations of 
them, You assuring them to us, We are ready when the Time 
Comes to perform our Duty to the Lords or their Assigns." 

Murmurings were heard among the Elizabeth Town set- 
tlers over the payment of the Lords' rent. Several held 
lands under warrants issued by Governor Nicholls of New 
York, who also acted as Governor of New Jersey before 
Carteret came. The required quantities of grain were set 
aside for proprietary tax in every Newark home, on March 
24, 1669. 

"It was by the Joint vote agreed," reads the resolution pro- 
viding for the payment "that Henry Lyon and Ths. Johnson 
should Take and receive every Mans Just Share and Pro- 
portion of W^heat for his Land; the Summer Wheat at 4s. pr. 
Bush'l and Winter Wheat at 5s. according to the order and 
Time prefixed to them to Bring it to Johnson's House before 
the day be over, or else if they fail they are to Double the 
({uantity ; which Corn the said Lyons & Johnson is to Morrow 
to Carry to Elizabeth Town, and make a Tender Thereof to 
the Governor upon the account of the Lords Proprietors rent 
for the Land we make use of according to Articles 25th 
March, 1670. ' 

How did the Governor receive the tithe-bearing settlers.'' 
Was it in a spirit of brotherly love or was it one of arrogance.'' 
When Johnson and Lyon appeared in Elizabeth Town a 
crowd of men were assembling about the Governor's head- 
quarters in a defiant mood and dared the receiver-general to 
collect the obnoxious quit-rent from them, while others de- 
manded an adjustment by the Provincial Assembly. 

Newark representatives were greatly surprised to learn 
that only money — gold and silver — passing as currency in Eng- 
land would be received. "As for the settlers being out of 
purse," said the Governor, "I cannot help them therein." 



THE PROPRIETORS' QUIT-RENT 91 

Argument in behalf of the Newark settlers, though to no 
purpose, was well advanced by Johnson and Lyons, who con- 
tended that grain was the recognized medium of exchange 
in the country and that the tithes ought to be accepted, re- 
ceipt given and assurances vouchsafed that toll in the future 
would be on a similar basis. The corn and wheat were re- 
turned to the Newark settlers, and a spirit of discontent 
prevailed as spring merged into summer and another harvest 
season was at hand. On January 2, 1670, "the renewall 
of our Solemn Agreement to submit to Law and Authority 
among our Selves till it Be settled in the Province," was 
pledged. Unmindful of the aroused condition in surround- 
ing towns, two months and a half later quit-rents were again 
gathered. 

"It was Agreed that Henry Lyon and Thos. Johnson shall 
Goe to our Governor," reads the opening line of a resolution 
adopted on March 20, 1670, "in behalf of the Town, make a 
Tender to Him in Good Wheat for the Payment of the Half 
Penny pr Acre to Him for the Lords Proprietors in like 
Manner as they did the Last Year at the Day Appointed: 
in Case that he will Accept of the Same, That then they are 
fully impowered to Give Notice by the Warners of the Town 
for every one to Bring in his Proportion of Corn to the Con- 
stable's House, the ]\Iorning of the day appointed, by 7 
or 8 o'clk that they may send it to their Governor, and take a 
Discharge of Him for the same; and they are at Least to 
bring as Much as they Did the Last Year, and More if they 
see Cause." 

Johnson and Lyon prepared for another Elizabeth Town 
visit on New Year's Day, March 25, 1671. Bags of wheat 
and corn were taken there in a spirit of faithfulness, and 
accompanied by prayers of the pious settlers. The Governor 
again insisted that only English money would be accepted as 
quit-rent payment; once more the committee retraced its 
steps homeward and the grain was distributed to the con- 
tributors. 

Confusion now reigned in the province. Each of the New- 



92 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

ark planters, solemnly obligated to uphold the town govern- 
ment in every predicament, was faithful to his vows. 

Planting season and apple blossom time arrived and on a 
balmy spring day the drummer was sent out, calling a public 
meeting. Rumors were current of disorder in neighboring 
towns. Provincial authority was out of existence on May 13, 
1G72, when the men assembled at the Meeting House in 
response to the drummer's warning. Determined stand was 
advocated in sustaining order, and "Mr. Crane and Lieut. 
Swaine that were chosen representatives for the Town are 
desir'd by the Town to Consult with the rest of the repre- 
sentatives of the Country, to order matters for the safety of 
the Country," 

When the committee appeared at Elizabeth Town next 
day delegates and groups of non-ofBcial planters were arriv- 
ing from every town. Mr. Crane and Lieutenant Swaine 
cared not for the leathern cups containing English ale served 
at the tavern, and with other conservative subjects of the 
Lord Proprietors, quietly discussed the issues of the hour in 
retirement. 

Governor Carteret, fearing physical violence, escaped from 
the country. Proprietary interests were now scattered to the 
four winds of heaven. John Berry, a large plantation owner 
in Newark, and Deputy Governor, took charge of the ex- 
ecutive office. James Carteret, a son of Sir George Carteret, 
despite his act, was called before the people's representatives, 
and acquainted with their desire to install him as President 
of the Country, but he declined the honor and the position 
was not created. 

The provincial affairs were in chaotic condition and one 
was wanting who could predict the outcome. Philip Car- 
teret, a few weeks later, on July 1, 1672, sailed for England, 
where he consulted with the Lords Proprietors over plans of 
amelioration. The Newark settlers combined with others 
of the Province in sending a long petition to Berkley and 
Carteret, which they received simultaneously with the Gov- 
ernor's arrival in England. The Proprietors, after the con- 



THE PROPRIETORS' QUIT-RENT 93 

ference, endeavored to calm the colonists' temper by issuing 
this statement through James Bollen, secretary of the 
Governor: 

We have received a long Petition from you, and of no Date, 
yet out of tender care we have of your pretended Grievances 
and Complaints have examined some particulars thereof, the 
Governor and Mr. Bolen being now in Town, yet we are very 
ready to do you all the Justice you can expect, tho' you have 
been unjust to us, by which means you have brought a trouble 
upon yourselves, and if you will send over any Person to make 
good your Allegations in your Petition (while the Governor is 
here) we shall be ready to hear all Parties, and incline to do you 
right, altho' you have not had such' a tender regard of our con- 
cerns in these parts, as in Justice and Equity you ought to have 
had. 

And we do likewise expect for the future you will yield due 
obedience to our Government and Laws within the Province of 
New Caesarea, or New Jersey, and then we shall not be wanting 
to manifest ourselves according to your Deportment. Dated the 
11th day of December, 1672. 

Your Loving Friends, 

J. Berkley, 
G. Carteret. 

Berkley and Carteret prepared a proclamation which 
Deputy Governor Berry received in May, 1673. Messengers 
were at once sent about the country, reading it to the settlers. 

Powers of the General Assembly were restricted by vesting 
in his excellency, the Governor, and his council, the right of 
appointment of ministers of the Gospel, representatives of 
municipalities having only the nominative right. Towns 
could not engage a preacher without first applying to the 
Governor, and he alone was judge of a candidate's fitness for 
the office. Power was also given the Governor and council to 
regulate and adjourn all meetings of assembly, to establish 
courts, apportion lands, nominate and appoint officers, and 
admit planters. Quit-rents (ah, how repulsive the very 
name was now to our planters) were to be paid in three years 



94 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

from 1673, in addition to "growing" rents. Wise counsel 
prevailed among the Puritans. The first day of July was des- 
ignated for a town meeting "to consider what the Governor 
had to say." 

"It was Voted and agreed by the General and Universal 
Consent and Vote of all our People," let us read every line, 
"That there Should be an Address by way of petition sent to 
the Lords Proprietors of this Province for the removing of the 
Grievances incumbent, and of obtaining of what may be 
necessary for the Good of the Province, and of the Planta- 
tion — in testimony of our Consent hereto, and of our agree- 
ment; what necessary Charge shall arise hereupon we will 
defray by way of rate, proportionately to the number of 
those who join in the sd. Petition. 

"Mr. Crane, Mr. Bond, Mr. Swaine, Mr. Kitchell and 
Henry Lyon are Chosen a Committee, to consider with the 
messengers from the other Towns, about sending a Petition 
to England." 

A conference of representatives from Elizabeth Town, 
Piscataway, Woodbridge, Shrewsbury, Bergen and other 
settlements was called. Groups of men discussed the grave 
import of governmental conditions. Their homes and 
property, now so carefully guarded, and upon which much 
labor and means had been expended, were in danger of con- 
fiscation, and the families sent adrift in the wilderness, if the 
spirit of rebellion became too earnest. 

The Newark delegates, upon their return from the con- 
ference, reported that John Delavall, a settler upon the 
Raritan River, and who had large interests involved, agreed 
to present "our side of the argument to the Lords Pro- 
prietors, in England." 

And on July 5, 1673, "Mr. Crane, Mr. Bond, Mr. Kitchell, 
Henry Lyon and John Ward, Turner, are chosen to agree 
with Mr. Delavall about INIoney to send a Messenger to 
England; and as they did agree with him, it should be paid 
by the Town." 



I 



CHAPTER XVIII 

Newark Under Dutch Rule 

UNKNOWN to the pioneers, who with those of other 
settlements were collecting money to defray the ex- 
penses of a visit by Delavall or his representative to the 
Lords Proprietors, King Charles of England and Louis XIV 
of France declared war against Holland in the last month of 
1672. Before arrangements were completed for the emissary's 
passage bearing the tale against Governor Carteret, twenty- 
three vessels, eighteen of which had been captured from the 
enemy by the five Dutch ships on the way across the ocean, 
swooped down upon Manhattan Island. The fort and out- 
lying territory were surrendered without loss of life to a land- 
ing party of 600 officers and men. Formal possession was an- 
nounced on July 30, 1673. The white flag of surrender was 
hoisted over Newark and the people placed themselves at the 
mercy of the Hollanders, thus avoiding unpleasant situations 
falling to the lot of other towns. The new government mani- 
fested a desire to be friendly. 

Labor of every description ceased on the morning of Au- 
gust 4, 1673. The drummer went out with alacrity after sun- 
rise, calling the men to meeting. 

"We're all Dutchmen now," he exclaimed, passing along 
rapidly. 

Rev. Mr. Pierson, Jasper Crane and others expressed 
opinions relating to the character of overtures the town would 
offer the new government. A new county, incorporating all 
the towns between the Pesayak and Raritan Rivers, and the 
same liberties as those enjoyed in the past, were to be sought. 
This was the town's mind: 

It was agreed that we should join with the rest of the Province 
to agree with the Generals at N. Orange to have a priviledged 

95 



96 



NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 



County between the two Rivers, Passaick and Araritine or as 
many as will join with us, and if none will join with us upon that 
account, then to desire what may be necessary for us in our Town. 
Mr. Crane, Mr. Bond, Lieutenant Swaine and Sarjent John Ward 
are Chosen Deputies to treat with the Generals about the Busi- 
ness. 

The petition was prepared and sent on August 12, 
1673, to the City Hall, in New Orange (now New York), 
where the Dutch established headquarters. The Newark 
committee and other delegates were granted an audience six 




Samuel Harrison's sawmill, at 1 1 



days later. Warriors of note composed the Dutch Com- 
mission. They were Commander Jacob Benckes, Com- 
mander Cornelius Evertsen, Jr., Captain Anthony Colve, 
Captain Nicholas Boes and Captain A. F. Van Zyll. Cordial 
greetings were exchanged and inquiries made by the com- 
missioners regarding the condition of the country and the 
products. Commander Benckes made the declaration, say- 
ing : 



We have read the Petition of the inhabitants of New Worke, 
Elizabeth Town and Piscataway. We will order that all of the 
inhabitants of those towns shall be granted the same privileges 
and Freedoms as Avill be accorded to native born subjects in Dutch 
towns; also the Petitioners and their Heirs shall unmolested enjoy 



NEWARK UNDER DUTCH RULE 97 

and possess lands, which shall afterward be confirmed to them by 
the Governor in due form; in regard to the bounds of each town, 
they shall hereafter be fixed by the Governor and Council. 

In respect to impressment, none of the English nation shall, in 
time of war with his Majesty of England, be impressed against 
their own nation on condition that they comport themselves 
quietly and peaceably, but their ships and boats shall be subject 
thereto. 

Concerning inheritance, they shall have to regulate themselves, 
according to the laws of Netherland, but be at liberty to dispose 
of their property by will, according to their pleasure; and in case 
any wish to depart from this government with their property, 
they shall be at liberty so to do within the term of six months on 
condition of previously paying their debts, and obtaining proper 
passport from the Governor. Furthermore, no person shall be 
suffered to settle within this government without the Governor's 
previous approbation, and, finally, the Petitioners are granted the 
accorded Freedom of conscience as the same is permitted in the- 
Netherlands. 

The towns were required to nominate by plurality vote six 
persons for schepens or magistrates and two deputies to assist 
in forming a joint board representing New Jersey towns for 
the purpose of nominating three persons for schouts and 
three for secretaries. From this list three magistrates, 
schout and secretary were to be chosen for the six towns 
collectively — New Worke, Elizabeth Town, Piscataway, 
Woadbridge, Shrewsbury and Middletown. OflScers for the 
"town of Bergen and dependencies" were elected on August 
18. Submissive were all the planters to the wishes of the 
Dutch Council, though a few were of the opinion that 
shoal water was ahead for Newark's fragile craft. 

In accordance with the Dutch desire, Jasper Crane, 
Robert Bond, Sergeant John Ward, Obadiah Bruen, Stephen 
Freeman, and John Curtis were nominated for office of 
magistrate. The first three, having received the highest 
number of votes, were selected by the commissioners and 
sworn in office September 1, 1G73. They were known as 
Schepen Crane, Schepen Bond and Schepen Ward. Newark's 



08 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

representatives in the house of deputies convening at Wood- 
bridge, on August 23, were Deacon Lawrence and Sergeant 
Harrison. 

Jasper Crane, upon his return, was undetermined as to his 
nationahty, whether it was Enghsh or Dutch. His good wife 
no doubt consoled him with the thought that it was far 
better to be a Dutchman with a comfortable house and broad 
acres than a penniless refugee. John Ogden and Samuel 
Hopkins, of Elizabeth Town, were respectively elected 
schout and secretary. Next was the hardest task of all — 
swearing allegiance to Dutch authority. Assembled at the 
Meeting House on September 6, 1673, the planters felt their 
position keenly. 

Seventy -five names were recorded at the roll call; eleven 
were absent and no one answered for them. Resisting to the 
very last the substitution of Dutch Government for that of 
Puritanism, the "dyed-in-the-wool" adherents of the faith 
found sudden business errands up the river or back in the 
mountains. They were all known and would eventually 
acknowledge Dutch authority or suffer loss of their property. 
^Military officials also subscribed to the oath of their office as 
follows : 

Captain, Samuel Swaine; Lieutenant, John Ward; Ensign, 
Samuel Kitchell. They were placed in charge of town sol- 
diers for the protection of local property. The religion of the 
Established Church was superseded by "that of the Reformed 
Christian Church, to be maintained in conformity to the 
Synod of Dodrecht, without permitting any other sects at- 
tempting anything contrary thereto." It was also decreed 
by the Dutch Commissioners that "the Sheriff shall be pres- 
ent, as often as possible at all the town meetings and preside 
over the same." The affairs of Newark were soon adjusted, 
but not altogether in a spirit of sincere relationship to the 
new government. 

Another trying situation (and there were many) in which 
our settlers became enmeshed was over the purchase of the 
New Barbadoes Neck, the story of which will be exploited in 



NEWAJIK UNDER DUTCH RULE 99 

another chapter. Anthony Colve, selected Governor by the 
Dutch autlioriiies, issned a "Proclamation for a day of 
Humiliation and Thanksgiving" on November 15, 1673, to 
his "Trusty and Well Beloved Concidering the Manifold 
Blessings & Favours wch the Bountifull & Merciful god hath 
bene pleazed graciously to Bestow upon this Province and 
the Inhabitant's thereof amongst wch is to be Esteemed be- 
yond all others the free & pure worship of god wch Blessing 
together wth all others ought Not to drawe & oblidge us to 
dutifull thanckfulnesse but also to meeknesse & Rependance 
because of our Manifold sins and Transgressions to the End 
the sd Blessings & favours of our god may be Continued to- 
ward us & the People & Country be free from this weldeserved 
Wroth & Indignation." 

It was ordered that the thanksgiving and fast must be 
held on "the first Wesnesday of the next ensuing month of 
December, being Second day of the sd Month & soo Alsoe 
uppon every first wenesday of ye month thereunto Ensuing. 
. . . Wee do hereby strictly prohibite & forbid on the sd 
day of humiliation Thanksgiving all manner of Labour & 
exercizings of hunting ffisshing gaming. Excess in Drincking, 
and the lyke & all Inkeepers & ordinaris not to retayle any 
Licquors or drincke uppon penalty of Corperall Punishment." 

Thomas Johnson's supplies at the ordinary were nearly ex- 
hausted in the winter of 1673, and he applied for permission to 
bring in his vessel from New England. The pass was granted 
in the following form: 

Thomas Johnson, inhabitant of New Worke, at Aghter Coll, is 
hereby permitted to proceed hence, in person, to New England, 
and to remove thence and bring here his vessel and some goods 
lawfully belonging to him, on condition that he do not carry hence 
nor bring in here any letters contrary to the placard, and be bound, 
on his return, to surrender this permit and to report himself to the 
governor-General here; and all Captains, Commanders, and other 
officers of this province are hereby required to allow said Thomas 
Johnson to pass and repass this time. Done Fort Wilhelm Hen- 
drick, this 2d March, Ao. 1674. 



100 



NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 



The Dutch-Puritans were about to be relieved of their 
hyphen on November 7, 1674. At the town meeting "Mr. 
Ward and Mr. Kitchell are chosen to go over to Bergen to hear 
what the Governor hath to read according to his Warrant." 
Before this, on October 31, "Mr. Ward, Mr. Kitchell, Mr. 
Freeman, Mr. Pierson, Deacon Tompkins, Deacon Law- 
rence, Sargent Harrison, Stephen Davis, and Thomas 
Richards are chosen a Committee to consider of such Things 
as may tend for the Good of the Town; also they have Liberty 
to debate of such Things with any they shall see Occasion so 
to do, without calling a Town Meeting." 

These nine men, tried and true, were the reconstructionists 
of returned Puritanism, and well they performed their labors. 
The treaty of peace was signed February 9, 1674. 




Bu-lt about 1690 by wealthy Barbadoes planter. Isaac Kmgsland, nephew of Nathaniel 
Kingsland at Kingsland, New Jersey, part of Newark in the early days^Stnrway is of solid 
mahogany— In cellar are huge iron rings to which slaves were fastened when whipped -Interior 
woods imported from the Barbadoes 




Governor Edmund Aiidros 



CHAPTER XIX 

Governor Carteret Resumes Control over New Jersey 

ADJUSTMENT of town affairs after English restoration 
was speedily made. From the date of Governor Car- 
teret's resumption of office on November 6, 1674, the people 
continued under English dominion nearly 102 years, till July 
4, 1776. Though all who attended the meeting on December 
11, 1674, experienced more or less discomfort in the chilly at- 
mosphere, yet the Governor's overtures for a reorganization 
of the Provincial Government were not hastily considered. 
More cheerful we v/ould prefer to depict the scene, with a 
blazing fire roaring on the hearthstone, but this was con- 
sidered a sacrilege. Living coals in the House of the Lord, 
declared the Puritan fathers and their descendants for more 
than a century, were mockery to the Most High. John 
Brown, Jr., who was the recorder and scrivener, prepared a 
document for the Governor's perusal, declaring that submis- 
sion would be made to the Proprietary Government if the 
people's rights were restored. Several of the leaders were in 
favor of conservative action. It would, they argued, be too 
presumptuous to dictate terms ; therefore, it was ordered that : 

Mr. Ward, Mr. Kitchell, Mr. Freeman, Captain Swaine, Ser- 
geant Harrison, Thomas Richards, Deacon Lawrence, and Thomas 
Johnson are chosen to go down to Elizabeth Town to treat with 
the Governor upon the particulars written and if they cannot 
agree without, not to deliver that writing; but in Case he will 
not hear them, then they are to present this Writing to him, and 
leave it with him. John Brown, Jun'r is chosen to subscribe 
this Writing in the Inhabitants' Name. 

The commissioners were true and tried and their faith in 
Newark was unshaken. The town had a soul, illumined by 

101 



102 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

the sacrifices of its leaders. Governor Carteret and his 
Council, consisting of Captain John Berry, William Sanford, 
John Pike, John Bishop, Sr., Robert VauqueUin and James 
Bollen, secretary, met with the commissioners at the Gov- 
ernor's house in Elizabeth Town a few days later. Cordial 
spirit marked the conference at the beginning. 

"Directions, Instructions and Orders," given by Rt. Hon. 
Sir George Carteret, knight and baronet, vice chamberlain 
of His Majesty's Household and one of His Majesty's Privy 
Council, Lord Proprietor of the County or Province of Nova 
Caesarea or New Jersey, were there read. It was ordered 
that all land possessed by the planters before the war with 
Holland should revert to them without reservation. 

"Then we lose the Neck purchased from the Dutch Gov- 
ernment?" inquired Captain Swaine, as he and his fellow 
townsmen glanced at each other in consternation. 

"No way to help you," replied the Governor. "The land 
belongs to Major Kingsland." 

Intently did our Newark committee listen to the "fifthly 
clause," of the directions: 

That if any person refuse or omitt to pay or Deliver his 
Rent due to us & arrear since the twenty-fifth Day of March one 
thousand six hundred & Seaventy to the Constable of the respec- 
tive town or Jurisdiction where the Land for which the Said Rent is 
Due Doth Lye at Such Tyme & place as the said Constable shall 
ap'oint or if any p'son shall refuse or omitt to pay or Deliver his 
Rent which shall hereafter become Due to us at Such Tyme as 
the Same Shall become Due & at Such Place as the Constable of 
Such towne or Jurisdiction shall ap'oint that then it shall & May 
bee LawfuU for the Said Constable or his Successors to Distrayne 
the floods & Chatties of such p'son Soe refusing or omitting 
to Sell the Same, rendering the overplus besides the rent arrear 
of the Cost & Charges of Distrayning to the party. 

And wee direct that the Constable shall pay the Rent hee shall 
receive or raise to our Receiver General. And although our Con- 
cessions Say it shall be pay'd in currant or lawfull Monney of 
England yet at the request of our Governor & Council Wee will 



GOVERNOR CARTERET RESUMES CONTROL 103 

accept of it Such M'chantable pay as the Countrey doth produce 
at M'chants price to the value of Monney Sterhng. 

And if by this meanes wee cannot obtaine our Rent, then the 
Marshall of the Province shall be impowered as above said, to 
collect & raise the Same at the Charge of Such the Inhabitants as 
Doe refuse or omitt to pay at the tyme & place as aforesaid. 

This was a concession not expected, coupled though it was 
with a most drastic alternative. Twice had the Governor 



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Hugh Robert's will. First one made in Newark 

before the war refused farm produce offered in payment for 
quit-rents. Now he was ready, following the orders of his 
superiors, to receive this in lieu of "money currant." Our 
committee took exceptions to the sixth clause, the part re- 
ferring to Newark being: 

That the Land to bee purchased from tyme to tyme as there 
shall bee occasion by the Governor & Councill from the Indians in 
the name of the Lord Proprietors and then every individual person 
is to reimburse the Lord Proprietor at the Same Rate as it was 



104 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

purchased together with the charges — That wee the Lord Pro- 
prietors will build a Frisson & a house for the Keeper at our own 
p'per cost and Charge out of the p'duct of the quitt Rents, where 
the Governor & Councill shall thinke fitt; and wee will Send over 
guns & am'unition as a Magazin. 

But all other are to bee Defrayed by the Countrey and that all 
writts be issued in His Majesties Name, except the Sum'oning of 
Burgesses, which is to be in our Name. 

That in case of appeales for England the appealant be bound to 
pay all cost & Charges if Cost, and upon ap'eale shall pay as a fyne 
to the Judge twelve pounds, besides all Cost & Dam'ges adjudged 
against him in the Province & to give in Security of a hundred 
pounds there for p'secuting the Same within Eight Months. 

That all strays of beast at Land & Wrecks att Sea belong to 
Us, the Lord Proprietor, and that all p'sons that shall Discover 
any Such thing shall have Such Sattisfaction for their paynes & 
care as the Governor & Councill shall think fitt. 

That the arrears of the Quitt Rents of Newark & all other 
Plantations that have not been pay'd since one thousand six 
hundred & seaventy bee paid to our Receiver General at the 
Rate of half pen'y a yeare for every acre besides the growing 
Rent till the arrears be satisfyed. 

Sir George Carteret desired it distinctly understood that 
absolute power was vested in the Governor and his council to 
admit all persons desiring residence in the province, but who 
were not to have a voice in town government unless actually 
holding lands by patent from the Governor. 

Power was also vested in them to convene and dissolve the 
Assembly, but the Courts of Assize and Session were to be 
created by the entire body — Governor, council and deputies — 
each town having two representatives in the latter house. 

Ceremoniously the conference continued and ended. The 
Newark committee disaj^pointed, returned home and re- 
ported the proceedings to the settlers. Deliberating on the 
situation, Thomas Richards and Thomas Johnson were 
finally chosen on February 20, 1G74, to interview the Gover- 
nor over some possible lessening of the restrictions upon 
Newark's local government, but their efforts were unsuccess- 



GOVERNOR CARTERET RESUMES CONTROL 105 

fill. A stronger committee was chosen on March 8, 1C74, as 
we read from the proceedings: 

Being, it is thought fit we should send in Writing our Minds 
about pattenting to the Governor, Mr. Ward, Deacon Lawrence 
and Thomas Johnson are chosen to go down to Elizabeth Town 
and present it, and also to debate with him about that Matter. 
Both Mr. Piersons are desired, together with Mr. Kitchell, to 
draw up Matters in Short for that End. 

They also were met with a rebuff. Committees were 
sent, however, two or three times each year, seeking redress 
from commands entirely out of the Puritan range of fair 
dealing. On March 30, 1677, "it was thought needful and 
agreed upon by Vote to send a Petition to the Governor and 
Council for a Charter, with as good Privileges as our Neigh- 
bors at Woodbridge have." The second purchase of land ex- 
tending from the foot to top of the mountain was contem- 
plated. "Deacon Tompkins, Mr. Kitchell and Stephen Davis 
are chosen (with Mr. Pierson's help) to draw up a Petition to 
the Governor and Council," reads another note of insistence. 

When plans were completed "Mr. W^ard, Mr. Johnson, 
Deacon Tompkins and Stephen Davis, or some of them, are 
chosen to present the Petition to the Governor and Council." 
Not waiting for official sanction, the settlers with determina- 
tion characteristic of their way of taldng hold of problems 
more or less intricate, designated at the same meeting — 
March 30, 1677 — "John Curtis and John Treat to run the 
West Line with the Indians, and to meet with Edward Ball 
and Daniel Dodd, who are chosen to run the North Line with 
the Indians, and to meet with others on the Mountain." 
Ball and Dodd, who were the town surveyors, carefully laid 
the lines without the aid of the surveyor-general of Elizabeth 
Town. 

Friendly relations between town and Proprietary Govern- 
ments outwardly continued, however. Deputies were chosen 
each recurring year to attend the Assembly and the people 
conscientiously pursued their daily course. Problems of civil 



100 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

and religions interests in the province were hopelessly en- 
tangled while the government locally was strengthened. Quit- 
rents — produce and grain— were paid as often as the year 
ended. The Carteret government was, however, doomed to 
an early disintegration. 



T 



CHAPTER XX 

Unprofitable Land Speculation 

HE Puritans' success in purchasing land of the In- 
dians may have been the lure into another acquisition 
of territory which, unfortunately, proved a humiliating 
financial loss. If they had been more thoughtful when se- 
curing this title to upland and meadow from the Dutch 
Government, ten years of worriment would have been 
avoided. This was the well-known New Barbadoes Neck. 
Captain William Sanford bought the property from the 
Hackensack Indians on July 4, 1668, when "all the meadows 
and upland," is the official description given, "lying south of 
a line drawn from the Hackensack to the Pesayak, seven 
miles north from their intersection, comprising 3,508 acres of 
upland and 10,000 acres of meadow, were granted to Captain 
William Sanford, of Newark, for twenty pounds sterling per 
annum in lieu of the half penny per acre." 

The Indians received, in return, " 170 fathoms of black wam- 
pum, nineteen watch coats, sixteen guns, sixty double hands of 
powder, ten paire breeches, sixty knives, sixty -seven barres of 
lead, one ankor of Brandy, three half fats of beere, eleven Blan- 
kets, thirty axes, twenty howes and twenty coats of duffils." 

Nathaniel Kingsland, Sergeant-Ma j or in the Island of the 
New Barbadoes, was later granted two-thirds of the upper 
part of the tract. He and his wife, Mary, were identified 
with the town, forsaking it, however, during the Dutch 
occupancy. Newark planters in 1671 cast covetous glances at 
this attractive property. In fact, they were overwhelmed 
with its acquirement and negotiations with Kingsland were in 
progress when the Dutch confiscated the entire estate, in the 
summer of 1673. The town people then grasped the oppor- 
tunity for bargaining with the new owners. 

107 



108 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

It was ordered on September 6, 1673, "That a Petition 
should be sent to the Generals at New Orange that if it might 
be, We might have the Neck. Mr. Crane and INIr. Johnson 
are chosen to carry this Petition and treat with the Generals 
about the Neck." 

Oh, that this resolution had not been adopted! The 
settlers were unconsciously dra^ving a net about themselves, 
in which they floundered in misery for a decade. Governor 
Anthony Colve paused in his repast of sausage and wafiles 
when the committee visited him and expressed a desire that the 
Kingsland purchase be transferred to Newark. The prospects 
of substantial addition to the Dutch treasury placed the Gov- 
ernor in an affable mood. Confidentially, he informed Mr. 
Crane, who acted as chairman, that formal possession of the 
estate would be assumed in the name of the Holland Govern- 
ment and the sale would soon be consummated. 

The Governor (also confidentially) remarked that he in- 
tended asking assistance of the Newark committee in dis- 
posing of Kingsland's livestock and other movable property. 
The Dutchmen were indeed most friendly and promising were 
the prospects for the "Neck" becoming part of town terri- 
tory. A proclamation was issued on October 1, 1673, accord- 
ing to promise, ordering the sale. This was quickly accom- 
plished, for the choice assortment of stock found ready pur- 
chasers at nominal prices. When the tract was cleared of 
everything portable an order of October 20, 1673, offered the 
real estate to the highest bidder. In its efforts to secure the 
prize, and aware of the forthcoming sale, Newark pledged 
310 pounds (about $1,500) on October 13, 1673, one week be- 
fore the Dutch Connnissioners' announcement. 

The committee was hastily sent to New Orange upon re- 
ceipt of favorable reply, clothed with authority to perfect the 
deal, though it was hoped that an abatement in the price 
would be made. John Catlin and John Ward, Turner, were 
"chosen to go over to New Orange to buy Kingsland's Part 
of the Neck as Cheaj) as they can," was the order of town 
meetino-. The commissioners would not dicker over terms. 




UNPROFITABLE LAND SPECULATION 109 

however, the original offer was accepted, and the Kingsland 
estate became a part of Newark. 

"It is unanimously voted and agreed by the Town" on 
October 25, "that every Individual Man or Planter in the 
Town shall by Way of proportion in Rate 
be engaged for the purchase of that part of 
the Neck which formerly belonged to Major 
Kingsland." The contract was to be ful- 
filled in three equal payments of $500 each. 

"It is voted," at the meeting on Novem- 
ber 17, 1673, "and agreed that this Day 
Fortnight every Man shall bring a List of 
their Estate to the Meeting as is then ap- P^iiip carterets official 
pointed for that End and there be read." 

The purchase money was being paid on February 4, and 
twenty days later Edward Ball, John Catlin, Nathaniel 
Wheeler and John Baldwin, Sr., were authorized to close the 
deal, the first clause of town agreement reading: 

That in Case Their Part shall be lost by any Claim of Kingsland 
or any in his Right within the space of Two Years, the Town shall 
be liable to return them so much of the Money as shall by that 
time be paid by them; they themselves bearing their Part to- 
gether with the Town, unless those who receive it shall repay it 
them. 

Delivery of the deed was withheld. Rumors were per- 
sistent a few months later, in the spring of 1674, that the war 
was ending. Positive alarm was expressed on June 29, of 
that year, when this item was adopted: 

It is voted that there shall be a Petition sent to the Governor 
(and Council) for the obtaining a Confirmation of our bought and 
paid for Lands, according to the General's promise. 

Magistrate Crane and Rev. Abraham Pierson, Jr., visited 
the commission but obtained no satisfaction. John Brown 



110 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

was sent over on July 3, 1674, but he, too, received scant 
courtesy at the Dutch Headquarters. 

There is a time we know not when 

A point we know not where. 
That turns the destiny of men 

To glory or despair. 

Several months passed, war between Holland and England- 
France had ceased and the town was responsible for the 
debt of 310 pounds invested in the Kingsland estate. Desire 
for redress was expressed by more than one settler attending 
the meeting on February 20, 1674, and a proposition to lay 
hands upon Nicholas Bayard, Secretary of the Dutch Com- 
mission, was unanimously approved. Demand for restitution 
upon the official produced not a farthing. Dissenting voice 
was not heard when this was adopted: 

Stephen Freeman, John Ward, and John Catlin are chosen to go 
over to New York and the Town doth empower these Men upon 
good Advice to lay an Arrest upon person and Estate of Nicholas 
Bayard. 

Though duly placed under restraint, the official offered no 
recompense to the committee. Few persons have been 
heckled more persistently than was he, derisively spoken of 
as "Nick" Bayard. Another effort was made to secure the 
payment when it was "agreed that Mr. Bayard should be 
sued in Respect of recovering the Money which was paid 
upon account of ye Neck. Sarjant Thomas Johnson and 
John Ward, Turner, are chosen to prosecute this Suit upon 
Mr. Bayard." But there was no liquidation of accounts. 

Despairingly did the planters assemble at the Meeting 
House on January 21, 1675, when "The Tewn did Volun- 
tarily by Vote oblige themselves to pay that money de- 
manded upon account of the Neck, in a Rate made according 
to Proportion, as they put in their Estates at the first to take 
up Land by." Like l^anquo's Ghost, the Neck Purchase 



UNPROFITABLE LAND SPECULATION 111 

would not down. On Ortober 5, 1077, ^'il is Vot<Hl tliat, this 
Money dnc upon I he Neck A('C()nnl sludl be made into a 
Rale." Seeking the eonii of hist nvsorl, and with "due 
preparation and sok^ninization for it," "after lecture, 1st 
]^Iay, 1678, it was thought meet to send two Letters to Hol- 
land, one to Anthony Colve and the other to the Court of 
Admiralty, to seek for Reparation for our Expense about the 
Neck." 

Failing again to secure satisfaction, and weary of the long- 
continued effort to rid the town of the burden, on December 
19, 1681, it was "agreed that there shall be a committee of 
four Men from among ourselves chosen to join with four 
Farmers, both joining together as a Committee, to end the 
long Difference between the To\^^l and them concerning the 
Neck Money; which eight jNIen shall have Liberty finally to 
end that Difference if they can; and if they cannot agree 
themselves they have Liberty mutually to choose an Umpire 
to be the casting Voice: and both the Town and the Farmers 
are engaged together, to stand what they shall do." 

Kingsland was again in possession of his property, minus 
his livestock and other confiscated articles, and on January 
1, 1681, it was "agreed by vote that the Difference between 
the Town and Fanners shall be ended by the Committee 
already chosen." 

And in this way was the famous Neck purchase settled. 
In Newark homes on New Year's Day, March 25, 1682, 
fervent prayers were sent up to iVlmighty God that the 
"Neck Account" was no more. 



CHAPTER XXI 

The First School 

nnHE education of children greatly concerned the people 
-*■ in 1G76. Parents noted the lack of mental equipment 
in their own lives, which served as an incentive for the open- 
ing of a school, not for the public, but at the disposal only of 
those households willing and able to contribute toward its 
maintenance. From the crude beginning, the highly organ- 
ized educational system of to-day has evolved. A notable 
procession of men and women engaged in its upholding and 
upbuilding has passed through the decades and centuries. 

The provincial authorities granted Newark a warrant on 
October 31, 1676, "to lay out for the Benefit & Use of the 
Town of Newark land for a schoolhouse." The location, 
however, is not written in the town records nor is mention 
made of a building. The first school opened probably at the 
Meeting House, in 1676. Just 100 years later the boys and 
girls attending the old ^larket Street School were singing 
praises of liberty, the birth of the United States having been 
announced on July 4. 

Boys and girls, six and seven years of age, pored labor- 
iously over the Books of Isaiah, Job, the Psalms and other 
parts of the Old Testament. Commendable indeed was the 
diligence of the child when the Bible was first read "in 
course," from cover to cover. Religion was taught from the 
earliest age. AVith the lisping of first prayers was also the 
memorizing of Scripture passages and the study of the cate- 
chism. Close connnunion with the Great Jehovah was the 
admonishment of parent to ofi'spring. It was not the God of 
love worsliipped by the Puritan, but the God of fear. Much 
of the natinal blithesomeness of the child life was repressed 
in the sternness of the age. 

Hi 



THE FIRST SCHOOL 



113 



Despite this fact playgrounds spread in every direction, 
and healthy, vigorous bodies were formed in the physical 
exercise of the outdoor life while the constant association 
with flowers, trees, birds and insect life, produced a marked 
influence upon the child training. 
Puritanism demanded, health permit- 
ting, that the mother rear her children. 
Every sign indicating an evil influence 
was carefully noted and corrected by 
parents or town minister. 

"The Town's men have Liberty to 
see if they can find a competent Number 
of Scholars and accommodations for a 
School Master within this Town," was 
a suggestion offered at a meeting held 
November 21, 1676. Canvass of the 
families during the winter gave much 
encouragement for starting the school. 
Townsmen were elected at the annual meeting on January 1, 
when this item was adopted: 




Page of Bible used in 
Colonial Days 



John Baldwin, Jr., Thomas Pierson, Jr., Thomas Pierson, 
Sr., John Catlin, William Camp, Azariah Crane, and George 
Day are chosen Towns Men for the Year ensuing — these Towns 
Men are Appointed to meet every Lecture Day in the afternoon. 

They having reached a decision regarding the school, the 
following authorization for its institution was given on Feb- 
ruary 7, 1676: 



The Town hath consented that the Town's Men should per- 
fect the Bargain with the School Master for this Year, upon 
Condition that he will come for this Year and do his faithful, 
honest and true endeavor, to teach the Children or Servants of 
those as have subscribed, the reading and writing of English, and 
also Arethmetick if they desire it; as much as they are capable to 
learn and he capable to teach them within the Compass of this 
Year — nowise hindering, but that he may make what bargain 



1 1 1 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

lie please, with those as have not subscribed. It is voted, that 
the Towns Men have Liberty to compleat the Bargain with 
the School Master, they knowing the Town's Mind. 



The school ^vas opened! Prospective pupils, from their 
uncomfortable wooden benches, eyed furtively the wdse man 
seated behind the desk. With a sharp rap he ordered silence, 
wdiicli was already most pronounced. Among the older boys 
was Samuel Pierson, son of Thomas Pierson, and now 
fifteen years of age. He answ^ered all the necessary questions 
which were duly recorded. ^Nlary Harrison informed the 
schoolmaster that she was the daughter of Sergeant Richard 
Harrison and twelve years of age. In this manner the list- 
ing of pupils was completed. Bare w^ills and an absence of 
text books gave an aspect of meagreness to the schoolroom. 
Eyes were focussed upon the master, he who so sternly 
announced that he was ready "to take the children in hand." 

Practical demonstrations in arithmetic were given. "If 
John had four apples and his father gave him nine more, how 
many will he then have.'^" Once this question was asked and 
the answ^er was returned quickly: "More'n tw^o pocketfulls." 
Spelling was also incorporated in the lessons. Judged by the 
handwriting in many of the letters and documents of the 
colonial period, this branch of the curriculum was mastered 
by onl}^ a limited number. The first dictionary reaching 
America was arranged by Elisha Cole, "Schoolmaster and 
Teacher of the Tongue to Foreigners," and published in 1676. 
Lessons in deportment were given, special emphasis being 
laid upon the courtesy children nuist accord their elders. 
The tw^o men most fearetl l)y children were the minister and 
the schoolmaster. 'J'he latter did not spare the rod when he 
thought it needed ai)plication. 

John Catlin, or Catling, whose name is mentioned as the 
first schoolmaster of Newark, was a Signer of the Funda- 
mental Agreement, prominent in town affairs and a 
scrivener of ability. 

He no doubt supplemented the work of the town clergy and 



TIIE FIRST SCHOOL 115 

the mothers in instructing the young in the rudiments, more 
especially in exi)laining tlie liard words in the BihU\ The 
people, however, had their minds directed toward a school- 
master coming from a distance when the school system was 
inaugurated. 

The names of John Arnold and his wife Mary are linked 
with the period, though his name does not appear as a 
planter, nor is he mentioned in the town record. A well pre- 
served document in the rooms of the New Jersey Histori- 
cal Society gives the information that Arnold was in town on 
a certain June day, one year after it was agreed to employ 
one competent to teach the boys and girls. He signed his 
name "John Arnold, schoolmaster," to an official paper exe- 
cuted for Mary and Stephen Bond. Signatures of Rev. 
Abraham Pierson, Thomas Johnson and Samuel Moore, Gent., 
are attached as witnesses. 

Arnold's children, Benedict and John, were born in New- 
ark. Bowley, another child, was born in Killingworth, Conn., 
March 1, 1679. 

Catling later moved to Deerfield, Mass., where he was 
surprised and massacred February 29, 1703, by French and 
Indians. A tablet in Memorial Hall, Deerfield, reads: 

MR. JOHN CATLIN, 65 

SON OF JOHN AND ISABELLA OF 

WETHERSFIELD, CONN. ONE OF THE 

FOUNDERS OF NEWARK, N. J. 

HE CAME TO DEERFIELD, 1683 

AT ITS PERMANENT SETTLEMENT. 

NOTED IN THE ANNUALS OF BOTH TOWNS. 

PROGENITOR OF THE DEERFIELD 

CATLINGS, HE WAS KILLED IN 

DEFENDING THEIR ANCESTRAL HOME. 

CHILDREN SLAIN — • 

JONATHAN, WITH HIS FATHER. 

JOSEPH ON THE MEADOWS. 

CAPTURED AND REDEEMED: 

JOHN, 17, AND RUTH. 



116 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

Legislation under the Proprietary Government provided, 
in 1693, that the inhabitants of towns by warrant from a 
justice of the peace might meet and choose three men to make 
a rate for a schoohnaster "for as long a time as they may 
think proper; a majority of the inhabitants to compel the 
payment of any rates levied and withheld." The act sets 
forth that "the cultivation of learning and good manners 
tends greatly to the good and benefit of mankind." In 1695 
another act was passed as a substitute directing the choice of 
three men annually in each town, to select a teacher and the 
most convenient place or places where schools should be 
maintained, "by reason of distance of the neighborhoods." 



V^:^*^- 




CHAPTER XXII 

Governor Andros Has Designs upon East Jersey 

VTEW JERSEY was severed in twain in 1676. Lord 
-^ ^ Berkley, dissatisfied with his returns in colonial real 
estate, sold his share of the province, on July 1, to John 
Fen wick and Edward Byllings, for 1,000 pounds or about 
$5,000. William Penn and others were associated with him 
in the transaction, which included land extending the length 
of the Delaware River, the line of partition being from Little 
Egg Harbor straight north, through the country to the utter- 
most branch of the Delaware River. This was called West 
Jersey. The other portion, named East Jersey, remained in 
possession of Sir George Carteret and in which Newark was 
a flourishing town. Its autonomy was not disturbed by the 
division. 

Governor Carteret continued his headquarters at Eliza- 
beth Town and deputies were chosen regularly for attendance 
at the Assembly. At the next annual town meeting, on 
January 1, 1676, it was ordered that "Thomas Johnson and 
Thomas Richards are chosen Deputies for the General 
Assembly for the Year ensueing. John Curtis the Third 
Man, in case either of these fail." It also ordered that 
the "Country rate shall be made by the List as Men put into 
make the other Rates by." Peaceable relations between the 
people and the Carteret Government continued, though dis- 
satisfaction was noticed here and there by "watchmen in the 
towers," indicating a rupture at no distant day. The yeo- 
man spirit was restless under tyranny's yoke, but Newark, 
despite all troubles, internal and otherwise, continued along 
its useful way. 

Governor Andros, of New York, did not view complacently 
an act of East Jersey's Governor in placing a tariff of ten per 

117 



118 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

cent, of the cargo upon imports and exports, in 1C7C, nor did 
(lie j)eople of the province, who considered it unwarranted 
and arbitrary. Later it was reduced to five per cent, and in 
1G78 EHzabeth Town named the only port where vessels were 
allowed to leave and enter. 

Andros had a more selfish objection. He claimed that his 
authority extended over East Jersey, and asserted that all 
vessels should pass through the port of New York. 

Provincial affairs late in 1679 were approaching a crisis. 
Excited groups of planters, shivering more from the cold, pene- 
trating March winds than from fear of physical combat with 
Governor Andros and his trained soldiers, met along the high- 
ways in the early morning of March 22. Only three days 
remained of the year, but all, as it afterward proved, were 
fraught with uncertainty over his act in seizing a vessel 
entering Elizabeth Town, compelling the master to pro- 
ceed to New York, and pay a large fine as a penalty 
for what was termed an unlawful act. Andros also, on 
March 8, made a written demand upon Carteret to vacate 
the office of Governor and turn it over to him. 

"Here comes the drummer!" exclaimed a sharp-eared 
planter in the forenoon of March 22, at the Corn Mill, where 
the weekly grinding was in process. Interest in the flow of the 
golden meal and in the low hum of the churning water wheel 
was now lost. One or two of the older men, infirm with the 
weight of years, rudely disturbed from a comfortable seat by 
the blazing hearthstone fire, hobbled along the roadway with 
those more agile. Boys carried the never-failing foot stove, 
that father or "granther" might be more comfortable at the 
Meeting House w4iile talking over preparedness plans. The 
menacing New York Governor was severely criticised and the 
decision was unanimous in favor of a belligerent stand by the 
townsmen. It was therefore ordered that men of mihtary 
age should have their arms in readiness for service, and "It is 
agreed that the Drum being begun to be beaten at Joseph 
Rigg's Gate, and so all the way up the Street as far as 
Samuel Harrison's Gate, and at the Ceasing of the beating 



GOVERNOR Am)ROS'S DESIGNS 119 

of the Drum three guns being distinctly fired of — it shall be 
sufficient warning for all who are in the Military List forth- 
with to meet at the Meeting House in their amies." 

Governor Carteret, in conference with the leading men of 
the province, including Thomas Johnson, John Curtis and 
Jonathan Sargeant, of Newark, wrote this defiant note to 
Andros, March 20, 1679: 

Having considered your letter of the 8th instant, and advised 
upon the Contents thereof not only with the Council, but also 
with the most eminent, though not Numerous part of the Country, 
who have largely weighed the Force of his Royal Highness Grant. 
. . . I entreat you not to molest me as Governor, nor the people 
under my charge. 

If you intend to erect a fort at Sandy Hook I shall be con- 
strained to endeavour to prevent the same, until I shall know the 
Proprietor's pleasure, he having reserved that for a fortification 
when the King shall command it. 

The people as well as myself and Council hold ourselves obleged 
to the Government established by Sir George Carteret and are 
under oath so to do . . . and shall be necessitated, if any 
Force be used, to defend ourselves and Families the best we can, 
which if any Blood be shed it will be contrary to our desires. 
. . . Therefore we entreat you to forebear your threats or 
any other Acts of Hostility towards us until his Majesty decides 
this Controversy. 

Captain John Berry, of Newark, member of the Council, 
was appointed Deputy Governor, "not knowing," said Gov- 
ernor Carteret, "how it may please God to Dispose of me, 
Eyther by Life or death." Did he have a premonition of 
events soon to affect him physically and oflScially.'^ 

New York's Governor ordered the Newark planters to 
desist from military preparations and pledge allegiance to 
his Government. The town having submitted to the 
Dutch seven years previously, why could not he, with 
trained soldiers at his command, also compel the Puritans to 
bend tlie knee? Again the drummer sounded the alarm, a 
week later, from Sergeant Riggs' gate "and so all the way up 



120 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

the street as far as Sam'l Harrison's gate." The Meeting 
House was in a moment filled with questioning planters, some 
of whom appeared with their guns. Debating other motions 
out of existence, the following was adopted as the town's 
mind: 

The Town being met together the 29th day of March, 1679-80, 
and give their positive answer to the Governor of York's Writ 
(viz) : That they have taken the Oath of Allegiance to the King 
and Fidelity to the present Government, and until they have 
sufficient Order from his Majesty we will stand by the same. 

A bold step indeed ! An armed force waiting in New York 
to take possession of East Jersey did not intimidate the New- 
ark planters in the least. Governor Carteret was alarmed 
and about to leave the province till his rights were declared 
by the proprietor. But not so the Newark people ! They had 
the courage of their convictions and were not afraid to assert 
them. They were for Newark in sunshine and in storm! 
This was the spirit firing the hearts of their descendants at 
Trenton, Princeton, Monmouth and Springfield — which de- 
fied even an armed host because of righteous wrath over out- 
rageous infringement of individual rights. 

Governor Andros, after conference with his council on 
Monday, April 5, 1680, decided to try for the East Jersey 
prize. 

"It was resolved in Council," runs the record, "That 
the Go : goe in person to-morrow in his Sloope toward New 
Jersey to be there the next day, being the 7th, the time for 
the Dep: To meet & that he goe in a friendly way with his 
own Retinue & some Volunteers to attend him, without 
other armes than their Swords." 

Andros may have presumed that upon his appearance 
at Elizabeth Town Carteret would vacate his oflSce. The 
official party set sail from New York at 2 o'clock on Tues- 
day afternoon, April (>, 1080; the boats were to touch at 
Staten Island and then proceed to the home of East Jersey's 
Governor. 



GOVERNOR ANDROS'S DESIGNS 121 

It was a beautiful April day. In the distance the Watchung 
Mountains formed a pleasing background for the afternoon's 
glaring sun. 

"Well worth trying for," commented Andros to Matthias 
Nicholls, his secretary, as the boat pushed off into the water 
and his excellency glanced toward the hazy, blue outline 
against the western horizon. Quickly the sails took the 
wind, coming a little stiff from west and southwest. To- 
ward evening the craft approached Shooters Island. The 
steersman, finding the current too swift, could not prevent 
beaching. In an hour the boat was again in deep water 
and anchor made for the night at the wharf of Captain 
Young on the western side of Staten Island. Two of the 
party were sent to Elizabeth Town to obtain, if possible, 
a brief interview with Governor Carteret. The latter was 
not unprepared, as an account of the visit, told in the quaint 
language and spelling of the period, verifies: 

C. Colyer was pitcht upon & (by his owne request) Mr. James 
Wilson to accompany him, who went away to a point where they 
were challenged, but declaring to be friends went up the Creeke 
on Coll. Morriss' Boats. They found pt: of a comp'y with C. 
Greenland at the point & heard another comp'y by the way when 
they arrived at C. Carteretts there were others in arms who 
challenged them why & whence they came, and C. Sandford 
with his sworde drawn came to the landing place and demanded 
if they were friends, to the w'ch C. Colyer replying "yes," hee 
did not have them to leave but let them come ashore. The boate 
came back but they stayed all night. 

Andros' reception at Carteret's house and subsequent 
events, in which the former raised himself as dictator for 
nearly a year over East Jersey, are incidents for another 
chapter. 



CHAPTER XXIII 

Abduction or Governor Carteret 

A WAKIE at an early hour on the morning of Wednesday, 
-^*- April 7, 1680, Governor Andros, at his temporary 
headquarters on Staten Island, hastily prepared for the 
remainder of the trip to Elizabeth Town. The sun was 
over an hour high when sail was set, at 7 o'clock. Captain 
Greenland and a detachment, without colors, saluted the 
visitor becoming his exalted station as the boat in which 
he was seated appeared in the creek (Elizabeth Town River) . 
Every courtesy was extended this self-invited guest and 
those accompanying him. Governor Philip Carteret's house, 
situated on a hill, was approached by a lane from the land- 
ing place. "As we all crost the hollow just by the house," 
says one who witnessed the ceremony, "there was part of a 
comp'y with C. Whitehead at their head, who was making 
a passage for us, wee walked through to where we mett 
C. Sandford, C. Pike, and Capt. Bowers. C. Carteret, 
inviting the Go: in the stockades, which was commanded 
by C. Sandford, who gave a volley just as we passed through 
them." 

Governor Andros, all politeness in meeting Governor 
Carteret, informed him that his Majesty the King had 
deputed him to accept charge of the country from the 
Dutch; that Governor Colve had relinquished all the coun- 
try in his possession when the Hollanders surrendered, and 
that, as his (Andros) commission superseded Carteret's, 
the latter must also vacate the office of Governor of East 
Jersey. 

Thomas Johnson and John Curtis were representatives in 
this historical drama. During the interview settlers from 
siuToimding towns arrived and were in waiting outside the 

122 



ABDUCTION OF GOVERNOR CARTERET 123 

stockade. They conversed in loud tones and endeavoring 
to learn of the proceedings within the enclosure, pressed 
lieavily against the timbers. Andros was frightened as the 
heavy oak gates nearly collapsed, and requested safe con- 
duct to an adjoining field, where he and his aides could 
defend themselves from physical violence, if necessary. 
This was provided. Regaining his courage, Andros, sur- 
rounded by soldiers, read his commission and demanded 
that East Jersey be turned over to him, which was at once 
refused. 

Failing of an agreement, and the sun past meridian, the 
official party from New York was invited into the Governor's 
house. And the Governor of East Jersey said unto the 
Governor of New York: "What is your pleasure?" Over 
the social glass amenities were exchanged and the strained 
relations relaxed. Then another parley was arranged in the 
open field. The visitors formed a semi-circle, with a hun- 
dred or more Jerseymen grouped near. Facing them were 
Carteret, Deputy Governor Berry and Captain Sandford. 
Thus was East Jersey's Governor supported by two Newark 
citizens in his hour of trouble. Captain Berry read the 
lease from the Duke of York to Sir George Carteret, and the 
latter's appointment of Philip Carteret as Governor of the 
Province, but Andros insisted that His Majesty's letter 
patent, being of greater importance than one of a more 
private nature, he should be proclaimed Governor. 

Carteret's suggestion that the problem be referred to the 
English authorities was agreed to by Andros and the 
latter was invited to break bread at the East Jersey Gover- 
nor's table. Readily was the hospitality accepted and the 
executives now conversed in more agreeable tones. They 
were friends of several years. Frequently had Carteret 
visited the New York mansion, where he was royally enter- 
tained, and had often sat in the official seat at the Meeting 
House. 

Only men were at the repast. Governor Carteret was 
not married till April of the following year, 1681, when 



124 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

Mrs. William Lawrence, widow, the daughter of Richard 
Smith, of Long Island, became mistress of the household. 
He was then forty-one years of age. 

Planters were standing near the house when the officials 
arose from the banquet table. Procession was formed. 
Governor Carteret and Deputy Governor Berry leading, 
followed by Governor Andros and party and a large detach- 
ment of soldiers "in amies." The military forces formed a 
continuous chain on each side of the lane, over the brow 
of the hill, into the hollow and to the landing place. Three 
volleys were fired by the troops, to which the sailors replied. 
Flags were carried by the soldiers, but in the escort "there 
was only one Colours amoung them." 

Andros did not abide by the agreement, and in a bold 
effort to secure control of the government of East Jersey, 
issued a warrant dated May 1, 1680, for Captain Carteret's 
arrest. He ordered Captain John Colyer to execute it. 
The characters for a midnight drama were detailed from the 
soldiery, and under cover of darkness the expedition slipped 
away from New York on the night of April 30, 1680. 

Dropping anchor in Achter Koll, small boats were quietly 
lowered in the water, properly manned and moved off in silence. 
Not a sentinel challenged the attacking party as it started up 
the Elizabeth Town River. Midnight had passed and the 
darkness was quite impenetrable. Stealthily the boats 
drew near the dock or landing place and the plan of raiding 
the mansion was explained by the officer in charge. If one 
were abroad on an errand of mercy (no other reason could 
be assigned for night walking) , skulking figures, resembling 
more those of dumb animals than human beings, could have 
been seen a moment later among the trees near the Carteret 
home. The Governor, unaware of his impending fate, his 
head buried in a feather pillow, was sleeping soundly. 

The door was soon reached and forced and the entry filled 
with the Andros hirelings, who in a moment were at the 
bedside. 

*'Ha! ha! my Captain! Ye will not do as our Governor 



ABDUCTION OF GOVERNOR CARTERET 125 

says; we'll see! we'll see!" Such was the greeting Car- 
teret received when, startled from his slumbers, his partly 
opened eyes met the flickering flame of a tallow dip in the 
lantern placed close against his face. Instinctively he raised 
his hands to guard himself from expected assault. Terrible 
and disgraceful was the scene then enacted, and a blot upon 
Governor Andros' life. Carteret, dragged out of bed, his 
night-clothes stripped from his body, now thoroughly 
awakened, was powerless in the hands of the soldiers. 
Tossed about the room and denied clothing for his person 
the Governor was in a few moments at the landing place. 
The harsh treatment was continued on the way. 

He who so recently was resting in a comfortable bed was 
now in a sad plight. His body, bruised and bleeding, ex- 
cited not the sympathy of the captors, who bound him 
hand and foot and threw him into a boat. Fortunately it 
was a season of mild weather and the trip across the bay 
added not to the Governor's sufferings. 

Kindly disposed persons visited him in the prison, ad- 
ministered restoratives and food and furnished necessary 
apparel. 

Two of Carteret's trusted officers, hearing the commotion 
on the night of the abduction, but unable to succor their 
master, decamped from the village. One travelled in a 
southerly direction and sailed from Maryland, while the 
other took passage from Boston. Both met later in the 
year in London, and published accounts of the high-handed 
methods adopted by the New York Governor, who was 
condemned by public opinion and later ordered home. 
Andros, in his comfortable New York quarters, had his 
proclamation in readiness for distribution to the East Jersey 
settlers when assured of success attending his nefarious 
programme. Skilful sailors were sent in haste to Elizabeth 
Town, and from there couriers were dispatched into the 
villages, with instructions to post the manifesto of the 
dictator at Meeting House, tavern or other public place. 
Possession of East Jersey, once acquired, Andros hoped to 



126 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

enrich himself bj^ taxation, no doubt having a plan in mind 
to squeeze every ounce of wealth possible from the colonists. 
Wise and conservative, schooled by experience, Thomas 
Johnson, Samuel Kitchell, John Ward, Samuel Harrison, 
John Curtis, Thomas Pierson, Jonathan Sargeant, Jasper 
Crane and other Newark settlers were ever ready — the 
sacrifice counted not — to serve the town and province. 
Their counsel materially aided in quieting public feeling. 
The leaders ever enjoined deliberateness in dealing with 
affairs of town and province, and this excellent trait assisted 
largely in overcoming obstacles in the pathway of com- 
munity progress. 



CHAPTER XXIV 

Governor Carteret's Trial 

A NDROS was ignored at the town meeting on May 3, 
'^*- 1680, held three days after the assault upon Carteret. 
Instead, Captain Berry, deputy governor of the Carteret 
administration, was petitioned to "enlarge and settle our. 
town bounds." This referred to the Kingsland purchase, 
then agitating the town life. Resentment was aroused over 
the methods adopted by Andros to secure possession of East 
Jersey. 

"After many Debates and Disputes," wrote Governor 
Philip Carteret to the Proprietor, "we concluded to decide it 
(authority over New Jersey) by Arguments rather than by 
Arms, but the Rancor and Malice of his (Andros) Heart was 
such that on the thirtieth day of April last he sent a Party of 
Soldiers to fetch me away Dead or Alive, so that in the Dead 
Time of the Night broke open my Doors and most bar- 
barously and inhumanely and violently hailed me out of my 
Bed, that I have not Words enough sufficiently to express 
the Cruelty of it; and Indeed I am so disabled by the Bruises 
and Hurts I then received, that I fear I shall hardly be a 
perfect Man again." 

The trial of Carteret was announced for the early morning 
of May 27. Respectfully a crowd of men and women made 
its way to the quaint structure used as the prison house, 
curious to view the prisoner at "first hand." 

A constable was in charge of him as he tottered forward in 
his weakness from the effects of the soldiers' rough handling, 
after four weeks' incarceration. If the dictator exhibited 
signs of nervousness it was for his own safety rather than an 
aroused sentiment over his victim's physical condition. 

Carteret was taken into the Court of Assizes and seated 

127 



128 



NARRATI\^S OF NEWARK 



on a platform, his accuser also sitting above the people. 
The crier commanded silence, after winch his excellency, the 
Governor of New York (and of New Jersey) arose and im- 
pressively addressed the jury. 

He charged that "Captain Philip Carteret, of Elizabeth 
Town, in New Jersey, on the 7th of April last and divers times 
before and since without any Lawful, Right, Power, or Au- 
thority, hath presumed to exercise Jurisdiction and Govern- 




John Johnson Mill (aljoui 17UJJ on former sile of City Almshouse, Elizabeth Avenue 



nient over His INIajesty's Subjects within the Bounds of his 
Majesty's Letter Patents to his Royal Highness, and though 
forewarned hath persisted and riotously and routously with 
Force and Anns, endeavored to assert and maintain the 
same." 

Presenting Carteret to the jury, Andros asked for a verdict 
of guilty. Carteret's reply is best given in his own version: 
"When I came to my Tryal my Intentions at first were not to 
have entered a plea, and to have protested against the Juris- 
diction of the Court; but finding the Court to be overruled by 
him (Andros) was forced to enter a Plea, and Pleaded not 
guilty of what he alledged against me in my Presentment; and 



GOVERNOR CARTERET'S TRIAL 129 

also was ready to make out and justify my Actings as Gover- 
nor of New Jersey, to be legal and by Virtue of Power derived 
froin the King; to which purpose recommended to the view 
of the Court My Commission, with other Instructions to 
manifest the same, which was delivered with a Charge to the 
Jury, was to make a return of their Verdict concerning it, 
with their Verdict in Matter of Fact." 

The verdict of the jury was expected by the people. 
Proudly the foreman declared: "The Prisoner at the Bar 
Not Guilty!" 

Andros plainly showed his anger and demanded reasons for 
such miscarriage of justice. The jury did not reply, but each 
man, casting his eyes about the room, noticed approving 
glances of their finding by individuals in the assemblage. 
Carteret, then dramatically entered a plea before the jury and 
people, claiming protection and release from imprisonment. 
"Was the jury to give its reasons for rendering the verdict, 
contrary to English law?" he also asked. The jury room 
deliberations were the people's sacred rights, he stoutly 
maintained. The Governor declined to receive the verdict 
and once more charged the jury. Again came the response: 

"Not guilty!" 

The court was thereupon adjourned to the following day 
and Carteret returned to prison. The people did not retire 
till late at night, so much was there of the day's proceedings 
to discuss. Many a candle flickered low before quiet settled 
in the homes. 

The court convened the next forenoon. The jury was 
charged for the third time and yesterday's scenes were 
re-enacted. 

"The prisoner at the bar not guilty!" came the ringing 
response of the spokesman, when the clerk inquired of the 
jury if a finding was reached. The foreman explained for his 
fellow jurymen. Carteret, it was announced was not under 
their jurisdiction and did not acknowledge them as his 
judges. They could not do otherwise than find for the de- 
fendant, he declared. 



130 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

Andros, realizing the hopelessness of further prosecution, 
accepted the recommendation that Carteret be returned to 
East Jersey, and engaging not to participate in any official 
act, civil or military. The dispute was again referred to the 
Lord Proprietor for solution. Effusively did the accuser, his 
manner completely changed, invite Carteret to accept his 
escort to the landing place and thence to Elizabeth Towti. A 
procession was ordered, and the trumpeter played fanfares, 
as it moved to the landing place. One who attended said: 
"The Governor took back Captain Carteret to Achter Koll 
with all magnificence." 

Andros officially visited Elizabeth Town, on June 1, 1680. 
"The Go: with the Councill & severall of the gents of the 
Towne to attend hime came from New York about noone in 
his sloope to come to N. Jersey, to the ^Assembly of Deputyes 
to be held the next day at Eliz. Town, attended by Lady 
Andros and nine or ten gentlewomen," reads the record of the 
day. A retinue of soldiers, sailors and servants was also in 
the party. Light winds prevented landing till after sunset. 
Captain Palmer in the predicament, extended the hospitality 
of his home to the women, while the men remained aboard 
the vessel. 

The Governor proceeded with dispatch on the morning of 
the following day to the council house, where after the depu- 
ties were sworn into office, he delivered a long inaugural ad- 
dress, this brief account being preserved: 

He acquainted them that they are met for tlie King and Coun- 
try Service, and in order to it he hath brought the King's Letter 
Patents, under the Great Seal of England, to his Royal Highness 
and his Commission, that this Part of the Country may by them 
their Representatives see the Authority, and liis Majesty's and 
his Royal Highness care of them in every respect as of the other 
Parts of the Colony; pursuant to which and Law he hath en- 
deavoured not to })e wanting in his Duty for the wellfare of all, 
though by some mistakes and neglects, they have not been so 
unanimous and united as they ought and now are by the said 
Great Seal, which is their Cirand Charter Rule and Joint Safety; 



GOVERNOR CARTERET'S TRIAL 131 

and Things being now come so well to their right Channel, he 
(loth agTiin hy virtue of the nhoA'C Authority eoiifinn the remitting 
all past Actors assuming Authority and offer to their Considera- 
tion how necessary it is an Act be made to confirm all past Ju- 
dicial Proceedings, and for the Times and Places of keeping their 
future Courts and Sessions. 

A copy of the law books of New York, adopted by the 
Assembly of Hempstead, was placed in the deputies' custody, 
and John Boune and Isaac Whitehead were named speaker 
and clerk, respectively. 

The deputies insisted strenuously that all the privileges 
enjoyed by the inhabitants of East Jersey under Carteret 
be assured them for the future. This was at first refused, but 
Andros, forced later in the day to sign an agreement, em- 
bodying these provisions, gave the people a victory and at the 
same time displayed his fear of the strong-minded colonists. 



CHAPTER XXV 

End of Proprietary Government 

A NDROS enjoyed only a brief term as Governor of East 
-^^ Jersey, having been recalled to England in January, 
1680. He was returned to the colonies in 1685 by the Duke 
of York who ascended the Throne as James II, the latter 
appointing him Governor of New England. New York and 
New Jersey were also placed under his jurisdiction in 1688. 
His administration was decidedly unpopular anfl the Boston 
people compelled him to leave town. Again ordered home, 
Andros remained there and died at the age of seventy-six 
years. 

Governor Carteret issued a proclamation on ]\Iarch 2, 

1680, announcing the death of the Proprietor, Sir George 
Carteret, and "the Right Honourable, the Lady Elizabeth 
Carteret, bearing Date Month September, 1680, is left sole 
Executrix and Guardian to the Heir of Sir George Carteret, 
Lord Proprietor of this Province, with an absolute Command 
not to take Notice of any Commissions, Warrants or Orders 
from Sir Edmund Andros." 

Carteret ruled with a strong hand. Alert and ready for 
emergency, this precautionary measure was adopted on June 
8, 1G81: 

It is agreed by vote in full Town Meeting that what the Major 
part of the Town shall conceive and act upon any Account for 
the Good and Safety of the Town shall stand good and valid to 
})ind every individual Planter and inliabitant to the attendance 
thereof, upon such Penalty as the Town, or a Conniiittee chosen 
by the Town, shall see Causfe to inflict. 

The Assembly convened at EHzabeth Town on October 19, 

1681, and the power of the House of Deputies was checked. 



END OF PROPRIETARY GOVERNMENT 133 

Acrimonious discussion by councillors and deputies character- 
ized the proceedings. Thomas Johnson, of Newark, was a 
leader in the discussion, urging that the Governor had no 
right to alter the concessions granted the Pmdtans in 1666. 
The differences resulted in the Assembly being dissolved 
on November 1, 1681. Scathing was the rebuke administered 
by Governor Carteret and his council, through Secretary 
James Bollen, to the deputies. The concluding words of the 
document are: 

Private Spiritts in men in publique employment are the Jewels 
that addorne your brests as is under the hand of the Clarke of the 
j)retended Genl. Assembly. Everything being beautiful in its sea- 
son and soe we bid you fairewell. By Order. James Bollen, Sec. 

Carteret died the following year at the age of forty-three. 
Failing in a private sale, and acting for the youthful heir, 
the trustees of Sir George Carteret's estate offered East Jersey 
at public auction. William Penn and eleven associates 
became the owners, the consideration being 3,400 pounds 
or $17,000. Deeds of lease and release were dated February 
1 and 2, 1681. Each of the twelve owners selected an 
associate, thus providing for the twenty-four proprietors, 
prominently identified thereafter with New Jersey history. 
Robert Barclay became Governor and Thomas Rudyard, a 
London lawyer, deputy governor or executive in charge 
of gubernatorial affairs. The initial session of the Assembly 
was held at Elizabeth Town, March 1, 1682. One of the 
first acts created four counties — Bergen, Essex, Middlesex, 
and Monmouth. Essex County included all the country 
north of the dividing line between Woodbridge and Eliza- 
beth Town and west of the Hackensack River. Trading with 
negro slaves was forbidden, intercourse with Indians regu- 
lated and profane swearers, drunkards, and other offenders 
against the moral standards of the Levitical law were sub- 
jected to severe penalties. Commissioners were appointed 
to lay out roads, settle landings, provide ferries and bridges. 



134 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

The militia was established upon a firm basis and jails and 
j)ounds were authorized in all the counties. Isaae Kings- 
land was appointed first sheriff of Essex County on March 
25, 1683. 

Patient under the many changes in the office of Governor 
were the settlers of Newark, but restlessness was noted in 
nearly every other town. An effort to convene the court 
at Elizabeth Town on March 12, 1700, met with rebuke by 
revolutionists, whereupon it was transferred to Newark. 
In the early morning of September 12, the opening day, a 
troop of Elizabeth Town horsemen arrived at the Meeting 
House, where the court was to meet. The constable ma- 
jestically announced the presence of the justices, who, care- 
fully gowned and wigged, mounted the bench as the crier 
summoned all who had business with the court to draw near. 

Samuel Carter, of Elizabeth Town, claiming that he 
represented Samuel Bur well, the prisoner about to be placed 
on trial, demanded very dramatically: 

"On what authority does this court sit.^*" 

"By the King's!" replied Captain William Sandford, 
presiding. The latter and his associates. Justices Captain 
John Curtis, Theophihis Pierson (son of Rev. Abraham 
Pierson, first pastor) and Elias McKeilson, held a whispered 
conference and then counseled an orderly procedure of the 
Court's business, which was agreed to. The prisoner was 
found guilty of the offense charged but his fellow citizens 
rebelled. The constable was removing Burwell to jail when 
the court room became a scene of violence, best told in the 
language of the clerk, George Jewell: 

The Constable in the Execution of his office was sett upon by 
Thomas Johnson, Sam'l & Joseph Burwell &: Severall others (all 
of Elizabeth Town). The P'sidcnt Wm. Sandford pulled off 
the bench by Abra: Iletfield & Daniel Craine & his hatt and 
wigg hailed of his head by tlie sd. Hattfielil the Clerk of the Court 
soe grosely abused in P'ticquler by John Luker who struck him 
with great vilence with his fist. WM. Luker Jun'r with a Stick 
& John Clarke tore his wigg from of his head. The P'sident allsoe 



END OF PROPRIETARY GOVERNMENT 135 

having had his Sword Taken from him by Daniel Craine & broke 
in pieces by him the sd. Daniel. 

The rest of the Justices grosely abused, some their clothes torn 
of their Backs with many other abusef ull words & actions Received 
from the Rabbell of Elizabeth Towne, The Prissoner Sam'l Bur- 
well, Resshawed out of the Constable hands made his Escape, 
the Constable alsoe grosely abused pulled by the haire and his 
staff Taken from him & throwne out of doors, the P'sident alsoe 
being struck Three blows, two of which pouches in the brest & 
one in the face. The Rabbel Consisted of neere 60 horse. 

The Elizabeth Town settlers with the liberated pris- 
oner departed post-haste for home, leaving clouds of dust 
in their wake as rein was given their horses. Recover- 
ing from their rough treatment the Judges ordered the 
sheriff to impanel a jury which was to find an indictment 
against the violators of the King's court. The following 
leading citizens oi Newark were selected for this service 
on Tuesdaj^ September 30, 1700: Thomas Hayes, foreman; 
Samuel Harrison, John Cooper, Samuel Allen, Joseph John- 
son, John Allen, Benjamin Baldwin, Jabez Rogers, David 
Ogden, Daniel Browne, Nathaniel Ward, Caleb Ball, John 
Clarke of Newark, Joseph Breum, Anthony Olive, Edward 
Ball, John Douglas, Eleazer Lampson. The jury returned 
this presentment: 

Jurors for our soveraign Lord the King present upon oath many 
of the inhabitants of Elizabeth Towne as is immitted by the 
Court, Riottusly Dissturbing the sd. Court of Sessions sitting 
in their sessions in the publick Meeting House in Newarke on ye 
10th of September, 1700. 

Thomas Hayes, Foreman. 

Another raid by the Elizabeth Town malcontents on the 
morning of September 12 resulted in freeing a second 
prisoner. They caused a panic along the route by loudly 
declaring that blood would be spilled if their way was crossed. 
Excitement was general when the mob appeared at the 



136 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

jail. The revolution was on in earnest. Women and chil- 
dren hurried along the highway to avoid witnessing scenes 
of bloodshed, which it was thought, would result from the 
clash between the Elizabeth Town contingent and the King's 
officials. Nearly all the horsemen carried clubs. 

Not finding the sheriff at the jail, they proceeded across 
the street to the home of Justice Pierson and demanded the 
surrender of Joseph Parmator, a prisoner. The Justice, who 
was a peacemaker, suggested that the transaction of the 
King's business proceed according to law, and that all 
grievances would receive proper attention. 

The ringleader denied the existence of courts. Clamoring 
for the prisoner followed. 

"By what right do you make this demonstration.'^" in- 
quired Justice Pierson. 

One of the leaders, brandishing a club, shouted: "By 
this right." Every man in the crowd followed his example. 

"We demand ye Sheriff; we'll have him if he is above 
ground," exclaimed the leader. 

Securing little satisfaction from Justice Pierson, the mob 
repaired to the home of John Johnson, where an indiscreet 
youth had reported Sheriff Smith in hiding. Meeting with 
resistance at the Johnson home, the mob cried hoarsely : 

"Ye sheriff! Ye sheriff! Come out here!" 

Fearful for the safety of the home, the sheriff appeared at 
the door. The mob endeavored, by use of persuasive me- 
thods, to induce him to hand over the keys. He refused and 
cautioned the men to allow the law to run its course. 

"You are in a law abiding town," he said, "and your 
rights will be fully restored if you will only wait till the jus- 
tices act." 

"Talk not to us of waiting for the justices!" shouted the 
leader. "We want Joseph Parmator, ye pitiful rascals put 
in jail. W^e want the key and the devil take ye all and all 
ye rest of Newarke if ye do not open ye jail." 

In an instant the mob rushed forward, seized the sheriff 
and held him firmly while his person was searched. Out 



END OF PROPRIETARY GOVERNMENT 137 

of the squirming, struggling mass the key, about a foot in 
length, was brandished above the head of a stalwart son of 
Elizabeth Town. Away went the mob to the jail, a few 
Newarkers following at a safe distance. 

Parmator was freed, placed on a horse, and before the 
law-abiding citizens recovered from their astonishment the 
rioters and released prisoner were homeward bound. When 
Newark calmed sufficiently to inventory the damage done 
by the Elizabeth Town mob, it was found that the jail 
door was broken, the sheriff injured more in his feelings than 
person, and several others were bruised. 

Groups of men, meeting in their respective neighborhoods, 
discussed the events of the two days. Wood gathering, 
always an essential September task, was teinporarily sus- 
pended. The Court was in session at the home of Jus- 
tice Pierson. Only yesterday, September 11, at 6 o'clock 
in the morning, an order was issued to Sheriff Smith 
for the impanneling of eighteen jurymen to take deposi- 
tions of persons witnessing the first assault upon the King's 
law. 

The following citizens were selected to serve on another 
jury and make a presentment of the latest outbreak against 
law and order: 

Joseph Harrison, foreman; Anthony Olive, Samuel Camp, 
Seth Tompkins, Jabez Rogers, Robert Young, Samuel Har- 
rison, Samuel Huntington, Jonathan Sargeant, Sen,, Joseph 
Peck, John Baldwin, Sen., Daniel Harrison, Jasper Crane, 
Sen., John Crane, Thomas Ludington, Joseph Johnson, 
James Nuttman, Thomas Hayes, Amos Williams, Samuel 
Ward, Edward Ball, John Johnson, Samuel Pierson, and 
John Linsley. 

The finding of the jury in this case was: 

Jurors for our soveraigne Lord the King upon oath present 
many of the inhabitants of Elizabeth Towne on the 12th day of 
September 1700 came up to Newark & Riotously assaulted the 
Sheriff of ye County and forceably took away the Keyes of the 
prisson and took away a prisoner out of the prison. Namely one 



138 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

Joseph Parniator Then in Custody. The persons presented are 
these after named. 

Joseph Harrison, Foreman. 

Thirty-six well-known Elizabethan names are appended 
to the presentment. 

Events were leading toward a dissolution of the pro- 
prietary government. Queen Anne, who was occupying the 
throne as successor to King William III gave her royal assent 
on April 15, 170'3, to the Jerseys being placed under English 
government authority. From this time they have been 
officially known as New Jersey. 



CHAPTER XXVI 

Puritan Sympathy Displayed 

"PURITAN sympathy was of exquisite quality, the 
•^ Newark settlers ever offering the helping hand in 
sickness and distress. Prominently was this trait displayed 
in the case of Richard Hore, who located on an eight acre 
tract near the Corn Mill, abutting the property of Hans 
Albers, the tanner, whose holding extended to the point 
now known as the Orange Street hill. 

John Cunditt became a planter during the first quarter 
of a century and was assigned a home lot on the Mill Brook 
plain. He was another neighbor and carried on the 
trade of weaver quite profitably. In season he tilled 
his farm and accumulated by economical habits a goodly 
store for his progeny. A typical Puritan, practising the 
Christian spirit of helpfulness in his everyday life, devotions 
were held at his fireside morning, noon and night. Punc- 
tually he started out with his family at the sound of the drum 
for Meeting House service on the Sabbath Day through all 
weather — ^driving rainstorm, blistering heat, bitter cold or 
snow. The spirit of worship was with him always. 

Richard had been ill several weeks. The planters living 
in the northern end of town noticed his languid, inactive 
appearance as he moved about the dooryard. Indeed 
he was compelled, in his weakness, before the leaves had 
fallen from the trees in the autumn of 1688, to remain 
entire days within doors. Often visited by the townspeople, 
who administered comfort as best they could from their 
limited available resources, yet signs of improvement 
were not evident. Of course the Rev. Abraham Pierson 
visited the patient and offered solace, but the thought ex- 
pressed by a good housewife that "Richard was going 

139 



140 



NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 



into a decline," found general confirmation among the 
people. 

Increasing hours of sunlight in January would assist in 
restoring health if there were any recuperative powers left 
in the emaciated frame, was a December conjecture, when 
the temperature was below the freezing point and Richard 
suffered from the chilly atmosphere. 

Firewood and victuals the shut-in had a-plenty, but he 
was more in need of constant care, of the attention so nec- 
essary to restore normal health, if that were possible. 






1^^ 




Indian arrowheads found on property of Reuben Dodd and Matthias Soverel, near Midland 
Avenue, East Orange, about 1870 

Neighbor Cimditt made his customary call on an early 
December morning when the window panes were covered 
with a thick layer of frost. Opening the door cautiously, the 
visitor felt the chill of a fireless room ; Richard was lying upon 
his pallet, gazing dreamily at the fireplace, from which 
the last spark had faded. 

Going to his home, where the fire was blazing merrilj", a 
steaming kettle hanging over the hearthstone and good cheer 



PURITAN SYMPATHY DISPLAYED 141 

in abundance, the Good Samaritan conferred with his con- 
sort. Mistress Deborah Cunditt's mind was in accord with 
the plan proposed, of assigning Richard a place in their home, 
whither he was removed and enjoyed a comfortable seat 
alongside the blazing fire. He was revived in a few hours. 
No more would he be chilled "to the marrow," he confidently 
remarked to the master, when at the end of the first day he 
was "thawed out" and able to partake of a generous portion 
of venison stew. 

The patient was treated as a member of the family. Soon 
after Candlemas Day, in February, 1689, when the sun was 
streaming through the south window, and illuminating the 
space about the sun dial till it glowed as if possessed of life, 
Richard talked to Mistress Deborah about the end of his life. 
He did not expect to live many days and desired in some way 
to reward the master for the kindnesses he had received 
from him. When all was quiet about the house, after the 
evening meal and the chores all done, true to his word, 
Richard asked of the master a word or two about business 
affairs. In a moment the burden of his mind was spoken. 
Would he take his land in return for the many kindly acts of 
the past yesLT? 

Pondering a while, Goodman Cunditt said: "Well, if ye 
want it that way and your mind is squarely made up, I'll take 
your land and give you fifty shillings for good measure," 

The town scrivener prepared the deed on February 27, 
1689, and the document, duly signed, contained among other 
provisions this important clause: 

For several good causes and lawful consideration me hereunto 
moving, but expressly for and in consideration of thirteen months' 
board and fifty shillings, have granted and sold unto the said 
John Cunditt eight acres of upland in the town of Newark, and 
bounded on the north by Hans Albers, on the east by the river, 
on the south by said Cunditt and on the west by the highway. 

(Signed) by ^ 

Richard X Hore, 

mark. 



Wi NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

But the end was not so near as surmised. Soon after the 
transfer by order of town meeting, this contract was made: 

Some Propositions between the Town and John Gardner 
toward an agreement for John Gardner to keep and provide for 
Richard Hore (viz) : that the said John Gardner doth agree with 
the Town, to take Richard Hore into his House (he coming well 
clothed with a good Leathern Suit) for Two Shillings and Six 
Pence a Week, in Money or Pay equivalent; and doth further 
promise to keep him conveniently clean, and if he live not a 
Year, the said John Gardner, shall have two Shillings and Six 
Pence a Week for so long as he doth live, and if he live above a 
Year, the said John Gardner doth engage to provide him with 
Cloaths and Victuals, that he suffer not, for the two Shillings and 
Six Pence a week afs'd, as long as the said Richard shall live 
and the Town see Cause to continue him there, and free the 
Town from further Trouble. In Confirmation hereof, John 
Gardner, on his part, and Edward Ball in Behalf of the Town, 
have this 20th of Feb'y, 1690, set their Hands. 

John Gardner. 

Edward Ball. 

Other names were added to the poor listen Februarys, 1691, 
and "poor Richard," was placed in the keeping of Samuel 
Rose "or soine other Place and agree as reasonably as they 
can." The committee in charge of the first poor and alms 
department was composed of Azariah Crane, Samuel Harri- 
son, William Camp and Edward Ball. John Gardner, who 
faithfully discharged his duty, was released from further ser- 
vice in this respect, though he contributed his share with 
others toward the support of the poor. Further mention 
of Richard's name is not found in the records. He passed 
away before the end of 1692. 

The Newark forebears were generously inclined, as the 
story of the first indigent proves. If storehouses were filled 
with harvest yield they did not complacently smile in selfisli 
opulence; if their cup of contentment was filled to over- 
flowing they sought others with whom they might share their 
blessings. They did not make display of their charity. The 



PURITAN SYMPATHY DISPLAYED 143 

unfortunate position of Richard Hore aroused every kindly 
sympathy, and at the end of his hfe, a few stepped forward 
and performed the last kindly offices, an important matter in 
the Colonial days. Richard Fletcher, the grave digger, 
prepared the resting place for his fellow townsman, and a 
goodly company assembled for the committal services. 
"Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord," even though 
bereft of worldly goods. 



CHAPTER XXVII 

A Terrestrial Canaan 

The heavens do declare 

The majesty of God; 

Also the firmament shows forth 

His handiwork abroad. 

Day speaks to day, knowledge. 

Night hath to night declared : 

There neither speech nor language is, 

Where their voice is not heard. 

— From Addisoii's Version of the 19th Psalm. 

Tj^NCOURAGEMENT was given families living in Eng- 
-■—^ land and Scotland to settle on "ye banks of ye Pesaj^ak 
River," from the very moment of settlement. Men adept in 
letter writing were cordially welcomed at Johnson's tavern 
where there was no lack of creature comforts, and the atten- 
tion given visitors who had come "to write us up," was al- 
ways most courteous. 

Publicity committees and boards of trade were unknown, 
but the colonial letter writer acted well his part. One en- 
thusiastic person, in 1680, was absorbed in admiration of 
beautiful Newark in its fourteenth year, writing: 

If there be any terrestrial happiness to be had by any people, 
especially of an inferior rank, it certainly must be here. Here 
one may furnish himself with land and live rent free, yea with 
such a quantity of land that he may weary himself with walking 
over his fields of corn and all sorts of grain, and let his stock amount 
to some hundreds he need not fear their want of pasture in the 
summer, nor fodder in the winter, the woods affording sufficient 
supply, where you may have grass as high as a man's knees, 
nay as high as his waist, interlaced with peavines and other weeds 
that cattle much delight in, as much as a man can pass through. 

144 



A TERRESTRIAL CANAAN 145 

And these woods also every mile or half mile are furnished 
with fresh ponds, brooks or rivers, where all sorts of cattle dm^ing 
the heat of the day quench their thirst and cool themselves. 

These brooks and rivers, being environed on either side with 
several sorts of trees and grapevines, arbor-like interchanging places, 
and crossing these rivers do shade and shelter them from the 
scorching beams of the sun. 

Such as of their utmost labors can scarcely get a living may 




Indian Battle Axes found near Midland Avenue and Dodd Street, East Orange 

here procure inheritances of lands and possessions, stock them- 
selves with all sorts of cattle, enjoy the benefit while they live, 
and leave them to their children when they die. 

Here you may not trouble the shambles for meat nor bakers 
and brewers for beer and bread, nor run to a linen draper for a 
supply, every one making their own linen and a great part of 
their woolen cloth for their ordinary wearing. 

And how prodigal (if I may say so) hath Nature been to furnish 
this country with all sorts of wild beasts and fowl, which every 
one hath an interest in, and may hunt at his pleasure, when be- 
sides the pleasure of hunting he may furnish the house with ex- 



li() NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

cellent fat venison, turkeys, geese, heath hens, cranes, swans, 
ducks, pigeons and the Uke, and when wearied with that he may 
go fishing, where the rivers are so furnished that he may supply 
himself with fish before he can leave off the recreation. 

Here one may travel by land upon the same Continent hun- 
dreds of miles and pass through towns and villages and never 
hear the least complaint for want, nor hear any one ask him 
for a farthing. 

But that which adds happiness to all the rest is the healthful- 
ness of the place, where many people in twenty years' time never 
know what sickness is; where they look upon it as a great mor- 
tality if two or three die out of the town in a year's time. 

Besides the sweetness of the air, the country itself sends forth 
such a fragrant smell that it may be perceived at sea before they 
can make the land. No evil fog or vapor doth any sooner appear 
but a northwest or a westerly wind immediately dissolves it 
and drives it away. 

Moreover you shall scarce see a house but the south side is 
begirt with hives of bees, which increase after an incredible man- 
ner so that if there be any terrestrial Canaan, 'tis surely here, 
where the land floweth with milk and honey. 

Niunerous families, descendants of which are Essex 
County residents to-day, were induced to undertake the 
perilous trips in sailing vessels across the Atlantic in response 
to the encouraging letters sent abroad. 

These letters, passed from village to village, were eagerly 
read by the peasants who, though rugged in character and in 
faith, were poor in worldly estate. The desire to seek their 
fortunes in the new world resulted in the immigration of ex- 
cellent stock from Northern Europe to Newark and sur- 
rounding villages. 

Another picture of early Newark is given by A. Vander- 
donck, a Hollander, who made the Dutch map of New Jersey. 

"Chestnuts w^ould be plentier," he WTites, "if it were not 
for the Indians, who destroj' the trees by stripping off the 
bark for covering their houses. Tliey and the Netherlanders 
also cut down the trees in chestnut season and cut off limbii 
to gather the nuts which lessens the trees. 



A TERRESTRIAL CANAAN 147 

"The mulberries, persimmons, wild cherries and crabs are 
better, sweeter than ours, and ripen earlier. Several kinds of 
plums, hazel nuts, black currants, gooseberries, blue Indian 
figs, strawberries, in abundance all over the country, black- 
berries and raspberries flourish. The English (Puritans) 
brought over quinces. 

"The land is full of many kinds of grapes and it is a pitiful 
sight to see the grape vines run up the trees, over the bushes 
and hidden among the woods, neglected, untrimmed and 
uncultivated." 

An established custom at the beginning of the new year, 
generally in the first week of March, was "bush burning." 
The entire town turned out for the purpose of keeping the 
flames within bounds. This spring clearing was made a 
town affair on March 9, 1668, by the selection of two super- 
visors. 

"The Town hath Chosen and deputed Nath'l Wheeler and 
John Curtis to Take the Care of Burning the Meadows and 
upland for this year," we read in the record of a meeting held 
on that date, "and to take pay for it out of the Treasury." 

On one occasion the event was deferred till May according 
to resolution adopted on February 28, 1672: 

Sarj't Ward and Stephen Davis for their end of the Town — Lieut. 
Swain and Stephen Freeman for the Middle of the Town — Henry 
Lyon and Thomas Johnson for their End of the Town are chosen 
to appoint a fit Season to burn the Woods, Also it is Agreed that 
every Male from Sixty Years to Sixteen, shall go out one Day to 
Burn Woods, Also it is Agreed that whosoever doth not attend 
that day (which is to be in May) if they do not go before, he or 
they shall forfeit his or their Day's work upon the proof thereof 
and pay it to the Treasurer. 

Item — if any Man shall set fire on the Meadow before the 
Tenth of March by Gunning or any other ways, he shall be fined 
Ten Shillings, Half to the Informer and Half to the Town. 

Vanderdonck was overwhelmed as he looked upon one 
of these "stirring bush-burning scenes" of early Newark. 



148 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

"It presents a grand and sublime appearance," he com- 
mented, "facilitated the growth of new vegetation, enabled 
the hunter to track his game more readily, and, by thinning 
out the woods and destroying the dry branches, caused him 
to move with greater celerity and with less fear of discovery 
by the animals he might be pursuing." 

"Bush burning" continued for many years under town 
management. 



CHAPTER XXVIII 

Newark's first historian 

/GEORGE SCOTT, a Scotchman, in 1G85, writing "The 
^^^ Model of the Government of the Province of J^ast 
Jersey in America," said: 

Newark, ahas Milford, is a Town distant to the Northward over 
Land from Ehzabeth Town, about six or seven myles. It hes on a 
River called Newark River, which emptieth itself into the Bay- 
about 4 or 5 myles down; Opposite to the Town on the North Side 
of the River lyeth a great tract of Land belonging to Mr. Kings- 
land and Capt. Sandford, the quit-rents whereof are purchased. 

There is another tract of Land taken higher up on the River, 
by Captain Berrie, who hath disposed of a part of it. There are 
several Plantations settled there. It is said he hath about 10,000 
Acres there; further up the water there is an island of about 1,000 
Acres belonging to Mr. Christopher Hoagland, of Newark, if it 
be not an Island it is tyed by a very narrow slip of Land to the 
Continent. 

Above that again is a greater tract of land, above 8 or 9,000 
Acres, purchased by lease of the Governor, according to the Con- 
cessions, by Captain Jacques Carterlayne and partners, who 
have begun some settlement. All these tracts of land are 
within the jurisdiction of Newark. In this Town hath been a 
Court of Sessions, held between this and Elizabeth Town. 

It is the most compact Town in the Province, and consists of 
about 100 Families and of about 500 Inhabitants. The x\cres 
taken up by the Town may be about 10,000 and for the Out Plan- 
tations over and above Mr. Kingsland's and Captain Sandford's 
40,000. 

The Proprietors of East Jersey from the seat of govern- 
ment, in Elizabeth Town, wrote to prospective homestead- 
ers, in England, in 1682: 

149 



150 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

To say any thing in the praise or much in the description of a 
country so well known would seem endless. 

The conveniency of situation, tempeuature of air and fertility 
of soil is such that there are no less than seven considerable towns, 
viz. : Shrewsbury, Middletown, Bergen, Newark, Elizabeth Town, 
Woodbridge and Piscataway, which are well inhabited by a sober 
and industrious people, who have necessary provisions for theni- 
selves and families and for the comfortable entertainment of 
strangers and travelers; and this colony is experimentally found to 
agree with English constitutions. 

The country is plentifully supplied with lovely springs, rivulets, 
inland rivers and creeks which fall into the sea and Hudson's 
River, in which also is much plenty and variety of fish and water 
fowl. 

There is a great variety of oak timber, fit for shipping and masts 
for ships and other variety of wood, as chestnut, walnut, poplar, 
cedar, ash, fir, etc., fine for building within the country. 

The land or soil varies in goodness and richness, but generally 
fertile, and with much smaller laljor than in England; it produceth 
plentiful crops of all sorts of English grain besides Indian corn, 
which the English planters find not only to be of vast increase 
but very wholesome and good in use; it also produceth good 
flax and hemp which they now spin and manufacture into linen 
cloth. 

There is sufficient meadow and marsh to their uplands; and 
the very barrens there, as they are called, are not like some in 
England; but produceth grass fit for grazing cattle in summer 
season. 

The country is well stored with wild deer, conies and wild fowl 
of several sorts, as turkeys, pigeons, partridges, plover, quails, wild 
swans, geese, ducks, etc., in great plenty. 

For its soil is proper for all industrious husbandmen, and such 
who by hard labor here, on rack rents, are scarce able to main- 
tain themselves, much less to raise any estate for their children, 
may with God's Blessing on their labors, live comfortably and 
provide well for their families. 

For carpenters, bricklayers, masons, smiths, millwrights and 
wheelwrights, bakers, tanners, tailors, weavers, shoemakers, and 
hatters and all or most handicrafts, labor is much more valued than 
in these parts. 



NEWARK'S FIRST HISTORIAN 151 

Gaweii Lawrie, Deputy Governor of East Jersey, observed 
on March 2, 1684: 

Now is the time to settle people here. There is an abundance 
of provisions, Pork and Beef at 2d per pound, Fish and Fowl 
Plenty, Oysters, I think would serve all England, Wheat 4 shillings 
per bushel, Indian wheat 2s 6d per bushell. 

It is exceeding good food every way and 2 or 300 fold increase; 
Sider good and plenty for Id per quart. Good drink that is made 
of water and molasses stands in about 2s per Barrel, wholesome 
like our 8s Beer in England. Good venison, plenty, brought us 
in at 18d the quarter. Eggs at 3d per Dozen, all things plenty. 

Charles Gordon, attracted by the above glowing accounts 
of Newark and vicinity said, in writing on March 5, 1685, 
to his cousin, Andrew Irvine, in Edinburgh, Scotland: 

If any pleases to tell me what their scruples are, I shall endeavor 
to answer them, if servants knew what a Countrey this is for 
them, and that they may live like Lairds here, I think that they 
would not be so Shey as they are to come; and during their service 
they are better used than in any place in America I have seen. 

Fishing by the inhabitants is very plentiful; the fish swim so 
thick in the Creeks and Rivers at Certain seasons of the year that 
they bail them out of the water with their hands. 

Several thousand people are here already, and no want of good 
company, as in any place in the world. I intend to follow Plant- 
ing myself, and if I had the small stock here I have in Scotland, 
with some more servants, I would not go home to Aberdeen, 
for a Regencie as was proffered me; neither do I intend it; how- 
ever, hoping to get my own safely over. 

We are not troubled here leading our pitts, mucking our Land 
and Ploughing 3 times; one Ploughing with 4 or 6 oxen at first 
breaking up with two horses only thereafter, suffices for all; 
you may judge whether that be easier Husbandrie than in Scot- 
land. 



CHAPTER XXIX 

The Third Pastorate 

^T^HE people were weary of the contentions during the 
-*■ latter part of Rev. Mr. Pierson's pastorate. There- 
fore it was not surprising that the call was unanimousl}^ 
offered to the one chosen as his successor. He was a verit- 
able shepherd, a leader in whom every trust was reposed, 
and at the end was "encompassed about by a cloud of wit- 
nesses." He was also destined to experience unpleasantly 
the conflicting sentiments respecting the form of religious 
government. Pausing at the harvest season, on August 
23, 1692, the settlers issued their call in this whole-hearted 
manner : 

It is consulted and consented, unanimously agreed that Mr. 
John Pruden should be called to be their Minister; and in Case 
he should come and settle among them in that Work, they would 
freely and readily submit themselves to him, and to his Dispensa- 
tions and Administrations, from Time to Time, in the Discharge 
of his Ministerial Office and Works, as God shall assist and direct 
him therein by His Word and Spirit, for their Spiritual Good 
and Edification. 

Born at Milford in 1645, Rev. John Pruden was the son 
of Rev. Richard Pruden, a Connecticut Puritan. He had 
preached at Jamaica, L. I., several years but was acquainted 
with many families in his new charge. Mr. Pruden in- 
herited his father's strong Puritan tendencies and was a class- 
mate of Rev. Mr. Pierson second, at Harvard College. 
The committee arranging the "treaty" with him was com- 
posed of John Ward, ]Mr. Johnson, John Curtis, Azariah 
Crane, Jasper Crane, Thomas Luddington and Stephen 
Bond. 

152 



THE THIRD PASTORATE 



1.53 



Zachariah Biirwell and Epliraim Biirwell, for the south 
end of the town, and Samuel Harrison and Nathaniel Ward 
for the north end, were sujierintending the delivery of the 
minister's firewood on October 28, 1692. The call was 
promptly accepted by Rev. Mr. Pruden. 

The town was in its second quarter of a century. Only a 
few of the Signers of the Fundamental Agreement were 




The Plume Homestead (about 1710) now Rectory of House of Prayer 

living and they were, for the most part, "the patriarchs 
of the household." New homes were erected in the outlying 
country and near the mountain slope large crops were an- 
nually harvested from extensive clearings. 

Houses first built of hewn timber were changed in ap- 
pearance by alterations and additions. Incessant demand for 
firewood and building material cleared many acres of forest 
growth and Newark was industrious and increasing in 
population during the last decade of the Seventeenth Cen- 
tury. Though governmental conditions were topsy-turvy, 
the Newark planters, with fervent religious zeal, prospered 



1.54 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

as did no others in the i)rovince. Rev. Mr. Pruden was 
well installed in his new home before the winter snows 
appeared and his wholesome influence was firmly impressed 
upon the community life. He was in his fifty-fourth year 
when unable to withstand the dissensions among his people, 
he tendered his resignation, which was reluctantly accepted. 
Thus a pastorate of seven years was closed. 

"Captain Curtis, Mr. Treat, Mr. Pierson, and Thomas 
Richards are chosen" at town meeting June 9, 1699, "by a 
full vote to return our thanks to Rev. Mr. Pruden for his 
hitherto services amongst us with a signification that we will 
speedily pay our Arrears due to him by our particular Sub- 
scriptions, and by a full Vote we declare our Desire of his 
Continuance among us and his Service at present in preaching 
the Word to us, till God shall favor us with some other 
Supply." 

Rev. Jabez Wakeman, who began preaching on trial 
November 16, 1699, was the fourth pastor. He had unusual 
strength of physique and intellect, which were markedly 
shown when he ascended the pulpit stairs on a bright May 
Sunday in 1700. Just twenty-one years of age, he vigor- 
ously applied himself to the parish work. An immediate 
increase in Meeting House attendance on Sabbath and lec- 
ture days followed. His fame as a preacher spread through 
the provinces. In 1701 his salary was increased from 60 
to 80 pounds per annum and ten acres of meadow and sixty 
acres of upland were also allowed him. One year later "it was 
voted that there shall be a gallery built at the North End 
of the Meeting House." The uncertainty of life was brought 
before the town in a realizing manner while the minister 
was electrifying all with his illuminating preaching of the 
Word. An epidemic of dysentery-, spreading over the 
province in the autumn of 1704, invaded the parsonage. The 
Rev. Mr. Wakeman, stricken with the disease, was tendered 
every care within human power to bestow. Rev. Mr. 
Pruden constantly waited on the sufferer. W' riting materials 
were brought to the bedside and the will carefully drawn. 



THE THIRD PASTORATE 135 

"Brought very low under the afflicting hand of God and 
not knowiaig how soon my change and dissolution might 
happen," wrote the elder clergyman at the yonng mans 
dictation, "I commit my soul immortal to God who gave rt, 
iMy Him and to be glorified by and with Hnn forever. 
My frail and corruptible body, made of the dust, I w.U to be 
decently buried in hope of glorious resurrection unto eternal 
Ufe through Jesus Christ my Redeemer and Saviour, who 
was deUvered for my offenses and raised again for my jnsU- 
fication, that I may, both soul and body s'o" ^ ^od fb - 
ever " Rev. Mr. Wakeman died on October 8, 1704, at the 
age of twenty-six years. Samuel, a son two years of age, 
Zs also taken on October 29, 1704 by the same disease 
Rev Mr. Pruden officiated at the funeral services. The 
remains of the minister were first -t-7d'n*e Burying 
Gromid and later transferred to the yard of the Fnst Pres- 
byterian church. Four days after the yo-g ™- - 
death at the town meeting on October 12, 1704, it is 
treed lU by vote that we will pay Mr. Wakcinan's Salary 
tethis iar as we paid the Last Year, or by ^e last Year s 
Rate " This was not the only provision made for the 
young widow. Nearly every home contributed to her com- 
fort while she remained in Newark. , ^ , , j 

Severe winter weather prevailed during the first decade 
of the Eighteenth Century, and because of the limited means 
L providing bodily warmth, the suffering among the chil- 
dren and the infirm was at times almost unbearable. Late in 
November, 1704, the thermometer registered at zero and 
lower, and there was no abatement of the temperature til the 

Zl came at the end of January ^ '■•'^'''^^"•^'To" ntns'e 
weather was on April 5, 1708, when the cold was so intense 
that water thrown upon the ground at noon turned into ice^ 
Contrary to this unusual atmospheric condition was the 
mild" of 1714, when, in February, wild flowers (and 
here we,, plenty of them) were picked m the woods and 
"rye was in the ear" on April 10. In the foUowmg year, 1715 
a multitude of locusts swooped upon the town. They made 




156 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

so much noise, declared those then living, that the bells on the 

cows could not be heard. 

Rev. Nathaniel Bowers was installed fifth pastor in the 

autumn of 1710, but he survived only six years. He died in 

August, 1716, in the forty-third year of his age and in the 

fiftieth year of the settlement. While 
he was pastor the second Meeting 
House was erected and the town in- 
corporated by Queen Anne (1713). 
The edifice was built of freestone, 
forty-four feet square and sur- 
mounted with a belfry. The bell was 
placed later. Thirty years passed 
before the interior, having a seating 
capacity of 1,000, was completed. 

The Second Meeting House ^tm • • , -!• n ,i ii • 

Ihis ancient edmce was the rallying 
point of patriots in the struggle for national freedom, serving 
also as a temple of justice in its final daj^s of usefulness. 

Rev. Jedidiah Buckingham appeared as a pastoral candi- 
date during a portion of 1716 and 1717. His strong Puritan 
preaching alienated many of the congregation, but Rev. Mr. 
Priiden remained his staunch friend. The differences mani- 
fested in the second pastorate were now sharply defuied. 
Presbyterianism was the form of church government desired 
by the people at the river, while nearly eveiy family in the 
mountain inclined toward Congregationalism. It is not 
improbable that Rev. Mr. Pruden preached there before the 
young man arrived in the settlement. One can pictm^e the 
scene on a quiet Sunday morning, the roadway but a bridle 
path, over which trod the elder and younger clerg^nnen to 
officiate at Sabbath Day services in the "Mountains." The 
elder was three score and ten and the younger just aiTived at 
manhood's estate, with his life's work waiting for his touch. 
The place of worship is unknown, but if it chanced to be 
a barn or in the open air the spirit of worship was as sincere 
as human heart could express. And so the First Church of 
Orange came into existence about 1718 as a separate parish 



THE THIRD PASTORATE 157 

the first offshoot from the parent organization. Rev. Mr. 
Buckingham was born at Saybrook, Conn., October 2, 1696, 
and was the third son of Thomas Buckingham, Jr. He 
graduated at Yale College in 1714, and was only twenty-two 
years of age when he settled at the Mountain. Five months 
after the birth of his son, which occurred October 14, 1719, 
the young minister died suddenly while visiting at Norwalk, 
Conn., where he was buried. Over his grave a memorial was 
placed, wdth this epitaph engraved thereon: 

Here lyeth 

the body of 

Mr. Jedidiah Buckingham, 

late preacher of the Gospel 

at the west part of Newark 

in East Jersey, who departed 

this life March 28, 1720 

aetatis (suae) 24. 

Rev. Mr. Pruden lived to the age of 80 years. His remains 
are buried in the First Presbyterian Church Yard. The 
Mountain Society flourished, drawing its membership from a 
radius of ten miles. The first Meeting House was erected on 
land purchased of Samuel Wheeler, in 1720, and was located 
in the centre of the highway now known as Main Street. The 
original foundations, unearthed in 1904, were laid about 200 
feet east of Cone Street. The Rev. Daniel Taylor was in- 
stalled as the successor of Rev. Mr. Buckingham, but there 
is no record of the ceremony. Mr. Taylor was prominent 
in public affairs, and served the people in writing wills, 
deeds of land, and other documents. The society later 
adopted the name of the Second Presbyterian Church of 
Newark and in 1811 was incorporated as the First Presby- 
terian Church of Orange. In 1869 the 150th anniversary of 
the parish was observed. Including the present pastor 
eleven ministers have occupied the office. 



CHAPTER XXX 

Mining Copper and a Sunday Harvest 

"PRESBYTERIAN form of church government was in- 
-*- stituted in the settlement by the river when the Rev. 
Joseph Webb was installed sixth pastor of the Meeting House 
on October 22, 1719. This year also marked the discovery of 
copper on the estate of Arent Schuyler, near the Passaic 
River and opposite Second River (now Belleville). Over 
1,386 tons of ore were sent to the Bristol Copper and Brass 
Works in England. As the Crown would not permit work- 
ing out of the ore in this country it was shipped across the seas 
as rapidly as mined and the product returned to the opera- 
tor, after a long wait. This led to the establishment of a 
number of forges without knowledge of the Crown officials, 
and various useful articles of iron and copper were manu- 
factured by the colonists. Copper was discovered later 
on the land of John Dod, in the section now included in East 
Orange. The opening was on the Second River, east of 
Brighton Avenue. A deed dated October 8, 1735, preserved 
in the Dodd family, "grants free liberty to work the mines on 
the property of John Dod for the sum of fifty pounds current 
Money of this Province." Gideon Van Winkle and Johannes 
Cowman received the grant for twenty-five years. Natur- 
ally these discoveries created no end of excitement and were 
the cause of an increasing population, metallurgists and 
others being attracted to the town. The mail between New 
York and Philadelphia was delivered once each week in the 
summer of 1729, and every fortnight in the winter by the post 
rider, who leisurely made the trip, stopping at taverns for 
refreshment and rest, and to gossip. This unsatisfactory ser- 
vice continued till 1754, when Benjamin Franklin, appointed 
Superintendent of the Mails, gave notice in October that until 

1.58 



MINING COrPER 



159 



Christmas the post would leavc^ the two cities three times a 
week, at 8 o'clock a.m. and arrive the next day at 5 o'clock, 
thirty-three hours being the most rapid transit between the 
two commercial centres. There were only six post offices in 
the State, in 1791, one being in Newark. 

The quiet of the town life was shocked by an occurrence in 
the late summer of 1733. 

Prospects were bright for reaping bountiful harvests and 
the husbandmen were happy over the expected rich yield. 
Rain clouds appeared during a certain 
week in September and fears were ex- 
pressed for the safety of the grain 
standing in stacks upon a number of 
farms. Among the town leaders, and 
a large land owner, was Colonel Josiah 
Ogden, son of David Ogden and 
Elizabeth Swaine Ogden. He pos- 
sessed a strong personality, was 
respected for his good qualities, 
and feared for his temper. He had 
represented Newark in the General 
Assembly and was "looked up to" as a man of influence. 

Flashes of lightning and the rumble of thunder foretold 
more rain on an eventful September Sabbath morning. The 
Colonel, scanning the sky, ordered out his hired men, horses, 
and oxen. The good folk of Newark who passed the estate on 
their way to the morning devotions spread the news through 
the town. 

Could it be possible? Did their eyes deceive them? Labor 
in the field was being pursued with all the vim of week-day 
activity ! The people stared in wonder at this violation of the 
moral law. As the rain drops fell the last load of grain was 
drawn into the barn and the Colonel, breathless but cheerful, 
was called upon to prepare for a worse storm gathering at the 
Meeting House. 

Few of the congregation heard the sermon preached by 
Rev. Mr. Webb that day. Divine worship gave way for the 




Copper Mine, in East Orange 



160 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

moment to consideration of the awful act. How would the 
town authorities proceed? This was the question upper- 
most in the minds of all as they sat at the frugal noon-day 
meal (it was a sin to serve warm food on Sunday). What 
would happen to town morals if the Colonel was not brought 
to book for this desecration of the Lord's Day.? was another 
question frequently asked by the town men. 

Dramatic must have been the scene at the Meeting House 
when the case was duly considered. The committee handling 
it decreed that Neighbor Ogden had fallen from grace and 
public censure administered by the town pastor was the pre- 
scribed form of punishment. 

Proud Colonel Ogden, when acquainted with the result of 
the conference, was humiliated. Rev. Mr. Webb refrained 
from participation in the discussion of the offender's sin, for 
he enjoyed intimate terms of friendship with him, and often 
broke bread at the mansion where Ogden 's hospitality was 
tested on innumerable occasions. Now he was to offer the 
rebuke which would sting and rankle within the breast of 
Newark's distinguished son. 

How this quiet man of God felt his inability to meet the 
situation! Eschewing strife, always the "gentleman," he 
suffered mental tortures as he pronounced publicly the words 
of reproach upon one of his supporters and counsellors. 

The Colonel declared he would never set his foot in the 
Meeting House again. He was the enemy of all who par- 
ticipated in his ignominious arraignment and he would spend 
treble the cost of the summer's crops in securing redress for 
his injured feelings. Oh, the bitterness of it all! High he 
held his head, higher than ever before, as he went among the 
townspeople, bowing stiffly to his supporters and ignoring his 
opponents. The controversy raged ; leading men of the Meet- 
ing House offered the olive branch, but he would have no 
communication with them. He was biding his time. An 
appeal was made to the Synod. The Presbyterian Church 
was not very strong at this period and the leaders appreciated 
that a blow had been struck at its very foundation. More to 



MINING COPPER 



161 



heal the wound than to consider ecclesiastical law, the de- 
cision of the Meeting House Society was reversed by the 
Synod. 

The trip to Philadelphia was by stage coach, but those 
active in the dispute counted not the sacrifice of time or 
money. The vindication was the beginning of a well-laid 
program. Ogden proceeded to organize a parish of the 
Anglican Church, and Rev. John Beach, a Connecticut 
Episcopalian, was invited to conduct services for the people 




Trinity Episcopal Church in Colonial Days 

pledging allegiance to the Church of England. Another 
furor was created and the tempest continued till human argu- 
ment spent its force. Strong sermons were preached by the 
visiting divine and apprehension was felt for the spiritual 
safety of the congregation assembling at the INIeeting House. 
Rev. Mr. Webb was unequal to the task of replying to the 
Episcopal darts, and the Rev. Dr. Jonathan Dickinson, of 
Elizabeth Town, was selected to controvert the power of 
logic advanced. This added fuel to the fire, and how it 
spluttered and blazed I 



162 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

Dr. Dickinson took for his text one Sabbath morning this 
sentence from the seventh verse of the seventh chapter of St. 
Mark: "Howbeit in vain do they worship me, teaching for 
doctrines the commandments of men." The sermon was the 
most widely discussed of any preached in Newark. Printed 
in pamphlet form it was sent broadcast through the colonies. 
The New England Weekly Journal published in Boston con- 
tained this advertisement: 

JUST PUBLISHED 

The Reasonableness of Nonconformity to the Church of England 
in Point of Worship. A Second Defence of a Sermon Preached 
at Newark, June 2, 1736. Intitled "The Vanity of Human In- 
stitutions in the Worship of God. Against the Exceptions of 
Mr. John Beach, in his Appeal to the Unprejudiced. Done in 
the form of a Dialogue wherein Mr. Beach's Arguments are all 
expressed in his own words. By Jonathan Dickinson, M. A. Sold 
by Kneeland & Green in Queen Street. 

Rev. Mr. W^ebb, figuratively, was tossed about in the 
maelstrom of public opinion. Unhappily he closed his 
pastorate. His resignation was accepted by the Synod in 
1736, and he departed with little sympathy from the people 
whom he served so faithfully. He met his death in 1741 by 
drowning at Saybrook in Connecticut. The Colonel had se- 
cured a reversal of town meeting judgment, indirectly caused 
the dismissal of the one administering the rebuke, and had the 
satisfaction of inaugurating a flourishing parish of another 
denomination— Trinity Episcopal Church. 

Ample means were furnished by an influential and grow- 
ing congregation for building the edifice, of freestone, on 
the north end of the Training Ground, now Military Park, 
in 1743. The identical tower stands to-day and is the 
oldest physical structure in Newark. It is 95 feet in height 
and 25 feet square. The main edifice was 63 by 45 feet in 
size and 27 feet in height. The charter, bearing the seal of 
George II, is dated February 10, 1746. 

There were then four churches in the original settlement. 



MINING COPPER 163 

The settlers at Second River (now Belleville) had established 
a Dutch Church, the one in Orange was prospering under the 
Congregational form of government, and the first Meeting 
House was strongly Presbyterian. Colonel Ogden continued 
in the enjoyment of his honor as founder of Trinity Church 
for twenty years, till 1763. He died in the esteem of nearly 
all the surviving townsmen who combated him on that 
memorable Sabbath morning, when the community was 
rudely disturbed by the defiance of his harvest spirit. 

This simple engraving was placed upon the tombstone 
over the burial place at the entrance of the church Colonel 
Ogden served so faithfully: 

Here Lyes Interred 

ye body of 

COL. JOSIAH OGDEN, 

Who died May 17th 1763 

In the 84th year of his age 



CHAPTER XXXI 

Settlers Rise Against Landlord Tyranny 

ESSEX COUNTY was in a tempest for about ten years 
in the middle of the Eighteenth Century over the long- 
disputed land titles between owners and Proprietors. New- 
ark was the scene of nearly all the encounters, and blood was 
shed upon more than one occasion. The animosities con- 
tinued till the dawn of American Independence. 

Though an act of the Assembly prohibited the purchase 
of land from the Indians and only through the Proprietors 
could titles be perfected, a town meeting on October 2, 
1699, discussed fearlessly, and without molestation, the 
acquisition of more territory direct from the natives. The 
influx of Scotch and other immigrants in the latter part of 
the Seventeenth Century was responsible for the occupation 
of nearly all the available farm area in the two tracts from 
the river to the mountain. 

The settlers were determined to act independently of the 
Proprietors. Their government was weakening, anyway, it 
was argued, and the time was not very remote when the 
Crown would control and the people he permitted to conduct 
their affairs in a more liberal manner. This was the result 
of the meeting: 

First — It was agreed by the generality of the Town that they 
would endeavor to make a Purchase of a Tract of Land lying 
Westward of our Bounds, to the South Branch of Passaic River; 
and such of the Town as do contribute to the purchasing of the 
s'd Land shall have their Proportion according to their Contri- 
bution. 

2ndly — that Mr. Pierson and Ensign Johnson are chosen to 
go and treat with the Proprietors about the same, to obtain a 
Grant. 

164 



AGAINST LANDLORD TYRANNY 



165 



Negotiations were accordingly made with the "heathen 
Indians," for the land described as being "westward or north- 
west of Newark, within the compass of the Passaic River, 
and so southwest unto the Minnisink Path viz. : all lands as 
yet unpurchased of the heathen." The deed was executed 
in March, 1701; by Loantique, Taphow, Manshum and other 
Indians, in accordance with a request of a town meeting held 
September 3, 1701, when articles of agreement were adopted 
by 100 principal men of the town, and one woman. 

These were subsequently known as the "Articles of 
the First Committee." A new committee was selected to 




Arunt SchuyltT Mansion overlooking Passaic River (about 1735) 



look after the town's interests. John Treat, Joseph Crane, 
Joseph Harrison, George Harrison, Eliphalet Johnson, John 
Morris and John Cooper were appointed, with full authority, 
to "treat, bargain and agree with such Indians as they find 
to be the right owners thereof by their diligent inquiry, the 
major part of the committee to have full power to act." 
The sum of 130 pounds, York currency, was paid for the 
land, which, with a later purchase, extended from Swinefield 



166 N.4RRATIVES OF NEWARK 

Bridge on the south to a point near Little Falls on the north, 
the Passaic River and the mountain being the western and 
eastern boundaries, respectively. The Proprietors, in April, 
1702, vacated the government, but not their rights, to Queen 
Anne. 

By an act of the Assembly in November, 1703, after 
Lord Cornbury became Governor, all Indian purchases not 
made by the Proprietors before that time were declared 
null and void, unless grants for them were obtained within 
six months. All who thereafter made purchases of the 
Indians, except Proprietors, were to forfeit forty shillings 
for every acre so purchased. The settlers were not deterred 
by this mandatory act. They went about their every-day 
affairs unconcernedly, attending with regularity the Meeting 
House on the Sabbath, and each season reaping bountiful 
crops from their Indian purchases till 1744. The Proprie- 
tors were now making life very uncomfortable for them by 
demanding payment on the broad acres under cultivation 
from the mountain westward to the Passaic River. The 
deed, destroyed in a fire which burned Jonathan Pierson's 
house in Newark on March 7, 1744, hastened the settlers to 
defend their titles. One of the prominent persons inter- 
ceding for them was Rev. Daniel Taylor, pastor of the 
Mountain Meeting House, who with Samuel Harrison of 
the district secured a new deed from the Indians, signed 
March 14, 1744, by King Quiehtoe, King Tischenokam, 
Shaptoe and Vaupus, descendants of the Sagamores. Wit- 
nesses to the instrument were Isaac Van Gieson, Francis 
Cook, Rev. Mr. Taylor, and Michael W. Vreelandt. The 
Proprietors would not recognize the titles, nor had they the 
old ones. Now, however, there was a stronger pretext for 
taking these homestead tracts, occupied over two score years 
by a God-fearing people. Samuel Baldwin was arrested 
on his land by the King's officers while sorting saw logs on 
September 19, 1745, and brought to the Newark jail on 
Broad Street, near Market Street. The party was accompa- 
nied by a crowd of angry neighbors. Shouts of derision were 



AGAINST LANDLORD TYRANNY 167 

continually heard as the procession passed along the Indian 
trail. An official account is herewith given of the acts com- 
mitted upon that eventful day : 

Men Armed with Clubs, Axes, & Crow Bars, came in a 
riotous & tumultuous Manner, to Gaol of the County of Essex, 
& having broke it open took from thence One Samuel Baldwin, 
committed on an Action of Trespass, wherein he had refused to 
give Bail or enter an Appearance. 

These riotous People boasted of the great Numbers they could 
bring together on any Occasion & gave out many threatening 
expressions agt. the Persons that shq'd endeavour to punish 
them for this, their Crime, saying if any of them were taken 
they would come to his Relief with twice the Number they had 
& bring with them 100 Indians. 

Well did the Proprietors time their action. It was the season 
when the settlers were drawing wood up the lanes to their 
back doors, harvesting crops, and in other ways preparing for 
the long winter of cold and snow. The Proprietors thought 
the opposition would not be very determined, but they 
failed to reckon with that lofty spirit, born of the Puritan 
regime, and constantly abiding in the community life. They 
failed also to perceive that the dislike of English aristocracy 
and its domineering acts, though long endured, was now chaf- 
ing under a restraint, attempted in a most arbitary manner. 

Depositions were taken in the autumn by Joseph Bonnel, 
wherein the settlers, asserting their claims, denied the right 
of the Proprietors to compel them to repurchase land law- 
fully secured from the Indians. 

Governor Lewis Morris "was so justly apprehensive," 
reads an account of the period, "of the dangerous Conse- 
quences, of so open and notorious a Contempt of His Maj- 
esty's authority, & the Laws of the Land, that he thought 
the aid of the Legislature necessary to prevent them & 
therefore recommended, in the strongest Terms, to the 
Assembly, the granting of such Aid." The Governor, on 
October 18, "issued his Warrant directed to the Sheriff of 




168 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

the Co. of Essex, commanding liim to make Diligent Search 
for & to apprehend the sd. Rioters & thereby farther com- 
mand.g all Officers & others of his Majesty's Liege Sub- 
jects, to be aiding & assisting to the sd- Sheriff in the Execu- 
tion of the sd. Warrant." 

The following well-known citizens were taken into cus- 
tody at that time: Nehemiah Baldwin, Joseph Pierson, 
Daniel Williams, Nathaniel Williams, 
Eliezer Lamson, Gamaliel Crane, John 
Tompkins, Abraham Riker, W^illiam 
Williamson, Ebenezer Farrand, Stephen 
Young, Thomas Sergeant, Thomas 
Gardner, Job Crane, Robert Young, 
Jonathan Squire, Robert WWd, John 
Vincent, Johannes Van Wlnckle, 
-r u . rM^ r, Hcudrick Jacobus, Thomas Williams, 

Tombstone in Old Burying ' 

Ground Joscpli Lawreucc, Levi Vincent, Jr., 

Samuel Crowell, William Crane, Samuel Stevens, and 
Elihu Ward. 

Fear of arrest and imprisonment, even for a long period, 
did not alarm the rioters. They had Rev. Mr. Taylor as 
their chief counselor. 

He even encouraged the people to form an association and 
purchase more land of the Indians. This was done in 1745, 
the holdings obtained, as the Proprietors sneeringly asserted, 
"for the valuable consideration of five shillings and some 
bottles of rum . . . from Indians who claimed no right, 
and told them that they had none; but no matter for that — 
it was enough that they were Indians and they had their 
deed." 

Rev. Mr. Taylor in reply wrote his famous pamphlet of 
forty-eight pages, entitled "A Brief Vindication of the Pur- 
chasers Against the Proprietors in a Christian Manner." 
Robert Young, Thomas Sergeant, and Nehemiah Baldwin 
were arrested for rioting on January 15, 1745. As the 
sheriff and citizens called to his assistance were taking the 
prisoners before the Court for trial another outbreak oc- 




Rev. Jonathan Dickinson of Elizabeth Town 



AGAINST LANDLORD TYRANNY 169 

curred. This is told in the New Y^ork Weekly Post Boy of 
January 20: 

We have just now received the following Account of a very- 
Extraordinary Riot at Newark on Thursday last, viz.: The Day 
before one Nehemiah Baldwin, with two others, were apprehended 
there by Order of the Governor and Council for being concerned 
in a former Riot and committed to Gaol. 

In the Morning one of them offered to give Bail, and the Sheriff 
for that Purpose took him out in order to carry him to the Judge, 
but on their way thither a great Number of Persons appeared 
armed with Cudgels, coming down from the back Settlements, who 
immediately rescued the Prisoner in a very violent Manner, 
contrary to his own Desire. 

Upon this the Sheriff retreated to the gaol, where he raised 30 
Men of the Militia, with their Officers, in order to guard it; but 
by two o'clock in the Afternoon the Mob being increased to about 
300 strong, marched with the utmost Intrepidity to the Prison, 
declaring that if they were fired on, they would kill every Man; 
and after breaking through the Guard, wounded and being wounded, 
they got to the Gaol, which they broke open, setting at Liberty 
all the prisoners they could find, as well as Debtors and others. 

Then they marched off in Triumph, using many Threatening 
expressions against all those who had assisted the Authority. 
Several of the guard, as well as that of the Mob, were much 
wounded and bruised, and 'tis thought one of the latter is past 
Recovery. What may be the Consequence of this Affair is not 
easy to guess. 

The people returned to their homes in an orderly manner, 
those living in the back country going by way of what is 
now Market Street, and the highway through the Oranges 
to the point near the Meeting House, where John Cunditt, 
a rioter, conducted the public house or tavern. His license 
was granted six years previously. Good cheer was dis- 
pensed and huzzas were given time and again for the people 
and their rights 

While the Governor and his council were considering the 
granting of a general pardon for the rioters. West Jersey's 



170 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

aggrieved settlers also arose in their might. The Proprie- 
tors seized upon the 100,000 acre grant in Hunterdon 
County, and encouraged by Newark's resistance they, too, 
stoutly contested the dispossession. The sheriff informed 
the court that he had seen ten or a dozen men riding con- 
tinuously from and to Newark, Elizabeth Town, and other 
places, and it was their purpose, he believed, to unite all in 
opposition to the Proprietors. John Hamilton, who suc- 
ceeded Governor Morris, upon the latter's death, attempted 
to quiet the insurrectionists by admonishing them of the 
dangerous consequences liable to follow their treasonable 
actions. Rioters held sway in Bergen County on August 5, 

1746. This was followed by another Essex County out- 
break one month later. 

John Burnet, who held land in the disputed western Essex 
section, was raided very unceremoniously on a late summer 
day and ousted from his possession because he was too 
friendly with the Proprietors. "A Multitude of People," 
reads an account of the affair, "said to be of those called the 
Newark Rioters, had, in a forcible Manner, turned out of 
Possession sev.l People that were settled on a Tract of Land 
in Essex County, called John Burnet's 2000d acre tract, & 
put other People in Poss'ion of the Places they were settled 
on, & that Sundry of the People guilty of those riots were 
indicted by the Grand Jury of the County of Essex at the 
Court which began there 4th Day Sept., 1746." Scarcely a 
county in the colony was unaffected by the disturbance. 
Dissatisfaction was everywhere expressed. 

Stay of proceedings against the persons engaged in rioting, 
tumults and other disorders were recommended by the 
Legislature and authorized by the Governor, on February 18, 

1747. Those guilty of the above acts were to receive pardon 
If they agreed to abide by provincial laws, an opportunity 
for so acting being given from INIarch 25 to October 1, 1748. 

The contestants were without a leader since the death of 
Rev. Mr. Taylor on January 8, 1747, a month before the 
Governor issued his order. Conferences were frequently held 



AGAINST LANDLORD TYRANNY 171 

at Cunditt's Tavern in the mountain district and in other 
sections of the county. Gradually the opposition to the Pro- 
prietors was strengthened. The executive committee of 
nine, representing the land o^vners, sent broadcast a pamphlet 
in August, 1747, giving their side of the case, now attracting 
attention in every colony in America. Widow Catherine 
Zenger was the printer, her office being on Stone Street in 
New York City. The writmg was believed to have been 
produced by Rev. Mr. Taylor, and was probably one of his 
last efforts in behalf of his people. 

Individuals seeking pardon were ordered to enroll their 
names for examination on September 29, 1748, two days be- 
fore the expiration of the time limit. Rioters numbering 
200 or more, therefore, appeared before Commissioners Uzal 
Ogden and Matthias Hetfield, appointed by the Governor to 
administer the oath of allegiance. Only fourteen, however, 
promised to renounce the cause for which they had been fight- 
ing. The others would not desist till their rights were re- 
stored. 

Sheriff Chetwood imprisoned Amos Roberts in the Newark 
jail as the leader of the up-county rioters on Monday, 
November 28, charging him with high treason. Dis- 
contented land o\vners came down the mountain passes in 
large numbers during the late afternoon, determined to 
liberate the prisoners. John Styles, deputy sheriff, believed 
to be in possession of the key to the jail, heard a commotion 
out of doors at "early candle light," and upon opening the 
door to investigate the cause, was hurled unceremoniously 
into the roadway by the mob. 

Mrs. Styles was locked in her kitchen, so that she could not 
give the alarm. According to a witness of the affair, Bethuel 
Pierson, afterward a deacon in the Meeting House at the 
I^Iountain, and a member of the Committee on Observation 
in 1774, cut the nails off the hinges of the oaken door leading 
to the jail. Styles, in his testimony, stated that "after they 
had broke the Gaol & Rescued the said Roberts They went 
off Huzzawing but not for King George, as they had done at 



172 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

former Breakings of the Gaol," and that he did not hear the 
King's name mentioned once by them in their "huzzawing." 

The disputes were finally transferred to the courts, where 
they made the longest case of record, and are known as "The 
Long Bill in Chancery." 

One of the last of the riotous acts was committed early in 
November, 1749, when Abraham Phillips, at Horse Neck 
(now Caldwell) was removed from his home and the torch 
applied to part of his property. Nearly all the rioters pleaded 
guilty at the June term of the court in 1755, and compelled to 
furnish bail of 100 pounds for their good behavior during the 
succeeding three years. Ten years of persistent effort were 
for naught. The settlers lost their homes and the suffering 
from the resultant poverty was acute. The Proprietors were 
the victors, but if they derived any real satisfaction in taking 
away the homes and sending adrift the men, women, and 
children the recorder of the period failed to testify. 



CHAPTER XXXII 



College of New Jersey in Newark 

DURING the pastorate of Rev. Aaron Burr the Meeting 
House Society, metamorphosed into a Presbyterian or- 
ganization, was separated forever from civil control. Indeed 
for thirty years or more this religious form was in vogue, till 
June 7, 1753, when Governor Belcher granted the new char- 
ter. No more would the minister's salary, firewood and other 
necessaries of life be solemnly voted upon at annual meeting 
of all the people. That act was now associated with the his- 
torical past. 

Serving one year as a candidate at his own request. Rev. 
Mr. Burr was on January 25, 1737, duly installed into office 
by the Presbytery of East Jersey. Just arrived at the age of 
twenty-one, slight of stature, studiously inclined, he pos- 
sessed scholarly attainments far in advance of his years. 
Large congregations were attracted by the brilliancy of his 
preaching and his interpretation of the Scriptures was con- 
sidered marvelous. He held spellbound for an hour or more 
those assembled at the Meeting House each 
Sabbath. 

In his intense desire to be of service to 
his people in the matter of mental equip- 
ment, he opened a school for the higher 
education of young men. A fluent Latin 
scholar, he wrote a grammar in that lan- 
guage, which became a popular text-book. 
Simultaneously a wave of material pros- 
perity swept over the community, its spirit 
was uplifted, and the young pastor, the 
moving force of it all, entered heartily into every plan for 
public improvement; but his chief desire, next to preaching 

173 




The Burr Parsonage on 
a site in William Street, 
near Broad Street 



174 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

the Gospel, was gratified when he associated himself with 
Rev. Jonathan Dickinson, Rev. John Pierson (son of the 
second Rev. Abraham Pierson), Rev. Ebenezer Pcmberton, 
and a number of laymen, in organizing the College of New 
Jersey, now Princeton University. 

The first charter was granted on October 22, 1746, by John 
Hamilton, president of His Majesty's Council of New 
Jersey, and acting Governor, following the decease of Gover- 
nor Morris. Rev. Mr. Dickinson was chosen President in 
the last week of May, 1747, at Elizabeth Town, and Rev. 
Caleb Smith, who studied divinity with him, and ordained a 
Presbyterian clergyman in the preceding April, became the 
tutor or usher. The young man was, on November 30, 1748, 
installed pastor of the Meeting House Society at Newark 
Mountains (now Orange). Miss Martha Dickinson, daugh- 
ter of his preceptor, and a bride of a few months, presided 
with grace and dignity over the parsonage. 

The tutor acted as President of the college after Rev. Mr. 
Dickinson's death, which occurred on October 7, 1747. Later 
the institution was moved to Newark. The eight young men 
composing the student body were accommodated in homes 
near the Meeting House. 

Commencement exercises, announced for November 9, 
1748, attracted visitors (divines and others) to to^\^l, and the 
day was memorable, marking as it did the graduation of the 
first class of the now famed university. 

The Board of Trustees reorganized in the morning after 
Governor Belcher, patron of learning, presented a new 
charter with liberal powers for conducting the college. The 
record states that when the members were duly sworn into 
office, "the Rev. Mr. Burr was unanimously chosen Presi- 
dent of the college and the vote of the Trustees being made 
known to him, he was pleased modestly to accept the same 
and took the oath of office required by the charter." 

The sexton, alert and appreciative of the solemn duty de- 
volving upon him of ringing the Meeting House bell punctu- 
ally at the hour announced, was for the moment an object of 



COLLEGE OF NEW ,TERSEY 175 

much concern. Onlj^ a limited number of families counted 
timepieces among their worldly collections and the sun dial 
noted the fleeting hours in the majority of homes. 

Promptly did the people respond to the summons to the 
sanctuary. Men wore lace at throat and wrists, knee 
trousers, silk stockings (some were woolen), gold or silver 
shoe buckles, coat cut to reveal the variegated waistcoat, and 
the cocked hat. A few had rapiers at their side and all ap- 
peared with powdered hair which was "clubbed" in a queue 
at the back. The women, as a rule, dressed quieter, their 
gowns being of rustling silk, cambric, or coarser material. 
Dress of the masculine sex was at the height of its extreme 
effeminancy in the period preceding the Revolutionary War. 

The sexton, standing in the centre of the main aisle, and 
holding the bell-rope in his hands, gave it a final tug. He 
then silently departed, taking his position near the entrance. 

As the college officials mounted the rostrum the audience 
respectfully arose and a long prayer was offered by President 
Burr. Announcements were made and the morning exercises 
concluded with the reading of the charter. 

In the afternoon the commencement exercises were held. 
The record states that "the President delivered a handsome 
and elegant oration. His Excellency, the Governor, was 
pleased to accept of a degree of Master of Arts, the young 
men responded with the customary scholastic disputations 
and all received the degree of Bachelor of Arts." The salu- 
tatory oration was given by Mr. Thane. 

Richard Stockton, a jurist of note in a few years and the 
only member of the class taking up the legal profession, was 
a New Jersey Signer of the Declaration of Independence and 
a martyr to that patriotic duty. The other members, Enos 
Ayres, Benjamin Chestnut, Hugo Henry, Israel Reed, and 
Daniel Thane became clergymen. 

While on a visit at Stockbridge, Mass., Rev. Mr. Burr met 
Miss Esther Edwards, daughter of the Rev. Jonathan Ed- 
wards, and, after a courtship of three days, their engagement 
was announced. In a month Miss Edwards, who was nineteen 



176 X.\RIL\TR'ES OF NEWARK 

years of age, and her mother were on their way to Newark, 
where they arrived on June "il. 175-2. Two days hiter. on 
Monday. June '28, the marriage ceremony was performed, 
and the home was estabhshed at the parsonage near the 
jx)int where TS'iUiam Street enters Broad. 

"She exceeded most of her sex," writers of the period 
testify, '' in the beauty of her f>erson as well as behaviour and 
conversation. . . . Her genius was more than common. 
. She p>ossessed an uncommon degree of wit and 
vivacity, which yet was consistent with pleasantness and 
:jood nature. ... In short, she seemed to please one of 
Dr. Burr's tastes and character, in whom she was exceedingly 
happy. Her religion did not cast a gloom over her mind and 
made her cheerful and happy, and rendered the thought of 
death transporting." 

Rev. IMr. Burr resigned his pastoral office in 1755, after a 
notable ser\'ice of nearly twenty years. His undi^'ided at- 
tention was then given to college work. In 1756 Princeton 
was selected as a f)ermanent home for the institution. There 
"Old Nassau" has since remained, and associated with it are 
hallowed memories of a host — faculty and student body — 
which has contributed bountifully to the world's advance- 
ment. 

Upon his return to Elizabeth Town from a \'isit to the 
Edwards home at Stockbridge, in August, 1757, President 
Burr was nearly prostrated by an indisf)osition. Notwith- 
standing his impaired physical condition, he rode across the 
countrA', six miles or more, to Orange, where he hastened to 
mourn and to console with the Rev. Caleb Smith just be- 
rea^'ed of his wife. ^Ir. Burr preached the funeral sermon 
and then continued his journey to Philadelphia. 

In September he was afflicted with a nervous fever, and on 
the ■24th succumbed at the age of forty-one years. Mrs. 
Burr died on April 7, 1758. Two children, one named for 
the illustrious father, were bom to them. 

An admiring eulogist thus declaims Rev. Mr. Burr's vir- 
tues: "His piety eclipsed all his other accomplishments. 




Rev. Aaron Biur. President of the Collese of New Jersev 



COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY 



177 



He was steady in his faith, unfluctuating in principle, ardent 
in devotion, deaf to temptation, open to the motives of grace, 
without pride, without ostentation, full of God, evacuated 
of self, having his conversation in heaven, seeing through 
the veil of mortality the high destiny of man, breathing a 
spiritual life, and offering by a perpetual holocaust adoration 
and praise." 




Part of Pewter Communion Service used in Mountain Meeting House i,novv Orange) in 1770 

The New York Mercury of Monday, October IQ, 1757, 
contained this notice of President Burr's death: 



Nassau Hall, New Jersey, September 29th, 1757. On Monday 
last was interred Rev. Mr. Aaron Burr, President of the college. 
He died on the 24th inst., in the 41st year of his age. His funeral 
was attended by several ministers, all the students, and a large 
number of neighboring inhabitants. Universal was the grief 
on the melancholy occasion; and the loss of so valuable a man 
diffuses a general sorrow among all ranks of people. He was born 
at Fairfield, in Connecticut, and descended from one of the most 
considerable families in New England. His education he had at 
Yale College in New Haven and was reputed one of the best 



178 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

scholars in his chiss. He offered himself to an examination as a 
candidate for the Dean's bounty, and was adjudged worthy to 
enjoy that benefaction. 

Then follows an account of his settlement in Newark and 
his presidency' of the College of New Jersey: 

By his pupils he was beloved as a friend, and like a father 
revered and honored. In promoting the prosperity of the seminary, 
over which he presided, he was discouraged by no disappointment, 
but of unwearied assiduity and inflexible resolution. By his pious 
instruction and examj)le, his affectionate addresses and gentle dis- 
cipline he initiated the students as mcII into the school of Jesus as 
into the literature of Greece and Rome, and ennured even youth in 
full luxury of blood to fly the infectious world, and tread the paths 
of virtue. . . . 

In him the Churches have lost a distinguished divine, the Col- 
lege a learned and faithful head, the j)oor a liberal, beneficent 
friend, his lady the best of husbands and the commonwealth an 
incorruptible patriot. 



CHAPTER XXXIII 

Approaching the Revolutionary War 

AN AGITATION over the iniquitous stamp act was 
stirring the colonists to the point of rebelHon in 1765. 
The Enghsh government, desiring to increase its revenue, 
laid a heaven burden upon the subjects living on American 
soil, in the form of a tax upon articles used in the daily 
life. An aroused public spirit over this scheme created 
the first organized movement against the Crown. An 
assembly of colonists convened in New York on October 
7, 1765, and ordered a protest against the imposition of the 
tax sent broadcast through the land and to England. 

Stamps were sent by the English authorities to the various 
provincial headquarters and were placed on sale on Novem- 
ber 1. The people protested strongly. Church bells were 
tolled, emblems of mourning were displayed, and the men 
gathered in public places where the oppressive measure Was 
discussed. Few of the stamps were purchased. The act 
was repealed. 

Afterward another tax was placed upon tea. Windov/ 
glass and other commodities were also listed for taxation by 
the English authorities. 

The town centennial year was marked by the reception 
of a stalwart patriot-preacher among the leaders in thought 
and action, when Rev. Jedidiah Chapman was installed 
minister of the Mountain Society on July 22, 1766. 

Commodious houses of sandstone and frame construction 
and a few stores and other buildings were evidences of the 
progressive spirit. The churches were sustaining the wor- 
ship of God with piety and regularity. Free Masonry re- 
cently secured a foothold in the organization of St. John's 
Lodge, No. 1, F. and A. M., of New Jersey. Instituted on 

179 



180 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

May 13, 17G1, at the Rising Sun Tavern, it was the first 
grouping of men oulsidc the church and town meeting, 

Customs of the peojjle were of the same general character 
as in the early days. The preparation of meals was at the 
open fireplace and the household supply of sundry batches 
of biscuits, bread, loaf cake, and pies (huge ones, two feet 
in diameter) w'ere baked in the Dutch oven, built of brick, 
at the side of the fireplace. First the wood was allowed 
to burn for several hours, then the ashes were carefully 
withdrawn and the articles prepared by the housewife placed 
in the evenl}' heated compartment. 

Garden plots furnished a variety of vegetables, among 
them being early Charlton peas, white and yellow sugar 
beans, black and lemon carrots, parsnip, Holland spinach, 
pepper and scurvy grass, cabbage turnip, head and cut salad, 
drum and savoy cabbage, cucumbers, parsley, scarlet beets, 
asparagus, mustard, short and long top scarlet radishes. 
Fruits were plenty and included strawberry, raspberry, 
seaming caps, white and red gooseberry, white, red, and 
black currant bushes, and ])lum and quince trees. The 
snowball was a favorite bloom of the housewife. 

Fennel seed was passed around the pew at Meeting House 
services and foot warmers w^ere brought by the worshippers, 
as they had been within the recollection of the "oldest in- 
habitant." The Puritan custom of retiring soon after sun- 
set and arising at sunrise was observed. 

Rev. John Brainerd, the noted and elocjuent divine, had 
given four of the best years of his life at the Meeting House, 
preaching the gospel with fervency and zeal, and Rev. Dr. 
Alexander ]\Iacwhorter installed as minister of the church 
July 4, 17o0, was displaying his energies in the pastoral, 
civic, and patriotic welfare of the people with marked ability 
and success. 

Daniel Cundict, a man of force, liberty-loving and strongly 
attached to his home, lived on the west slope of the First 
^Mountain, about a mile distant from Eagle Rock. Jemima, 
one of several children, in 177'2, began her diarv, which is 



APPROACHING THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 181 

preserved in an Essex County family. On the first page this 
item appears under date of August 24: 

This day I am eighteen years of age. The Lord has been so 
merciful as to spare me so long when I have been sinning against 
Him dayly sins without number. 




Second Mountain Meeting House (now Orange) built in 1751 in centre of Main highway, near 

Day Street 

The age was strongly flavored with Puritanism, when it 
was highly improper for one of her years to engage in pas- 
times savoring of mirth. 

The "Boston Port Bill," passed by the British Parliament, 
March 29, 1774, was in retaliation of the citizens' act on 
December 16, 1773, when a cargo of tea was thrown into 
the harbor, as a rebuke for the exorbitant tax placed upon 
it. 

The mandate of Parliament regarding the Port of Boston 
became effective on June 1, 1774, its purpose being to pre- 
vent the loading and unloading of vessels by allowing them 
to remain there only a few hours. Action could no longer 
be delayed. Freedom's voice was calling upon the Sons of 
Liberty to rally around the standard of equal rights of a 
people entitled to live freely and independently of a tyranni- 



182 



NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 



cal King not in .sympathy with the people he was endeavor- 
ing to subject to his will. 

Essex county's mass meeting, which crowded the Newark 
Meeting House to the doors on Saturday afternoon, June 
11, 1774, was one of the first public expressions of disapproval 
of the royal authorities' embargo on shipping in New" Eng- 
land's principal harbor. 

Every road leading to the county seat on that historic 
June day was trod by patriots on their v/ay to the People's 
Assembly. John DeHart and Isaac Ogden signed the call 
and the response was spontaneous and enthusiastic. The 
Declaration of Rights, there adopted, and sent through the 
colonies and to the Royal Throne in England, was emphatic 
and not evasive. The third in the series of articles adopted 
reads : 

That it is our unanimous opinion that it would conduce to 
the restoration of the liberties of America should the colonies 
enter into a joint agreement not to purchase or use any articles 




Tlio Jones Homestead (about 1770) main liiRhway near Maple Avenue and Main Street, East 

(Grange 



APrilOACHING THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 183 

of British manufacture, and especially any articles imported 
from the East Indies, under such restrictions as may be agreed 
upon by a general Congress of the said colonies hereafter to be 
appointed. 

Nine delegates were elected to the Provincial Convention 
which convened on Thursday, July 21, following at New 
Brunswick. They were Stephen Crane, Henry Garrltse, 
Joseph Riggs, William Livingston, William P. Smith, John 
DeHart, John Chetwood, Isaac Ogden, and Elias Boudinot. 
Stephen Crane, of Essex County, was chairman of the con- 
vention, which adopted the following strong resolutions : 

1st. We think it necessary to declare, that the inhabitants 
of this Province (and we are confident the people of America in 
general) are and ever have been firm and unshaken in their loy- 
alty to His Majesty King George the Third; fast friends to the 
Revolution settlement; and that they detest all thoughts of an 
independence of the Crown of Great Britain; Accordingly, we do, 
in the most sincere and solemn manner, recognize and acknowl- 
edge His Majesty King George the Third to be our lawful and 
rightful Sovereign, to whom under his royal protection in our 
fundamental rights and privileges, we owe and will render all due 
faith and allegiance. 

2d. We think ourselves warranted from the principles of our 
excellent Constitution, to affirm that the claim of the British 
Parliament (in which we neither are, nor can be represented) to 
make laws which shall be binding on the King's American sub- 
jects, "in all cases whatsoever" and particularly for imposing taxes 
for the purpose of raising a revenue in America is unconstitutional 
and oppressive and which we think ourselves bound in duty to 
ourselves and our posterity by all constitutional means in our power 
to oppose. 

3d. W^e think the several late Acts of Parliament for shutting 
up the Port of Boston, invading the Charter rights of the Province 
of the Massachusetts Bay, and subjecting supposed offenders 
to be sent for trial to other Colonies, or to Great Britain; the 
sending over an armed force to carry the same into effect, and 
thereby reducing many thousands of innocent and loyal inhabit- 
ants to poverty and distress; are not only su]jvcrsi\'e of the un- 



184 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

doubted rights of His Majesty's American subjects, but also re- 
pugnant to the common principles of humanity and justice. 
These proceedings, so violent in themselves, and so truly alarm- 
ing to the other Colonies (many of which are equally exposed to 
Ministerial vengeance) render it indispensable of all, heartily 
to unite in the most proper measures to procure measures for their 
oppressed countrymen, now suffering in the common cause; and 
for the reestablishment of the constitutional rights of America on 
a solid and permanent foundation. 

4th. To effect this important purpose we conceive the most 
eligible method is to appoint a General Congress of Commissioners 
of the respective Colonies, who shall be empowered mutually to 
pledge, each to the rest, the publick honour and faith of their con- 
stituent Colonies, firmly and inviolably to adhere to the deter- 
mination of the said Congress. 

5th. Resolved, That we do earnestly recommend a non-importa- 
tion and a non-consumption agreement to be entered into at such 
time, and regulated in such manner, as the Congress shall appear, 
most advisable. 

6th. Resolved, That it appears to us to be a duty incumbent on 
the good people of this Province, to afford some immediate relief 
to the many suffering inhabitants of the town of Boston. 

Therefore, the several County Committees do now engage to 
set on foot, and promote collections, without delay, either by 
subscriptions or otherwise, throughout their respective counties; 
and that they will remit the moneys arising from the said subscrip- 
tions or any other benefactions that may be voluntarily made 
by the inhabitants, either to Boston, or into the hands of James 
Neilson, John Dennis, William Ouke, Abraham Hunt, Samuel 
Tucker, Dr. Isaac Smith, Grant Gibbon, Thomas Sinnicks, and 
John Carey, whom we do hereby appoint a Committee for for- 
warding the same to Boston, in such way and manner as they shall 
be advised will best answer the benevolent purpose designed. 

7th. Resolved, That the grateful acknowledgments of this 
body are due to the worthy and noble patrons of constitutional 
liberty, in the British Senate, for their laudable effort to avert 
the storm they behold impending over a much injured colony, and 
in support of the just rights of the King's sul)jects in America. 

8th. Resolved, That James Kinsey, William Livingston, John 
DeHart, Stephen Crane and Richard Smith, Esquires, or such of 



APPROACHING THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 185 

them as shall attend, to be the Delegates to represent this Province 
in the General Continental Congress, to be held at the City of 
Philadelphia, on or about the first of September next, to meet, 
consult and advise with the Deputies from the other Colonies; 
and to determine upon all such prudent and lawful measures as 
may be judged most expedient for the Colonies immediately and 
unitedly to adopt, in order to obtain relief for an oppressed people 
and the redress of our general grievances. 

(Signed) Jonathan D. Sergeant, Clerk. 

William Livingston, James Kinsey, John DeHart, Stephen 
Crane and Richard Smith were chosen delegates to the Con- 
gress which met at Philadelphia on September 5, 1774. 

Thus wrote Jemima Cundict in her diary: "Saterday, 
October first, 1774. It Seams we have troublesome times a 
coming, for there is great Disturbance abroad in the earth 
& they say it is tea that caused it. So then if they will 
Quarrel about such a trifling thing as tea what must we ex- 
pect But War: & think of at Least fear it will be so." 

The crisis was reached in Newark and surrounding Essex 
County towns on December 7, 1774, another historic day in 
local annals. Homes were disrupted; intercourse, socially 
and commercially, in many instances, severed, and ties of re- 
lationship and bonds of friendship were destroyed forever. 
An unbroken front was presented by the several hundred 
citizens assembled upon that occasion. 

Twenty-three persons were named as the Committee on 
Observation. These men shirked not the duty resting upon 
them. Each was henceforth marked by the enemies of the 
country. Inscribed upon this roll are the names of Joseph 
Allen, Garrabrant Garrabrant, Caleb Camp, Bethuel Pierson, 
John Range, Solomon Davis, Dr. Matthias Pierson, Samuel 
Pennington, Joseph Hedden, Jr., Daniel Cundict, John Peck, 
John Earle, John Spear, Moses Farrand, David Cundict, 
Joseph Lyon, Thomas Cadmus, Jr., Abraham Lyon, James 
Wheeler, Ichabod Harrison, Jonathan Sayer, Robert John- 
son, and Robert Neill, Jr. Some were descendants of the 
Signers of the Fundamental Agreement, and all were trusted 



180 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

men. It was Llicir duly, each in liis o^^'n neighljorhood, to 
ascertain positively the attitude of all male members of adidt 
years, who were reqiured to declare either for or against the 
Continental Congress and the People. 

Dr. Macwhorter at once signified his intention of associat- 
ing with the patriots; Rev. Mr. Chapman, of the Mountain 
Society; Rev. James Caldwell, of Elizabeth Town; Rev. 
Jacob Green, of Hanover, and Rev. Jacob Van Arsdale, of 
Springfield, all did likewise, and from that time till the close 
of the war their lives were in constant danger from assault 
by those in sympathy with the Crown. Rev. Mr. Caldwell, 
however, was assassinated at Elizabeth Town on November 
24, 1781, by a British soldier. 

Jemima attended service at Hanover one Sunday after the 
appointment of the committee. Her heart was heavy 
laden, for her father as a member had incurred the dis- 
pleasure of kindred and neighbors. He entered zealously 
into the work of ascertaining the views of the men in his 
section on the all-important question of the day. This was 
recorded by Jemima: 

A fast day. I went with my cousin to hear Mr. Green preach 
& the words of his Text was: the Race Not always to Swift, Nor 
Battle to the Strong. 

Chief Justice Smyth, of the Essex County Courts, was 
challenged by the Grand Jury of the November term of 
1774. He was charging the jury and had said: "The im- 
aginary tyranny three thousand miles away is less to be 
feared and guarded against than the real tyranny at our own 
doors." 

Uzal Ward, foreman, at once made reply on behalf of the 
jury: "No bias of self-interest, no fawning servility to those 
in power, no hopes of further preferment would induce any 
man to lend his helping hand to the unnatural and diabolical 
work of riveting chains, forging for them at a distance of 
three thousand miles!" 



ArrROACHUsG THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 187 

Conferences were frequently held in the winter of 1774- 
1775 at the homes of the Committee on Observation and of 
others arrayed against King George. The Post Boy, the New 
York weekly newspaper, was circulated in the town and 
passed from house to house. Articles of a character tending 
to awaken the King to his perilous situation were published, 
but he did not heed them. The militia was ordered out for 
training and Jemima was brought down from her mountain 
home by her father to witness the soldiers drill. She gave 
this account of her impressions of what she saw in the Mili- 
tary Park of to-day: 

Monday, which was called Training Day. I Rode with my 
Dear father Down to see them train, there Being Several Com- 
pany es met together. I thought it would be a Mournful Sight 
to See, if they had Been fighting in earnest, & how Soon they will 
be Called forth to the field of war we Cannot tell, for by What we 
Can hear the Quarrels are not Like to be made up without blood, 
shed. I have Jest now Heard Say that All hopes of Conciliation 
Between Britten & her Colonies are at an end, for Both the King 
& his Parliament have announced our Destruction; fleets and 
armies are Preparing with utmost diligence for that Purpose. 

The list of Essex County residents was completed in early 
spring, which revealed every man's adherence to the Continen- 
tal Congress or King George. The citizens were ready for 
war long before the signal was fired on Lexington Green. 

A dispatch rider, on the evening of April 23, brought 
news of the fight at Lexington and Concord and is thus re- 
lated by the local historian: 

As every Day Brings New Troubles so this Day Brings News 
that yesterday very early in the morning They Began to Fight 
at Boston. The Regulars We hear Shot first at Boston; they 
kill'd 30 of our men. A hundred & 50 of the Regulars 

War was now being waged and our patriotic Essex County 
householders were not unprepared for the fray. 



CHAPTER XXXIV 

Perils and Trials of Early Revolutionary War Days 

Ah! never shall the land forget 

How gushed the life blood of her brave, — 

Gushed, warm with hope and courage yet, 
Upon the soil they fought to save. 

William Cullen Bryant. 

13 UMORS of alarming character started in most in- 
-*- ^ stances by the Tories were frequently circulated in the 
spring of 1775. Minute men were drilling daily on the 
Training Ground, and the streets and other public places 
assumed a martial appearance as officers and enlisted men in 
buff, white and blue uniforms daily appeared on the streets. 
Startling news came on May day. A horseman dashed into 
town in the forenoon, announcing the destruction of the 
people and their homes. These alarms continued at inter- 
vals for five years. The awful visitation as proclaimed by the 
courier was chronicled by Jemima Cundict as follows: 

Monday, May first (1775) this Day I think is a Day of mourn- 
ing. We have Word Come that the fleet is Coming into New 
York & to Day the men of our Town is to have a general meeting 
to Conclude upon measures Which may be most Proper to Be 
taken; they have chosen men to act for them & I hope the Lord 
will give them Wisdom to Conduct wisely & Prudently In all 
Matters. 

The assembly referred to was held on Thursday, May 4, at 
the Meeting House. Dr. Burnet, who lived farther south on 
the main highway, and who was one of the highly respected 
citizens of Newark, stepped into the arena of public affairs 
at this meeting. He well sustained till the end of the war his 
unswerving loyalty to the Continental Congress and the 

18S 



PERILS AND TRIALS 189 

cause of Liberty. Correspondence was regularly maintained 
by the leaders with those of other counties and colonies. 
Forestalling hostile attack by the British regulars was the 
burden of the dispatches conveyed back and forth, ihougli 
the alarm over the rumored arrival of the enemy s fv^^f' 
sided, the meeting lost nothing in interest. Hopeful^ that a 
reconciliation would yet be made with Great Britam, this 
resolution was placed upon record: 

We, the Freeholders and Inhabitants of the Township of Newark, 
having deliberately considered the openly avowed design of the 
Ministry of Great Britain to raise a revenue m A^neri^^' ^f ^^^^^^^^^^ 
feeted with horrour, at the bloody scene now -^'^^^'^'llf^^^^^ 
aehusetts Bay for carrying that arbitrary design -to Exeeu^on 
^_____ firmly convinced that the very existence of the 
' rights and liberties of America can, under God, 
subsist on no other basis than the most ani- 
mated and perfect union of its inhabitants; and 
being sensible of the necessity in the present 
exigency of preserving good order and a due 
regulation in all pubhc measures; with hearts 
perfectly abhorrent of slavery, do solemnly 
^^^^^ under all the sacred ties of religion, honour and 
^^:;r^:;-7;^ love to our Country, associate and resolve that 
of the Mountains ^^ ^.^^ personally, and as far as our intluence 

constitutional principles can be obtained. 

Lewis Ogden was chosen chairman ot the General Com- 
miltee "fo? the purpose aforesaid, and that we will be di- 
rected bylnd support in all things respecting thecomnion 
caute, the preser^4tion of peace, good order, the safety of in- 
dividuals and private property. 




190 ' NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

The prevailing sentiment was in favor of a government of 
the people, by the people, and for the people. Freedom's 
Torch was illuminating the pathway of a new and enlightened 
era. 

Forty-four men tried and true were named members of 
the committee, of which Dr. Burnet was selected deputy 
chairman and Elisha Boudinot the clerk. He lived on Park 
Place, the site now occupied by the Public Service Building, 
and later was also clerk of the State Council of Safety. The 
officials of the General Committee, Isaac Ogden and Isaac 
Longworth, were designated members of the Committee on 
Correspondence, which was to supervise all communications 
with the Continental Congress at Philadelphia and elsewhere 
about the colonies. 

Isaac Ogden, Captain Philip Van Cortlandt, Bethuel Pier- 
son, and Caleb Camp were chosen representatives in the Pro- 
vincial Congress. Expected events, it was thought, would 
radically change the country's affairs, so this precautionary 
measure was adopted: 

Agreed, that the powers delegated to the Deputies and General 
Committee continue till the expiration of five weeks after the 
rising of the next Congress and no longer. 

Abraham Clark, of Elizabeth Town, wrote from the Con- 
tinental Congress at Baltimore on February 8, 1777, to John 
Hart, Speaker of the New Jersey Assembly, that he expected : 

"Congress will soon remove to Lancaster. Our chief reason is the 
extravagant price of living here. The price of board without any 
liquor, a dollar a day, horse keeping 4s. wine 12s. per bottle, rum 
30s. per gallon, and everything else in proportion and likely soon 
to rise." 

The Presbyterians observed fast on the last Thursday of 
each month, and a pastoral letter circulated widely in the 
colonies, prepared under the direction of the Synod of New 
York and Philadelphia, was read by the pastors on a certain 
May Sunday at the Meeting Houses by the river, at the 
mountains and elsewhere. Clearly was the idea expressed 



PERILS AND TRIALS 101 

'LhaL Iho wliole Continent arc Jclcranncl to doteml Uicir 
■igUls l,v force of ar.i.s. If the British n.ini.stry sha 1 con- 
tinue to'entorce their dainis by violence a lastmg and bloody 
^ontest mnst ensue. We exhort the people to be prepared for 
death, assuring them, especially the young and vigorous 
among them, that there is no soldier so undaunted as the 
pious man, no army so formidable as those who a'^ ^P^™; 
io the fear of death." The concluding sentence o the letter 
after counselling union among the colonies, declared that that 
man will fight most bravely who never fights till it is neces- 
sary and who ceases to fight as soon as the necessity is over. 
On a late June day news was received of the engagement at 
Bunker Hill, on the 17th of the month. A day or two after- 
ward the people were informed that General Washing on of 
Mount Vernon, Virginia, selected by the Continental Con- 
gress as the commander-in-chief of the army, was traveling 
from Philadelphia to Cambridge, where he would assume his 

official duties. . 

The roadway, both sides, along the entire distance, was 
lined with cheering men and women. "The clattering caval- 
cade escorting the commander-in-chief of the army was the 
gat and wonder of every town and village," says Washington 
Irving in his "Life of Washington." 

The town folk attired in best clothes-all physically able 
and patriotically inclined-were in readiness to greet the 
leading man of the colonies an hour or more before his arrival. 
The General lodged in New Brunswick and started on his 
third day's journey shortly after sunrise. 

Dressed in brown coats, light-colored trousers high top 
boots, peaked helmets, and carrying glittering ^'de=irms the 
Philadelphia City Troop led the procession, which reached 
Newark about 9 o'clock. Showy uniforms had their at- 
traction, but all eyes were centred upon the f alwa._t man 
seated in a phaeton, drawn by a team of handsome horses. 
Washington purchased the outfit himself before leaving Phila- 
delphia. He paid 55 pounds tor the carriage, 7 pounds and 15 
shillings for the harness, and 239 pounds for five horses. 



192 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

With the General were Major-General Charles Lee, 
Major-General Philip Schuyler, Major Thomas Mifflin, 
aide, and Joseph Reed, military secretary. The Eagle Hotel, 
situated on the west side of Broad Street, south of William 
Street, was the patriots' headquarters, and it is not improb- 
able that the party tarried there for rest and refreshment. 
Rev. Dr. Alexander Macwhorter, the General Committee, 
and a committee representing the New York Provincial 
Congress officially welcomed the General. Information 
was received of Governor Tyron's expected arrival in New 
York from a visit to England, at noon. General Schuyler 
at once feared that too many royalists were about for 
Washington's safety and suggested a change of route. New 
York's Congress was called into session and a committee, 
consisting of Thomas Smith, John S. Hobart, Gouverneur 
Morris, and Richard Montgomerie, was sent to Newark to 
attend a council of war. It was there decided to cross the 
Hudson River by the upper ferry at Hoboken, and not at 
Paulus Hook (Jersey City) as originally planned. Over 
the meadow, on the rough corduroy road (ferried over the 
Passaic and Hackensack rivers) the phaeton bumped its 
way to the Hudson River, and proceeded thence by barge to 
New York. 

Washington discovered while in New York a lack of mili- 
tary supplies. Writing to John Hancock, president of the 
Continental Congress, he said: 

There is a great want of powder in the Provincial Army which 
I sincerely hope the Congress will supply as speedily and as ef- 
fectually as in their power. One thousand pounds in weight 
were sent to the camp in Cambridge three days ago from this 
city, which has left this place almost destitute of that necessary 
article, there being at this time from best information not more 
than four barrels of powder in the city of New York. 

From river to mountain, homes loyal to the Continental 
Congress were preparing for the conflict. Looms and 
spinning wheels worked unceasingly every daylight hour. 



PERILS AND TRIALS 193 

knitting needles were plied as never before, pewter was 
melted into bullets, and the women as well as the men dem- 
onstrated their patriotism in practical ways. 

Men were enrolled in the Continental Line and the 
militia companies were recruited at every village green. 
Warm clothing, long stockings, and shirts were needed to 
equip the fighting force. Freely the noble women of the 
Revolutionary period gave of their stores and of their strength 
for the comfort of those in the army. 

Essex County provided six companies of Minute Men m 
response to the request of the Provincial Congress, on August 
31, 1775. Each man furnished his own equipment, con- 
sisting of rifle, hunting frock, made to conform as nearly 
as possible to that worn by the Continental riflemen, or a 
good "musket or firelock and bayonet, sword or tomahawk, 
steel ramrod, twenty-three rounds of ammunition in a cart- 
ridge box, twelve flints, and a knapsack; also one pound of 
powder and three pounds of bullets." Six months later, 
February 29, 1776, the Minute Men were merged mto the 

militia. 

Throughout Essex County a phalanx of brave-hearted men 
and women withstood unflinchingly numerous insults and 
privations in their espousal of the American principles. The 
cafl never came in vain to the men of Newark to fill the de- 
pleted ranks of soldiers. 

Complaint made to the General Committee nnpefled it to 
pass a resolution allowing no person to move into or settle 
within the county unless bringing a certificate "that they had 
in all things behaved in a manner friendly to American 

Liberty." . 

"Persuaded of expediency of undue advantage being 
taken by reason of scarcity of sundry articles in consequent 
of the present contest with Great Britain," reads an order of 
March 15, 1776, issued over the signature of Lewis Ogden, 
"the General Committee have resolved to regulate the price 
of West Indian produce to be sold in this township." 

The committee met daily, corrected abuses, preserved 



194 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

order, and administered justice. One month later, May 20, 
1776, it was: 

Resolved, that it be recommended to the Inhabitants of this 
Township that they do not kill or eat any Lamb or Sheep of any 
Kind, from this Day until the first Day of August next, nor sell 
them to any Person whom they shall have Reason to suspect design 
to kill them within the said Time. 

And that on proof being made to this Committee of any Per- 
son or Persons contravening the above Recommendation the 
13elinquent or Deliquents shall be held up to the Public as Enemies 
to their Country, and all persons prohibited from having any 
Dealings or Correspondence with them. 

The sheep were more of service in supplying wool than 
food; hence the order. Sacrifices were freely made for the 
prosecution of the war and Newark bore well its share. 




Abraham Clark, signer 
of the Declaration of In- 
dependence from New 
Jersey 



CHAPTER XXXV 

Ravaging of Newark 

^EW JERSEY'S Constitution was adopted by the Pro- 
-*- ^ vincial Congress July 2, 1776, two days before the 
adoption of the Declaration of Independence. Patriotism 
was in the air. Children played soldiers while the elders 
prepared for more serious activity. Hope was expressed 
in the instrument converting New Jersey from a colony 
to statehood that reunion with the mother country might 
be reestablished, in which case the Constitution would be 
immediately abrogated. 

Official New Jersey at Trenton proclaimed the Declara- 
tion of Independence on July 8, 1776, "together with the 
new Constitution of the colony of late established, and the 
resolve of the Provincial Congress for continuing the ad- 
ministration of justice during the interim," says a report of 
the event. Continuing, this information is given: 

"The members of the Provincial Congress, and the gentle- 
men of the committee, the officers and privates of the militia 
under arms and a large concourse of the inhabitants attended 
on this great and solemn occasion. The declaration and 
other proceedings were received with loud acclamations. 

"The people are now convinced of what we ought long 
since to have known, that our enemies have left us no middle 
way between perfect freedom and abject slavery. In the 
field we hope, as well as in council, the inhabitants of New 
Jersey will be found ever ready to support the Freedom and 
Independence of America." An act proclaiming the right 
of citizenship adopted July 18, 1776, "in the convention 
of the State of New Jersey," as the Legislature was first 
named, contained this clause, "That all and every person, 
or persons, members of or owing allegiance to this Govern- 

1!).5 



196 



NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 




ment, as before described, who, from and after the date 
hereof, shall levy war against this state within the same, 
or be adherent to the King of Great Britain or others, of this 
State within the same or to the enemies of the United States 
of North America, giving to him or them aid or comfort, shall 
be adjudged guilty of High Treason, and suffer the pains and 
penalties thereof, in like manner as by the ancient laws of 
this state he or they should have 
suffered in cases of high treason." 

In accordance with the order of 
the Convention of the State of New 
Jersey, the General Committee of 
Newark proceeded to appraise the 
property of "all such persons as 
have or shall have absconded from 
their homes and joined themselves 
to the enemies of this State, causing 
all perishable goods to be sold, and 
the monies arising therefrom, and 
all other goods and estate of such 

persons, they keep in safe and secure custody until the further 
order of this convention." 

One prominent Newarker declared "that the Declaration 
of Independence was the biggest pack of lies ever written." 
Sheriff and constabulary were unable to maintain peaceable 
conditions. Evil characters stalked forth under cover of 
darkness, and the Tories, whose homes were confiscated, 
damaged the property of their kindred and former neigh- 
bors. 

Samuel Tucker, who presided over the Convention in the 
State of New Jersey, weakened in his faith and joined the 
adherents of the Crown. Isaac Longworth, a trusted member 
of the Committee on Correspondence, also went over to the 
enemy. 

Tidings came on August 27, 177C, of a military engage- 
ment in the territory now a part of Brooklyn and known as 
the Battle of Long Island. Wounded and sick soldiers were 



Dr. Macwhorter's chair and cane 



RAVAGING OF NEWARK 



197 



sent to Newark and parceled among the homes. Ether 
had not been discovered for dulHng the sensibihties of 
the wounded requiring surgical operations. Generous por- 
tions of the most available stimulant, generally apple whiskey, 
were administered, and then with crude instruments, but the 
best of the era; the surgeon proceeded with his work. Fre- 
quently the patient collapsed from the shock of the surgery. 
As defeat after defeat of Washington's army apprised 
New Jersey families of their nearness to war's devastation, 
means were discussed for safeguarding themselves and 




School house at Lyons Farm (1784) 



their property. Dr. William Burnet, chairman of the 
General Committee, received an alarming message from 
Washington, at White Plains, on November 7. "The 
General advises all those who live near the water," said Dr. 
Burnet, in a circular letter sent around the township, 
"to be ready to move their stock, grain, carriages, and other 
effects back into the country. He adds that if it is not done 
the calamities we must suffer will be beyond all description 



198 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

and the advantages the enemy will receive immensely great. 
They had treated all without discrimination, the distinction 
of Whig and Tory has been lost in one general scene of ravage 
and desolation. . . . The committee, taking into con- 
sideration the present alarming situation of the country 
recommended it to all the inhabitants living near the water, 
or the great roads leading through the country, to remove 
as soon as possible their stock, grain, hay, carriages, and 
other effects into some place of safety back into the country, 
that they may not fall into the enemy's hands. By order 
of the committee. William Burnet, chairman. Newark, 
November 10, 1776." 

Even before receipt of this startling news, household effects 
and the contents of barns were transferred under cover of 
darkness to friendly homes on the mountainside and beyond. 
Vehicles of every description were brought into service; 
live stock was driven back into the hills. When it was 
positively known that Washington and his army were re- 
treating across the Hackensack meadows, women and 
children were removed to places of safety with friends at the 
mountain. 

The exact hour of the army's entry into Newark is un- 
known. It was composed of Beal's, Heard's, and a part of 
Irvine's brigades. The General and his army were piloted over 
the lower bridge crossing the Passaic at Acquackanonck (now 
Passaic) by John Post at night on November 21. The struc- 
ture was then destroyed; the timbers were falling into the 
water beneath the blows of axes wielded by strong-armed pa- 
triots just as the enemy arrived. Washington proceeded 
directly to Newark, where he had many friends. The King's 
army, foiled and exhausted, bivouacked for the night on the 
east side of the Passaic River. This accounts for the British 
failure to follow the American forces, affording the latter an 
opportunity for much-needed recuperation. 

Hospitality was extended by the General Committee 
and friendly households to the half-famished troops from 
Massachusetts, Maryland, Connecticut, Virginia, New Jer- 



RAVAGING OF NEWARK 199 

sey New York, and other colonies, comprising the army of 
about 3,500. The camp ground was on Summer Avenue, 
at the point now known as Elwood Park, but the head- 
quarters of the General are not known. It is probable that 
he stopped at the Eagle Tavern on the west side of Broad 
Street, near William Street. u tj •+ 

Before the army continued its march to the Karitan 
River at New Brunswick, where, it was expected, a stand 
would be made, James Nuttman, formerly a local captain 
of mihtia, and a well-known Tory, invited his friends and 
neighbors to observe thanksgiving over the expected early 
arrival of the King's army. Dinner was served, and toasts 
to the King, Cornwallis and other generals were drunk. 

Fifes, drums, and trumpets were sounding and banners 
waving as the enemy, well-clothed and well-fed, marched 
into town on November 28. Washington's troops, refreshed, 
passed down the highway to Elizabeth Town as the advance 
guard appeared. Inquiry was made for Dr. Macwhorter 
bv British soldiers who ransacked the parsonage m the hope 
of finding valuable records. The Meeting House, too, was 
entered. The clergyman, however, was being succored at 
a safe distance by a family friendly to the cause of Liberty. 
He no doubt would have paid the penalty of death for his 
allegiance to the new Government if hands had been laid 

"^TheTtreat of the Continental troops, the militia and the 
recruits enlisted in the various towns, continued from Rari- 
tan River to the Pennsylvania shore of the Delaware. Dr. 
Macwhorter, upon invitation of Washington, participated m 
the Council of War on the inclement Christmas night in 
1776 While a penetrating December storm was raging the 
patriots discussed plans for attacking the Hessian f orce^ occu- 
pving Trenton at dawn on the following day. Despite the con- 
tinuous defeats, beginning at the Battle of Long Is and and 
the masterly retreat of an impoverished army from the Hud- 
son to the Delaware, Washington's brave and hopeful spirit 
encouraged every man in the historic group. 



200 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

" Remember the words the hermit doth say, 
'Tis the darkest hour before the dawn of day." 

Victory on the morrow would mean new life to the cause of 
democracy. Defeat might bring the disaster which Corn- 
wallis was sure had already befallen the "rebels," for he was 
preparing an announcement to the English Government that 
the colonists were no longer antagonistic to its authority. 
The city and the troops guarding it were captured and W^ash- 
ington was heralded as a strategist and the leading man of the 
infant Republic. 

Peaceful and prosperous Newark was prostrated after the 
enemy had wreaked his vengeance. Wintry winds swept over 
sacked and burned homes when the people returned to pre- 
pare anew against the severe weather of the season. The 
ravages extended into the mountain settlement. 

Members of the Continental Congress were aroused over 
the wanton acts of the British and Hessians, and a com- 
mittee was appointed to investigate and officially record the 
vandal acts. Dr. Macwhorter made the following arraign- 
ment, on March 12, 1777, in a letter written to a member of 
Congress, which was incorporated in the official records : 

Great have been the ravages committed by the British troops 
in this part of the country. . . . Their footsteps with us are 
marked with desolation and ruin of every kind. I, with many 
others, fled from the town, and those that tarried behind suffered 
almost every manner of evil. The murder, robbery, ravishments 
and insults they were guilty of are dreadful. When I returned 
to the town it looked more like a scene of ruin than a pleasant, well- 
cultivated village. 

One Thomas Hayes, who lived about three miles out of town, as 
peaceable and inoffensive a man as in the state of New Jersey, 
was unprovokedly murdered by one of their negroes, who run him 
through the body with his sword. He also cut and slashed his 
aged uncle in such a manner that he is not yet recovered from liis 
wounds, though received about three months ago. The same 
fellow stabbed one Nathan Baldwin, who recovered. . . . 

Their plundering is so universal and their robberies so atrocious 




Three of Newark's distinguished visitors 



RAVAGING OF NEWARK 201 

that I cannot fully describe their conduct. Whig and Tory were 
all treated in the same manner, except such who were happy 
enough to procure a sentinel to be placed as guard at their door. 

There was one Nuttman, who had always been a remarkable 
Tory, and who met the British troops with huzzas of joy, had his 
house plundered of almost everything. He himself had his shoes 
taken off his feet and threatened to be hanged, so that with dif- 
ficulty he escaped being murdered by them. 

It was diligently propagated by the Tories before the enemy 
came that all those who tarried in their houses would not be 
plundered, which induced some to stay, who otherwise would 
probably have saved many of their effects by removing them. 

But nothing was a greater deception or baser falsehood than 
this, as the events proved, for none were more robbed than those 
that tarried at home with their families. 

John Ogden, Esq., an aged man, had never done much in the 
controversy one way or another. They carried everything out 
of his house; everything they thought worth bearing away. They 
ripped open the feather beds, scattered the feathers in the air, and 
carried the ticks with them; they broke his desk to pieces and 
tore and destroyed a great number of important papers, deeds, 
wills, etc., belonging to himself and others, and they insulted 
and abused the old gentleman in the most outrageous manner, 
threatening sometimes to hang him and sometimes to cut off his 
head. They hauled a sick son of his, whose life had been for some 
time despaired of, out of his bed and grossly abused him, threaten- 
ing him with death in a variety of forms. 

Tlie next neighbor to this Ogden was Benjamin Coe, a very 
aged man, who with his wife was at home. They plundered and 
destroyed everything in the house and insulted them with such 
fury and rage that the old people fled for fear of their lives, and 
then, to show the foulness of their malice, they burnt his house to 
ashes. 

Zophar Beach, Josiah Beach, Samuel Pennington, and others, 
who had large families and were all at home, they robbed in so 
egregious a manner that they were hardly left a rag of clothing 
save what was on their backs. The mischief committed in the 
houses, forsaken of their inhabitants, the destruction of fences, 
barns, stables, and other outhouses, the breaking of chests, of 
drawers, tables, and other furniture, the burning and carrying 



202 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

away of carpenters' and shoemakers' tools are entirely beyond 
description. 

Those who took the oath and obtained what were falselj^ called 
protections there are instances with us of these being robbed and 
plundered afterward, but the most general way in which they ob- 
tained the effects of such people was by bargaining with them for 
their hay, cattle, or corn, promising them pay, but none with us 
ever received anything worth mentioning. 

I might have observed that it was not only the common soldiers 
that plundered and stole, but also their officers, and not merely 
low officers and subalterns, but some of high rank were aiding and 
abetting and reaped the profits of this business. 

No less a person than General (William) Erskine, who lodged 
at Daniel Baldwin's, had his room furnished from a neighboring 
house with mahogany chairs and tables, a considerable part of 
which was taken away with his baggage when he went to Eliza- 
beth Town. Colonel McDonald, who made his headquarters at 
Alexander Robinson's, had his room furnished in the same felo- 
nious manner, and the furniture was carried off as if it had been 
part of his baggage. Another Colonel, whose name I have for- 
got, sent his servants, who took away a sick woman's bed, Mrs. 
Crane's, from under her, for him to sleep upon. 

When Washington captured Trenton nearly all the goods 
stolen from Newark homes were returned. The loot was 
found in the Old Barracks, where the enemy was quartered. 

The battles at Assanpink Creek, January 2, and at Prince- 
ton, January 3, with the Trenton victory gave the desired 
spirit to Washington's troops. Morristown was then occu- 
pied and the remainder of a long and severe w^inter was spent 
in the fastness of that famous camping ground. 

War was engaging the entire attention of Newark and 
paralyzing its industries. The blight was felt in every home 
and its effect was not removed till the advent of the third 
generation. 



CHAPTER XXXVI 

Night Raid by King's Troops 

YIELDING to entreaties of the people in the spring of 
1777, Rev. Dr. Alexander Macwhorter and EHsha Boudi- 
not jointly wrote Governor William Livingston at his home in 
Elizabeth Town, expressing the local apprehension of an- 
other invasion in manner following: 

Newark, April 26, 1777. 
May it please your Excellency :— The unhappy situation of this 
town, being so contiguous to the enemy, who threaten us daily 
with an invasion, renders it absolutely necessary that the militia 
of this place should be put on more respectable footing and of- 
ficered with gentlemen whose tried fidelity in a time of distress 
entitles them to the confidence of their country. 

Serious times they were. Tories were informing the enemy 
of the estates best adapted for foraging purposes. Sur- 
reptitiously they placed the letter "R" on gate posts or other 
conspicuous objects readily seen from the roadway. Raiding 
parties thereby knew of homes where plentiful supplies for 
man and beast could be obtained. These acts aroused a re- 
vengeful temper in patriots' homes. The Tories refusing to 
subscribe to the oath of allegiance were disappearing from 
town in May, 1777. They, too, partook of a revengeful 
spirit and blamed their Liberty-loving neighbors for their exile 
from home and its associations. 

Heartaches were in evidence everywhere through tear- 
dimmed eyes, as the remnants of happy family life made their 
way slowly across the meadows to the enemy's lines. Thus 
reads an order of the Counsel of Safety on Tuesday, June 
24, 1777: 

203 



204 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

Agreed that Major Hayes or the Commanding Officer of the 
Militia stationed at Newark be ordered to remove from the County 
of Essex to the South side of Hackensack River in Bergen County 
in order to go into the Enemy's Hues: The following women 
(with their children) being the wives & children of persons lately 
residing within this State who have gone over to the Enemy, to 
wit: Mary Longworth, Catherine Longworth, Elizaljeth Wheeler, 
Phebe Banks, Mary Wood, Hannah Ward, Elizabeth, Betty & 
Anne Clark, and make return thereof to the Governor and Council 
of safety. 

All were well known, and pleasant associations had been en- 
joyed in their homes and neighborhoods. 

"The commissioners are much impeded in their business," 
wrote Justice Joseph Hedden, Jr., from Newark, to Governor 
William Livingston, on July 9, 1777, ^'in their business on ac- 
count of the Tory women that remain with us. They secrete 
the goods and conceal everything they possibly can from 
them, which gives them a great deal of trouble. There is 
here one James O'Brien and his wife that have been great 
plunderers and concealers of goods, and w^hen called upon 
for anything they petition to leave and go among christians, 
and not to be detained among brutes, as they call us in this 
town. Pray make an order to send them among their chris- 
tian friends, our enemies. I send the following list of women 
whose husbands are with the enemy: Mary Kingsland, Mary 
Stager, Filia Risser, Sarah Garrabrant, Mary Grumfield, 
Elizabeth Howett, Martha Hicks, Autta Van Riper, 
Susanna Wicks, Mary Garrabrant, Jane Drummond, Sarah 
Sayres, Lydia Sayres, Margaret Nichols, Elizabeth Brown, 
Sarah Crawfoot, Abigail Ward. Sending the above women 
after their husbands will be an advantage to the State and 
save the commissioners a world of trouble." 

The Governor was requested to appoint civil officers for 
Essex County, particularly the surrogate, as several wills w^ere 
awaiting probate for the necessary settlement of estates. 
Another matter needing attention was the appointment of a 
commission for appraising Tory property. This was organized 



NIGHT RAID BY KING'S TROOPS 205 

by the selection of Joseph Hedden, Jr., as the President and 
Major Samuel Hayes and Thomas Canfield as his assistants. 
The New Jersey Legislature, on June 5, 1777, adopted an 
amnesty act, offering individuals then with the enemy an op- 
portunity within the next sixty days to return home, swear 
allegiance to the Continental Congress, and remain peaceable 
inhabitants. Refusal to do so caused the auctioneer's ham- 
mer to fall upon homes and valuable land. The last hours of 
the amnesty act were approaching. Anxiously did the 
people wait on August 5, 1777, for the return of kindred, 
neighbors, and friends. One of the Tories upon whom the 
pleadings were not in vain was Benjamin Williams, of Tory 




Benjamin Coe House (1782) Cor. Court and Washington Sts. 

Corner (its name is retained to this day) in the Mountain 
Settlement, now West Orange. He was a prominent member 
of Trinity Episcopal Church, whose pastor the Rev. Isaac 
Brown, in his loyalty to the Church of England, sought refuge 
within the British lines. At the very last hour, at 11 o'clock 
at night, Williams subscribed to the oath of allegiance, ad- 
ministered by Judge Peck at his home on the highway, now in 
East Orange. He thus saved a large estate. 



206 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

Justice David Ogden, a prominent Newark citizen, an emi- 
nent jurist and an avowed loyalist, bitterly condemned his 
fellow townsmen allied with the patriot forces, who were known 
as Whigs, Rebels and Associators. Judge Ogden's property? 
valued at about $150,000, was confiscated. This included 
his mansion, furnishings, library and real estate. He was 
partly reimbursed by the British Government, but no allow- 
ance was made him from town or State Treasury. 

The Judge was positive that the war would end ingloriously 
for the Rebels, and he awaited with no little impatience the 
day of the surrender. It came, but not in the way he ex- 
pected. He was in London when Cornwallis acknowledged 
defeat at Yorktown, but returned to America after the war 
and settled on Long Island, where he died in 1800, at the age 
of 93 years. 

Essex County was represented in General Cortland 
Skinner's Brigade of Loyalists, organized into six battal- 
ions in September, 1776. The roster contained about 1,300 
officers and men, whose uniform was distinguished from 
the regulars by the coat of green cloth, faced with white, and 
cocked hats having broad white binding. From head- 
quarters on Staten Island this band of former citizens sallied 
forth into Newark and other towns, engaging in every pos- 
sible destruction in order to handicap the patriots. Each one 
of "Skinner's Greens," as they were contemptuously desig- 
nated, was a marked individual. Their wanton acts against 
life and property provoked the wrath of families. Jemima 
Cundict says, on "December ye 26, Our People took three 
green Coats," but she does not mention what happened to 
them. 

"A memorial," in the Council of Safety minutes, of Wed- 
nesday, July 9, 1777, "from Peter DuBois, Eliphelet John- 
son, Thomas Cadmus, Jr., James Nuttman, and John 
Robinson, certain criminals removed from the Gaol of 
Essex to the Gaol of Morris, was read; setting forth that their 
distance from their families renders it difficult for them to 
procure the comforts of life; that the Gaol of Morris had been 



NIGHT RAID BY KING'S TROOPS 207 

occupied by Prisoners of War, etc., that the filth and Stench 
Df the Rooms were great and offensive. 

"That they apprehended fatal consequences may attend 
:heir confinement in the Gaol aforesaid & praying that this 
Board would remand them to their former place of Imprison- 
nent in the Gaol of Essex." 

A deaf ear was not turned to their entreaties. "The 
Board having considered the said Memorial," runs the de- 
nsion reached, "agreed unanimously — That directions be 
mmediately given to the Sheriff of Morris for cleaning the 
jraol without delay; and the prayer of the Memorial cannot 
it present be granted." On July 18, however, the prison- 
ers were removed to the Essex County jail. 

A few days later, "it being represented to this Board that 
fames Nuttman, one of the above Memorialists, is far ad- 
vanced in life & has never had the Smallpox & that the said 
lisorder now prevails in the Gaol of Morris, in which the 
laid James Nuttman is Confined; Therefore Agreed, That 
he said James Nuttman be permitted to remove & be Con- 
ined in the Gaol of Sussex, he defraying the Expense of 
Jlemoval." 

Other petitions of those charged with high treason were 
;onsidered at a meeting of the Board on July 21, in manner 
ollowing : 

The petition of Isaac Ogden, George Walts and Aaron Kingsland 
v^as read, setting forth that they were removed from the Gaol of 
^ssex to that of Morris by order of this Board; that from the 
lifficulty of getting their provisions dressed, from the Stench 
k filth of the Gaol, the unhealthy state of the air of Morris, and 
he prevalence of the Bloody Flux and Camp Fever in said town, 
heir lives are in great danger, and praying that they may be 
peedily tried for the Crimes of which they stand charged, and in 
he meantime that they be remanded to the Gaol of Essex. 

The order was promptly issued and the prisoners, weak 
rom lack of nourishing food and fresh air, were assisted to 
he wagon waiting to convey them to Newark, where upon 




208 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

arrival they were lodged in the jail. Isaac Ogden, after- 
ward an exile to Montreal, was a son of Judge David 
Ogden. The family was divided forever because of the war. 
Of the five sons of the Judge, Abraham 
and Samuel cast their lot with the Con- 
tinental forces, Peter remained his father's 
constant companion, and Nicholas was 
among the refugees seeking homes in the 
Acadia Valley, Nova Scotia. 

Tea was a prohibited article during the 
war, but there is one instance of record of 
a consignment received in town. Elisha EUsha Boudinot 
Boudinot, secretary of the Council of Safety, gallantly makes 
this the last item of business of Tuesday, January 20, 1778: 

His excellency was pleased to lay before the Board for their 
opinion therein, a letter from Col. Seeley, setting forth that some 
Tea & Sugar was sent to Mrs. Boudinot from her friends at New 
York, and begging his direction in the premises. 

Agreed That the said Tea & Sugar be delivered to Mrs. Boudinot. 

The council of safety provided for an identification pass- 
port, for all persons, resident or traveller, to pass through 
and out the State. These were issued by members of the 
council, Legislature, Justices of Supreme Court and of 
Court of Common Pleas, Justices of the Peace and field 
officers of militia. 

The following is a sample: 

County of Essex, ss, Tlie Bearer hereof, Alexander ]Mac- 
whorter, aged about 43 years, of a fair complexion, rather stout 
of stature, gray eyes, resident (or traveler from New York to 
Philadelphia) has permission to i)ass to said city, behaving him- 
self civilly. Dated Newark, N. J. the 1st day of July, 1777. 

Each traveller subscribed his or her name and title of 
office, and inn-keepers and ferrymen were instructed to 
scrutinize carefully the individual presenting himself or her- 
self for entertainment or for passage over creek or river. 





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NIGHT RAID BY KING'S TROOPS 209 

This placed a ban upon "disaffected" persons passing 
secretly into and through the State. 

Not till September 10 did the invasion expected in April, 
take place. British and Hessian found their opportunity, 
when the militia was absent, and harvests, partly reaped, 
could be easily removed. Jemima Cundict, in her diary, 
records the story as follows: 

September 12, 1777, on Friday there was an alarm, cm' Militia 
was Called. The Regulars Come over into elsabeth town, Where 
they had a Brush With a Small Party of our People; then marched 
quietly up to Newark; and took all the Cattle they Could there 
was five of the militia (of Newark) they kill'd Samuel Crane, and 
took Zadock & Allen heady & Samuel freeman Prisoners, one out 
of five run & escapt. They went directly up to Second River, 
and on Saturday morning marched up towards wardsessin. Our 
People attackted there, Where they had a Smart Scurmage. Some 
of our People got wounded there, but I do not Learn that any was 
killed. There was Several kill'd of the regulars, but the Number 
is yet unascertained. 

William Matthews, who lived in the mountain section, 
and was a member of Captain Cornelius W^illiams' com- 
pany, was among the wounded. Zaddock and Allen 
Hedden, and others captured, were confined in the Sugar 
House, New York. Allen died from the effects of his 
treatment, but Zaddock survived and lived to an old age. 

Another raid was made on Newark on January 25, 1780, 
in retaliation for the expedition of Washington's troops sent 
from Morristown to the enemy's camp on Staten Island 
earlier in the month. Unusually severe was the winter as 
the year 1779 merged into 1780. The temperature of the 
first weeks of January was at zero or lower. The Hudson 
river. Upper New York Bay, the Passaic and Hackensack 
rivers were frozen from shore to shore, the ice varying in 
thickness from eighteen inches to two feet. 

They were ideal conditions, thought Briton and Tory, for 
punishing the "rebel autocracy," when in two divisions 
the attacking force started out on a grand sortie. One 



210 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

went from Staten Island to Elizabeth Town, where ex- 
pectations of capturing American soldiers were fulfilled. 
Colonel Abraham Van Buskirk, former prominent physician 
of Hackensack, and now enrolled in the King's forces, com- 
manded the column. The edifice of the Presbyterian con- 
gregation, of which Rev. James Caldwell, the noted patriot, 
was the minister, was burned, and homes pillaged and de- 
stroyed. On the next Sunday the "church, not intimidated 
nor discouraged b}' the barljarous impiety of the enemy," 
met and sung the following: 

With flames they threaten to destroy 

The cliildren in their nest, 
"Come, let us burn at once tlicy cry. 

The Temi)le and the priest." 
And shall the sons of earth and dust 

That sacred power blasplieine? 
W^ill not tliy hand that formed tliem first 

Avenge thine injured name? 
Think on the covenant thou hast made: 

And all thy words of love; 
Nor let the birds of prey invade. 

And vex thy mourning dove. 
Our foes would triumph in our blood. 

And make our hope their jest ; 
Plead thy own cause, Almighty' God, 

And give thy children rest. 

IVIajor Lumm was assigned command of the Newark di- 
vision. Crossing on the ice in sleds from New York the 
officers and men assembled at Paulus Hook. There were 
detachments from the Forty-fourth English regiment and 
the Forty-second Anspach and Hessian Corps. Upon reach- 
ing the Passaic River caution was displayed in marching on 
the town for fear an alert sentry's gun would sound an alarm. 
Strangely silent were the stret^ts and lanes as the forces 
marched up from the rWvr io Broad Street. The patriots 
were asleep or overconu' with the cold. Quietly giuirds 
were placed at Orange and Broad streets and northward 



NIGHT RAID BY KING'S TROOPS 211 

and southward along the latter thoroughfare to prevent 
surprise by the militia. An attack by the enemy was not 
thought possible on such a bitterly cold night. The Acad- 
emy held within its walls fifteen sleeping militiamen, A 
solitary sentinel standing near the door of the improvised 
barracks was stupefied — he could not believe his eyes— 
when he saw the King's soldiers surround the building. The 
occupants were made prisoners almost before they were 
awakened from their slumbers. 

The torch applied to the building soon made it a mass 
of flames. While the glare was lighting the town a detach- 
ment was searching for Justice Hedden, he who as appraise- 
ment commissioner had assisted in confiscating Tory 
estates, in behalf of the State. The home on the highway 
opposite the Upper Common was rushed by the King's 
soldiers and the sanctity of the chamber invaded. The 
patriot, hauled from his bed, was roughly treated, and clad 
only in his night clothes was rushed out to the roadway. 

Mistress Hedden begged for mercy for her husband of 
the officer in charge. Hysterically she appealed to the better 
side of the captor's nature. Her husband was ill she de- 
clared and before being carried away begged that at least 
warm clothing be provided him. Her entreaties were 
unheeded. Mistress Elizabeth Roberts, a married sister 
of the justice, living on the west side of the Upper Common, 
about where the Second Presbyterian Church is now situ- 
ated, seeing the Academy in flames and informed of her 
brother's capture, ran in the freezing temperature to his 
assistance. 

She joined Mistress Hedden in appeals for the Justice's 
life. During the excitement Mrs. Hedden was wounded 
several times by bayonet thrusts and her night dress was 
stained with the blood flowing from her wounds. It was 
a heart-breaking scene when the husband and brother was 
hustled down Broad Street, and the women, in their night 
robes, were beseeching the soldiers to desist from their cruel 
treatment of him. 



212 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

Homes were plundered on the retreat, for such it had 
become. The mihtia, attracted by the confusion and the 
Hght of the burning Academy, rapidly assembled, every 
man with his trusty firearm being a good shot. Down Broad 
Street the mass of British and Hessian soldiers, prisoners 
and defenders, passed to Centre and Market streets. The 
King's troops found their way across the meadows to New 
York and to their barracks, while the prisoners were distrib- 
uted among the prison ships. 

Justice Hedden was compelled to walk across the meadows 
and on tlie ice of the rivers and bay in his bare feet, and 
then, witliout care of any kind, was thrust 
into the Sugar House, New York's principal 
prison for captured oflBcers and civilians. 

Suffering excruciating pain for many 
weeks, the Justice was brought to his home 
in tlie following May by his brothers, David 
and Simon. His limbs were decomposed, 
from the effects of which he died on Septem- 

Sugar House bcr 27, 1780. 

Over his grave in the Old Burying Ground a tombstone 
was erected with this inscription engraved thereon: 

This monument is erected in memory of Joseph Hedden 

Esq., who departed this life the 27th of September 1780, 

in the 52d year of his age. 

He was a firm friend to his Country 

In the darkest times. 

Zealous for American Liberty 

In opposition to British Tyranny, 

And at last fell a victim 

To British cruelty. 

The patriots, besides the Justice, captured that night 
were, Robert Neill, Josiah Willard, Francis Malone, William 
Chapman, Frank Mason, John Thompson, John Fullerton, 
Jeremiah Bardsden, John Mullen, Jacobus Frederick, Francis 
Detto, Peter Windner, William Lockridge, William Roules, 




NIGHT RAID BY KING'S TROOPS 213 

Daniel Smith, Patrick Lynn, John Stevenson, Jacob Proiise, 
Samuel McCord, Jacob Snyder, David Davis, John Hastings, 
Thomas Mains, Peter Clayton, William Mullen, John 
Smith, Robert Holston, Benjamin Wells, Thomas Howard, 
John McMullen, John Brunt, William Hutchinson, John 
Williams, and James Mitchell. The other commissioners of 
confiscated property — Major Hayes and Mr. Canfield — were 
captured on a dark night in the following July. 

Newark's list of patriotic men and women who assisted 
in the establishment of American Independence will never 
be completed nor will the history of the town in the war 
be thoroughly chronicled on account of the loss of im- 
portant records. Included in the noted host are mem- 
bers of the various committees, the Rev. Dr. Alexander 
Macwhorter, who served as chaplain in Washington's army; 
Joseph Hedden, the martyr; Dr. William Burnet, surgeon; 
Dr. William Burnet, Jr., surgeon; Judge Elisha Boudinot, 
of the Council of Safety; William Camp, who died in the 
Sugar House Prison, New York; Stephen Ball, hanged as a 
spy; Major Ichabod Burnet, serving on Major-General 
Green's staff; Captain Caleb Wheeler, Captain James 
Wheeler, Captain Caleb Bruen, Dr. Cornelius Baldwin, sur- 
geon; Major Samuel Hayes; William S. Pennington after- 
ward Governor of New Jersey; Captain Robert Nichols, 
whose home on Washington Street was an ordnance depot; 
Gen. John N. Gumming, one of Newark's leading citizens in 
the first part of the Nineteenth Century; and from the moun- 
tain district, Lieutenant-Colonel David Cundict, who died in 
service; Rev. Jedidiah Chapman, who defied the entire 
British army; Dr. John Cundict, surgeon, Captain Thomas 
Williams, Captain Jonathan Cundict and others. 

The militia promptly responded to the appeal for troops at 
Elizabeth Town and Connecticut Farms on June 7, 1780, and 
were able to turn back the enemy which had Morristown as 
its objective. At the "Farms" Mrs. James Caldwell, wife 
of the famous patriot-preacher, was shot by a soldier of King 
George's army as she stood by a window of her temporary 



214 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

home. This wanton act aroused a bitter feehng in the mihtia 
ranks and sorrow was felt in Newark homes. Before her 
marriage Mrs. Caldwell was Hannah Ogden, and a well- 
known resident. She was in her forty-third year, and nine 
children were orphaned by her untimely end. 

Another attempt, upon receiving favorable reports of 
Tories, was made by the British and Hessians to reach Morris- 
town on June 23. The Continental line and militia responded 
to the alarm at daybreak, and before the day passed the 
assassination of Mrs. Caldwell was avenged. Signal guns, 
stationed on the mountain, chief among them an eighteen- 
pounder, "Old Sow," so named because it rooted in the 
ground when discharged, sent out the call. 

The fighting was fast and furious at the bridge over the 
East Branch of the Rahway River at sunrise, and the Ameri- 
can defense was forced to retreat about a mile westward. 
The fight continued till noon when the punishment admin- 
istered the enemy prov^ed too great an impediment for further 
progress and its retreat became a rout. The Presbyterian 
Church and all but four houses were burned by the horde. 
The militia, in close pursuit, and stationed behind trees and 
stone walls, harassed the retreating army. 

William Sanford Pennington, great-grandson of Ephraim 
Pennington, Signer of the Fundamental Agreement, was only 
nineteen years of age when the Declaration of Independence 
was adopted. He spurned the offer of his uncle, William San- 
ford, with whom he was living, of being his legatee if he would 
join the loyalists. Enlisting in the artillery, the young man 
was commissioned lieutenant of the Second Regiment of that 
branch of the Continental army, September 12, 1778, in rec- 
ognition of gallantry displayed in action. 

Lieutenant Pennington, at the close of hostilities, was 
honored with the brevet rank of captain. He chronicled the 
principal events of his military life in a journal from which 
is copied the following: "Wednesday, October IG, 1780—1 
spent a principal part of the day in Newark, visiting my 
female acquaintances in this place. The ladies, to do them 



NIGHT RAIDS BY KING S TROOPS 



215 



justice, are a very agreeable set of beings, whose company 
serves to educate the mind and in a manner to compensate 
the toils of military life." 

"Tuesday, December 26" (1780) he writes: "I had the 
honor to dine at his Excellency General Washington's table, 
and the pleasure of seeing for the first time the celebrated 
Mrs. Washington. Instead of the usual subjects of great 
men's tables, such as the conquering of worlds and bringing 
the whole human race into subjection to their will, or of the 
elegance of assemblies and balls, and the sublimity of tastes in 
dress, &c., the simple but very laudable topic of agriculture 
was introduced by his excellency, who, I think, discussed the 
subject with a great degree of judgment and knowledge. The 
wine circulated with liberality, but the greatest degree of 
decorum was observed throughout the afternoon." 

Captain Pennington served as Governor of New Jersey 
from 1813 to 1815. 

Captain Nathaniel Camp, who lived at the point now 
known as South Broad and Camp streets, one day enter- 
tained General Washington at dinner. The General, im- 
pressed with the Captain's soldierly appearance and also with 



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Nathaniel Camp Homestead 



216 NARRATRES OF NEWARK 

the hospitality extended, promised to send a field piece to the 
host for use by the company which Camp commanded. In a 
day or two the cannon came and was christened "Old Xat." 
Not only did it serve during the engagements in which the 
Captain and his company took part, but was used on In- 
dependence Day when peace was restored in firing the 
national salute. Now the ordnance, properly labeled, oc- 
cupies an honorable position near the entrance of Washing- 
ton's headquarters at Morristown. 

The Essex County soldiers were represented in every im- 
portant campaign after the theatre of action was transferred 
from New England to the Middle and Southern States. The 
women responded to every call for supplies. Old Nassau 
at Princeton, used as a hospital, was in dire need during the 
winter of 1777-1778. The Rev. Jedidiah Chapman at the 
INIountains (now Orange) urged his parishioners on a 
March Sabbath to replenish the supplies for the disabled 
soldiers. Not a woman in the congregation listened to that 
appeal without determining to exert her every effort to meet 
the emergency even though it exhausted her limited wardrobe. 
Knitting needles were set before the Holy Day had passed and 
at the time announced for the reception of articles the old 
Meeting House in the middle of the road (near the point now 
known as Day and IMain streets) resembled a miniature 
modern department store. 

The dominie rejoiced in the hearty response by his people, 
as ox-carts and other means of conveyances brought the mass 
of material to the sanctuary. 

From over the Mountain, Doddtown, Pecktown, Camp- 
town and from along the highways and lanes, the pro- 
cession passed on its errand of relief. When Rev. Mr. 
Chapman made up the list and prepared it for shipment by 
wagon across country to Princeton he found this assortment : 

Ten l)lankets, 19 shirts, 45 sheets, 9 coats, 40 vests, 27 
pairs of breeches, 105 pairs of stockings, 2 pairs of shoes, 3 
surtouts (short coats), 3 waistcoats, 15 pairs of trousers, 94 
yards of new linen, 5 yards of new linsey, 104 yards of cloth. 




Statue in Fairmount Cemetery in memory of the Founders of 
Newark and the Old Burying Ground 



NIGHT RAID BY IQNG'S TROOPS 217 

4 pillow cases, 1 coverlet, 1 table cloth and a quantity of old 
linen. The goods were received at the hospital on March 
17, 1778. 

The patriotic women of Essex County are entitled to a 
large share of the credit for maintaining the military ardor 
during the long years of the war. They counted not the 
sacrifice in furnishing articles for camp and the hospitals, 
food for the soldiers and also opening their homes to the in- 
capaciated troops. 

The militia and Continental forces remained on duty quite 
generally after the surrender of Yorktown. An order 
written in Captain Nichols' note-book on November 21, 
1781, issued by Colonel Philip Van Cortlandt directed the 
Captain to deliver to Captain Jonathan Cundict, of Newark 
Mountains, 400 cartridges and an equal number to Captain 
Cornelius Speer. Headquarters were at Wardsesson (now 
Bloomfield). Another order, dated at Second River, on 
February 1, 1782, says: "Be pleased to deliver to Captain 
Abraham Speer 500 cartridges." 

The era of peace was not fully established till November 
25, 1783, when the British and Hessian forces returned to 
their countries and thousands of Tories were exiled with 
limited resources to the wilds of the Acadia Valley, in Nova 
Scotia. 

THE TORY'S SOLILOQUY 

WRITTEN IN 1783 

To go or not to go — is that the question? 

Whether 'tis best to trust the inclement sky. 

That scowls indignant o'er the dreary Bay, 

Of Fundy, and Cape Sable's rocks and shoals. 

And seek our new domain in Scotia's wilds. 

Barren and bare; or stay among the rebels, 

And by our stay rouse up their keenest rage. 

That bursting now o'er our defenseless heads. 

Will crush us for the countless wrongs we've done them. 

Will Whigs forget we long have been their foes. 



218 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

And guide their verdict by a lawyer's tongue? 

Perish the hope .... 

Then let us fly, nor trust a war of words 

Where British arms and Tory arts have failed 

T' effect our purpose — on bleak Roseway's shores. 

Let's lose our fears — for no bold Whig will dare 

With sword or law to persecute us there. 

A contribution of $15,500,000 by the English Parliament 
relieved the distressing condition of the Tories. Annuities of 
half pay were allowed former oflScers in the King's army, 
and land grants and other patronage were bestowed by the 
Crown. Sickness and death overtook a large number of the 
refugees in the later part of the Eighteenth Century. Several 
groups returned to Newark, Isaac Longworth being among 
them. He was forgiven for his "going over to the enemy" 
and taking with him, so the Board of Justices of Essex 
County averred, books, papers and money entrusted to his 
care as a commissioner of the loan office. His second wife, 
compelled to take up her abode in the camp of the enemy, was 
a daughter of Colonel Josiali Ogden and a sister of Judge 
David Ogden, the Loyalist. Thomas Longworth, a brother, 
and a Tory, returned to Newark after the \var, where he 
(lied June 23, 1790, at the age of 72 years. He was the father 
of David Longworth, who published the first New Y(jrk 
directory, in 1790. 



CHAPTER XXXVII 

Reconstruction Days 

STERLING patriots were the forbears of the recon- 
struction period. The former activity of agricultural 
life, the main support of the people, was resumed in the 
spring of 1784. Houses, barns, sawmills, gristmills and other 
buildings wholly or partly destroyed during the long conflict, 
were rebuilt or repaired, grounds plowed and fences mended. 
While the Congress and State Legislatures were endeavoring 
to find a way of harmonizing the various interests of the 
commonwealths, Newark governmental machinery moved 
along smoothly. Live stock was scarce. Sheep were needed 
for their much-prized wool. At the annual town meeting, on 
May 28, 1788, it was decided to apply the money raised by 
dog tax to the encouragement of sheep raising. Six pre- 
miums were offered under this attractive announcement : 

The increase of sheep and the consequent production and in- 
crease of wool being of the highest importance to the interest and 
prosperity of this Country and the Inhabitants of this Township 
being disposed to encourage and promote so laudable a design do 
offer to give the following premiums. 

An offer of ten pounds was made "to the person who shall 
shear off his own sheep in the spring of 1789 the greatest 
quantity of clean wool." Other proportionate premiums 
were offered to persons shearing lesser quantities from their 
flocks, the sixth in rank to receive two pounds. Husbandry 
flourished in every part of Essex County. Sound money was 
scarce and the State currency, often of questionable value, 
circulated freely. The chief industries were in the growth of 
apples and their by-product, and the tanneries and shoemak- 

219 



220 NARRATI\TES OF NEWARK 

ing. Trade was largely carried on by exchanging commodities. 
Renewal of the project for building a more connnodious 
Presbyterian edifice was made soon after the declaration of 
peace. The old sandstone pile — the second Meeting House — 
on the west side of Broad Street was dedicated to the uses of 
a courthouse, and the site chosen for the new edifice was on 
the opposite side of the thoroughfare, where it stands to-day, 
a fine specimen of colonial architecture. Ground was 
broken just as the Constitutional Convention was rising from 
its four-months' task at Philadelphia in September, 1787. 
Rev. Dr. Alexander Macwhorter, eloquent in his pulpit 
utterances and enthusiastic in his lecture discourses, stood 
at the northeast corner of the lot and there fervently prayed 
for God's blessing upon the enterprise. 

The clergyman selected trees in the forest which were 
turned into beams and joists at a neighboring saw mill, 
blocks of freestone were brought down from the quarries, 
and the l)uilding operations consumed four 
years. The officials were impatient with 
the slow-moving contractor having charge 
of the interior finishing and released him 
from his obligation. Captain Robert 
Nichols, the soldier and engineer, called 
upon to take his place, systematically ar- 
ranged the work, which was far enough 
advanced to permit of public worship on 
January 1, 1701. The Captain announced 

Presbyterian Church i i • i i i 

(1791) his task completed m the early summer, the 

entire cost of the building being about 9,000 pounds York 
currency. 

The length of the structure is 100 feet and the steeple is 
200 feet in height. Broad Street was about four feet lower 
than it is to-day, which gave the church a few feet elevation 
above the sidewalk. 

An enter|)rise of town intrrcsl was ihe restoration of the 
Academy, burned by the Brilisli on January 25, 1780. Il 
was originally erected on the south side of Washington 




RECONSTRUCTION DAYS 221 

Park, under authority of town meeting on March 8, 1774. 
Instruction of pupils began on x\pril 3, 1775, when the officials 
made the formal announcement that "The Academy is 
fitted for the reception of youth and of such children as can 
conveniently lodge and board therein. There will be taught 
learned languages, several branches of mathematics, read- 
ing, \\Titing, arithmetic, and bookkeeping." 

William Haddon, the first master, fled from Newark 
early in the Revolution and joined the British army. The 
Academy was used as a hospital, guard house and barracks 
till destroyed by the enemy. Trinity Church was also used 
as a hospital. 

Rev, Dr. Macwhorter, Rev. Uzal Ogden, of Trinity Church, 
and John Burnet were appointed at a meeting on November 
30, 1791, held at Gifford's Tavern, corner of Broad and 
Market streets, to raise funds for the erection of the new 
building. Isaac Gouveneur was chosen president and Rev. 
Uzal Ogden secretary of the Academy Association on Febru- 
ary 3, 1792. Efforts to secure an indemnity from the 
United States Government for the burned building, and 
the plan of raising the money by popular subscription failed 
of realization. Abraham Ogden and Elisha Boudinot were 
on April 13, 1793, appointed a connnittee "to petition the 
legislature of the State to grant a lottery to raise a sum 
not exceeding 800 pounds for the benefit of the Academy." 
The request was granted, the lottery held, and a sum of 
money, the amount of which is not recorded, was secured and 
applied to the building fund. The old site in Washington 
Park was abandoned and a lot at the corner of Academy and 
Broad streets, now occupied by the post office building, was 
purchased on September 3, 1792. St. John's Lodge, F. and 
A. M., contributed freely to the fund in return for the exclu- 
sive use of the upper floor. The building was of brick, had 
a frontage on Broad Street of 66 feet and a depth of 34 feet. 
The cornerstone was laid on June 25, 1792, with Masonic 
services. General John N. Gumming, as Worshipful Master 
of the lodge, was the master of ceremonies. The first board 



222 



NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 



of governors was composed of Isaac Gouveneur, president. 
Rev. Dr. Macwhorter, Rev. Uzal Ogden, Judge Smith, 
Abraham Ogden, Thomas Bennett, PhiHp Kearny, General 
John N. Gumming and EHsha Boudinot. James MofiFert, 
of Scotland, the first schoolmaster, was employed at a meet- 
ing of the governors on May 7, 1792. 

Every possible method was devised to provide funds for 
the institution's maintenance. Rev. Mr. Ogden was em- 
powered on ]\larch 30, 1795, to sell the negro man James, 
given by ]\Ir. Watts. IMoses Ogden purchased the slave for 
40 pounds. A pretentious building the new academy ap- 




The Old Academy, Comer of Broad and Academy Streets (1792) 

pearcd, standing on the main liigliway, ahnost equi-distant 
from the two churches on tlie east side of the tlioroughfare. 
Boys and girls from distant cities and adjoining villages 
mingled with town youth, in the long day ot seven hours' 
schooling six days in the week. One can imagme the pupils 
poring over "A New Geographical ami Conunercial and 
Historical Grammar and Present State of Several Empires 
anil Kingdoms of the World." This was published in Edm- 



RECONSTRUCTION DAYS 223 

burgh, in 1790, and was a ])opnlar text book. Without doubt 
it was used in the Academy. New Jersey, according to 
information contained within the book, was divided into 
thirteen counties. Burhngton was the capital of the State. 
The principal rivers of New Jersey were the Delaware, 
Pennsylvania, Raritan and Passaick. "Perth Amboy arid 
Burlington," we are told, "are the two principal towns of 
New Jersey. Philadelphia is the capital of Pennsylvania 
and of the United States." 

The following paragraph is found on page 497: 

The American ideas of preserving the peace of a state seem to 
be very different from those imbibed by the European potentates. 
Instead of those expensive standing armies to be met with on this 
side of the Atlantic the whole force of the United States amounts 
to no more than 1,216 officers and men, and even these answer no 
other purpose than that of garrisoning some small forts scattered 
through the back settlements, none of which contain more than 
thirty or forty men. xA.s they have no enemy to dread but the In- 
dians, the militia are always ready to be drafted in case of any 
emergency, and they are abundantly able to contend with these 
adversaries. They enter into pay only when called into actual 
service and as soon as the war is at an end they are dismissed and 
the pay ceases. 

As to the Navy the book declares : 

The American fleet makes a still less respectable figure than their 
army, or rather they have no fleet at all, for they have not a single 
sailor in public pay, nor does the raising of a navy seem to be any 
object with Congress. This seems the more surprising as they have 
such plenty of materials for ship building and the great extent of 
their coast and numerous islands which lie amongst renders it 
very natural for many of them to apply themselves to maritime 
affairs. As matters stand at present they must make a very poor 
figure among the nations of the v/orld, and are more liable than 
the Europeans to be insulted by the pirates of Barbary, so that 
no American vessel dares appear in the Mediterranean. 



224 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

Wood's Gazette, Newark's first newspaper, reflects, on 
April 30, 1794, in this manner upon the local militia: 

Many are the advantages likely to ensue from a perseverance in 
the observance of this regulation (wearing uniform as a Sunday 
dress). Our officers and soldiers will acquire greater ease by 
being constantly accustomed to the dress of their uniform than 
when it is only occasionally worn. Officers especially should use 
every means to acquire and keep up a military air. Example goes 
beyound precept in every situation of society, and that com- 
mander will make but a sorry harrangue to his troops on the 
etiquette necessary to be observed by them, when his own slovenly 
appearance is a flat contradiction to what he may say. 

Another and important benefit is likely to arise from adopting 
regimentals as a Sunday dress. Great objection and real incon- 
venience have been experienced throughout the United States in 
raising uniformed companies by reason of the expense of regi- 
mentals, which in general cost much more than plain cloaths, 
and being but occasionally used become a real tax on the citizens. 

New Jersey troops were ordered by President Washington 
to assist in subduing the whiskey insurrection in western 
Pennsylvania. Of the 4,318 officers and men called into 
service for three months, "Captain Thomas Ward's com- 
pany of cavalry, of Newark," reads an account, "promptly 
made unanimous tender of themselves as a part of the de- 
tachment of 500 horse called for by the President." 

The enforcement of the excise law on domestic spirits 
enacted by Congress in 1791, aroused the temper of whiskey 
still owners, who objected strenuously to the pajmient of 
the tax, even defying government officials to make the col- 
lection. 

The Essex County contingent assembled at the training 
ground (Military Park) on September 10, 1794, equipped for 
the long march into the Pennsylvania wilds. The trip, 
aside from the hardships of the winter season, was unevent- 
ful. The campaign ended at the State capitol, for the 
cavalry early in December, and the infantry at a later date. 




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RECONSTRUCTION DAYS 225 

The men marched leisurely. A stopping place was at 
New Brunswick, where the officers were entertained at 
dinner in the Whitehall Tavern, on January 26, 1795. Ad- 
jutant-General Anthony Walton White, who was the host, 
gave an eloquent and patriotic speech. 

War with France was imminent in 1798, and a mass 
meeting of Essex County citizens was called at the court 
house on a July evening to decide upon the course to be pur- 
sued in the conflict with the nation so recently the ally in the 
war with Great Britain. All citizens between the ages of 
eighteen and forty-five years were enrolled and others volun- 
teered to hold themselves in readiness, declaring their in- 
tention "to shed the last drop of blood in defense of our 
country, our equal liberties and independence against any 
invading foe whatever notwithstanding many of us are en- 
feebled by old age and bodily infirmities, yet we still pos- 
sess in some degree the spirit and patriotic fire of 1776." 

General Washington in his sixty-seventh year was selected 
commander of the armies. An effort made to extort by 
artifice a sum of money from the United States Govern- 
ment to the French exchequer brought forth the slogan, 
"Millions for defense; not one cent for tribute." The 
fight was confined to the navy and after one or two encoun- 
ters between French vessels and the Constellaiion and other 
United States men-of-war the Stars and Stripes were hoisted 
victoriously. 



CHAPTER XXXVIII 

At the Threshold of the Nineteenth Century 

NEWS of Washington's death at Mount Vernon, Va., 
on December 14, 1799, did not reach Newark till six 
days afterward, when a meeting of citizens at the court house 
decided upon a memorial service, parade and other expres- 
sions of sorrow over the passing of the great man. Rev. Dr. 
Alexander Macwhorter, who had been an intimate friend of 
Washington, was invited to deliver the oration, and the com- 
mittee of arrangements was composed of James Hedden, 
John Pintard, and William S. Pennington. Major Beach 
was marshal of the parade, which formed in front of the 
Academy at 12 o'clock noon. The organizations in line were 
Captain Hays' company of light infantry. Captain Van 
Arsdale's company of Federal Blues, Captain Parkhurst's 
company of artillery. Captain Johnson's company of cavalry 
(dismounted), Colonel Hays' company of Silver Grays, St. 
John's Lodge, F. and A. M., field officers of the militia and 
clergy. The musicians played dead marches. 

Church bells were tolled an hour, and the men wore 
crape on the arm, which they did not remove for thirty days. 
The memorial services were hekl in the First Presbyterian 
Church and the text of Dr. ^Nlacwhorter's sermon was taken 
from Deuteronomy xxxiv:5, "So Moses, the Servant of the 
Lord, died." Alexander INIacwhorter, son of the pastor, read 
Washington's address of declination of third term as Presi- 
dent of the United States. Rev. Dr. Ogden, of Trinity 
Episcopal Church, offered prayer. 

Special exercises were also held at the First Church, on 
February '2'-2, 1800, th(> natal day of the Father of his Country 
and in his remembrance. 

Foremost of the local public improvements, late in the 

226 



THE THRESHOLD OF THE XIX CENTURY 227 

Eighteenth Century was the building of a bridge over the 
Passaic River at Bridge Street in Md'i. Streets were un- 
paved and the thoroughfare "running the length of the 
town" was impassable when persistent rainstorms prevailed. 
An effort in 1798 to restore the Puritan Sunday by orga- 
nizing "The Voluntary Association of the People of Newark 
to Observe the Sabbath," failed, and the town morals con- 
tinued under the watchfulness of the constabulary. 

Wells and springs constituting the principal water supply 
had not failed, nor the stream feeding the frog pond at 




Rear View of Elisha Boudinot's Home 



Broad and Market streets diminished its flow. Each home 
provided its fire-fighting apparatus, consisting of one or 
two leathern buckets and a ladder, though they were not 
sufficient to combat a well-started conflagration, lamentably 
apparent when the home of Judge Elisha Boudinot on Park 
Place was destroyed by fire early in January, 1797. The 
people were very much exercised over the loss which induced 
the town clergymen — Rev. Dr. Alexander Macwhorter and 



228 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

the Rev. Uzal Ogden — to call a mass meeting on January 16, 
1797, when citizens were requested "to meet to-morrow even- 
ing at the court house at the ringing of the bell to consult on 
the purchase of an engine and also on the formation of two 
fire companies." The engine, handpumped, was ordered 
and an organization of volunteer firemen made up Newark's 
first Fire Department. 

Rev. Moses N. Combs, a resident of the to'WTi since the 
early part of the Eighteenth Century, sent the first 
order — 200 pairs of seal shoes — to a merchant of Au- 
gusta, Ga., and thereby became the pioneer manufacturer 
sending this Newark product to outside communities. 
Prosperity visited him and he was liberal in the use of his 
means for promoting the town spirit. He was of a deeply re- 
ligious disposition, a liberal Presbyterian, and established a 
church in a building which he erected on INIarket Street, near 
Plane Street. The upper part was devoted to a school and 
the sanctuary was on the first floor. His sermons were ex- 
pository of a practical religion, advocating at all times the 
emancipation of human beings from slavery and the mind 
from superstition. He would not hold the blacks in bondage, 
and he exercised a helpful influence over the communitj' 
morals. 

One of his estimable acts was the providing of a free 
school for his apprentices. The custom was in vogue, and 
continued till long after the Civil "War, to apprentice boys 
from the age of sixteen j-ears till reaching their majority', to 
manufacturers and tradesmen, who were held responsible also 
for the development of character of their charges as well as 
mastering the trade details. Every young man was expected 
to begin his life's work equipped with a trade or profession. 

Jewelry manufacture began about 1790, when Benjamin 
Cleveland advertised himself as a gold and silversmith. 
In 1800 only a few buildings were on Broad Street, from Rec- 
tor Street to South Park (now Lincoln Park). John Wood, 
editor and printer of Wood's Gazette, Newark's first news- 
paper; John Nesbitt, farmer; P. Hill (afterward by Rev. Dr. 



IHE THRESHOLD OF THE XIX CENTURY 229 

Ogden), Mrs. Hatfield, Caleb Baldwin, Caleb Sayres and 
Jonathan Sayres occupied the lots on the west side of Broad 
Street, opposite Military Park. A vacant lot came next on 
the south and then the Academy, the most pretentious build- 
ing on that side of the main highway. A lane passed west- 
ward, now known as Academy Street. Beyond this, in a 
southerly direction, was William Tuttle's cottage, W. Rodger's 
house and saddlery, Thomas Jones' store, Jasper Ten Brook's 
house and store, Smith Burnet's watch shop, and at the 
corner of Broad and Market Streets was Pennington & 
Bruen's general store, destroyed by fire in 1808. 

. On the opposite corner, where the Firemen's Building is 
now located, was Archer Gilford's stage house and tavern, the 
most popular public house of the vicinity (Rev. Abraham 
Pierson's house stood on the plot when he removed to Killing- 
worth, Conn.). Early in the morning a two-horse stage 
coach backed up to the stone block in front of the tavern, and 
passengers leisurely went aboard for Paulus Hook, now Jer- 
sey City. The vehicle was most uncomfortable, but it was 
the best the period afforded. The long body of the cumber- 
some affair hung from iron jacks and a baggage rack was 
placed in the rear. Springs, now necessary in every vehicle 
of transportation on land, were not then in use. 

Seats were provided for five passengers and the trip over 
the corduroy road on the meadows was attended with dis- 
comfort by the passengers and at times with physical ex- 
haustion. In the evening the stage made its return trip, 
starting from Major Hunt's tavern at Paulus Hook. Pas- 
sengers travelling to or from Philadelphia, Morristown and 
other points, stopped at Giiford's tavern for rest and refresh- 
ment. Here the local news and that of the outside world were 
disseminated. Primitive conditions prevailed. Fulton's 
steamboat had not appeared upon the Hudson River, though 
Colonel John Stevens, of Hoboken, in 1803, operated a small 
boat propelled by steam on the Passaic River. 

Washington Irving frequently stopped at Gifford's tavern 
on his visits to the Gouveneur mansion in the upper part of 



230 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

town poi)iilnrly known as "Cocklol't Hall," and where he 
wrote his book, entitled "Salmagundi." 

One of the first stage routes or turnpikes was operated by 
the Mount Pleasant Turnpike Company, incorporated 
February 27, 1806. This road practically had its beginning 
at Gifford's tavern, proceeding along Market Street and tlie 
old Crane Road to the main highway in Orange, branching at 
St. Mark's Church in a northwesterly direction over Mount 
Pleasant Avenue, and thence across the mountains to Morris- 
town. It was a popular route in fair weather. One of 
the toll gates was located on Mount Pleasant Avenue east 
of the mountain top, and it was the delight of the small boy of 
the period to watch the keeper swing the gate open when 
travellers appeared. 

Where the Kinney Building is now located, formerly the 
home of Robert Treat, John Burnet, handy to the tavern, 
held the not very remunerative ofiice of postmaster. Letters 
were sealed with generous portions of red sealing wax. En- 
velopes were not in use till 1845. The postmaster enjoyed 
the privilege of reading all the newspapers and other period- 
icals till they were called for by those to whom they were ad- 
dressed. 

On the southwest corner of Broad and Market Streets 
Jessie Baldwin had his home and store, bordering on the 
frog pond. Next to him, continuing along the west side of 
Broad Street in a southerly direction, was the home of 
Jabez Parkhurst, justice of the peace, and then in order 
Josiah Cougar's store, Johnson Tuttle's tavern, the county 
court house (formerly the Presbyterian Church) and the 
county jail. Lutlier Goble's shoe shop and home was on a 
lot farther south, and then were Major Samuel Hayes' tavern, 
and Rev. Dr. Alexander Macwhorter's parsonage, the latter 
at the point now known as Broad and William streets. Be- 
yond, a vacant lot intervening, was the home and office of 
his son, Alexander C. Macwhorter, a lawyer, who died on 
October 8, 1808. At Hill Street, Jabez Bruen, shoemaker, 
was plying his trade and holding residence. On the south- 



THE THRESHOLD OF THE XIX CENTURY 231 

west corner Peter Hill was living. Only five buildings were 
stranding on the west side of Broad Street, from Hill Street to 
Lincoln Park. The first was owned by Samuel Congar, 
weaver. Matthias and Caleb Bruen (descendants of Oba- 
diah Bruen, whose name first appears on the bill of sale of 
Newark from the Indians in 1667), were engaged in cabinet 
making in the next building. After a long vacant frohtage 
Eleazer Brown's house adjoined the dwelling of Hon. Peter 




Comer of Mulberry and Lafayette Streets in Early Nineteenth Century 

I. Van Berckel, Minister Plenipotentiary from the LTnited 
States of Holland to the United States of America. He died 
on December 17, 1800, and the interment was in the Old 
Burying Ground. On the east side of Military Common go- 
ing south were the parsonage of the Episcopal Church 
and the home of Rev. Dr. Griffin and that of Robert 
Young. The Poinier home and a carpenter shop in the 
rear were next in line. A land owner, who signed his name 
*'G. Pintard, Gentleman," was a neighbor of the dis- 
tinguished patriot, Judge Elisha Boudinot. The latter's 



232 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK . 

charming family led in society circles of the late Eighteenth 
and early Nineteenth Centuries. Judge Boudinot and Miss 
Katy Smith, daughter of Peartree Smith, were married 
October 14, 1778. This was the leading social event of New- 
ark during the Revolutionary War period. Near where 
Centre Market is situated Benjamin Johnson had his home, 
later occupied by Matthias Day, the postmaster. Three 
houses owned by Dr. Uzal Johnson, the Ogdens and General 
John N. Cumming, filled the space between that point and 
Gifford's tavern. South of the dwelling of John Burnet, for 
a time postmaster, was the home of Obadiah Crane, the 
home and store of Colonel Hayes, the office of the Sentinel of 
Freedom, published by Pennington & Dodge, and the First 
Presbyterian Church. Farm land extended from there to 
a block south of Hill Street, where Joseph Banks, hatter, was 
carrying on his trade. 

Opposite Caleb Bruen's residence Joseph Beach was 
dividing his time between farming and weaving. Across 
from the Van Berckel residence, where Lincoln Park be- 
gins, on the east side of Broad Street, dwelt Dr. William 
Burnet, surgeon in the Revolutionary War. Farm land, 
several acres in area, intervened between his estate and that of 
Josiah Beach. Another stretch of farm land and then ap- 
peared the home of Joseph Camp, farmer. Last of the 
houses on South Broad Street, of which there is record, was 
the home of Captain Nathaniel Camp, at what is now Camp 
Street. 

The town's growth had scarcely developed beyond Mul- 
berry Street on the east and High Street on the west. Home 
building was largely in the outlying sections, particularly 
at the mountain, where, in 1800, there was a well-organized 
parish. Broad Street was lined on either side with beautiful 
shade trees. At Military Park and the Upper Common 
clustered specimens of the elm tree presented a beautiful 
picture in summer, and won the admiration of travellers. 
High Street, opened a century earlier, in 1695, as a public 
thoroughfare, was in 1800 known as Lovers' Lane, and only a 



— 1 




PrinCA/or Ftrdintiad J. Dt^,€t. 





2^^^^^r7> 



Governor Joseph Bloomfield 



THE THRESHOLD OF THE XIX CENTURY 233 

few farmhouses were built thereon. The wild grapevine 
emitted a fragrance there in late spring, rivaling the apple 
blossom of the earlier season for delicacy of perfumery. The 
foliage was dense and beautiful. West of High Street were 
wooded tracts and pasture lots. Game abounded and wild 
fruit was abundant. On an elevation beyond Mill Brook 
Rev. Uzal Ogden's farmhouse was a landmark. Slaves were 
employed about the estate and it was said that he raised corn 
chiefly for the purpose of feeding the hogs and that he raised 
the hogs with which to feed his slaves. Rev. Mr. Ogden 
entertained prominent foreigners and natives, among the 
former being Talleyrand, Fran(^ois Auguste and Viscount de 
Chatteaubriand, noted Frenchmen of the latter Eighteenth 
Century. 

The Passaic River, over which the mansion had a com- 
manding view, was then an unpolluted stream of salt and 
fresh water in which were many varieties of fish. 

Slaves were publicly flogged for committing misdemean- 
ors, and a well-defined sentiment was finding expression in 
Newark against the system of holding the black man in 
bondage. The Female Charitable Society, the first of New- 
ark's benevolent institutions, was founded in January, 1803. 
The first financial institution was chartered on February 17, 
1804, as the Newark Banking and Insurance Company. On 
June 24, 1865, the title was changed to the Newark National 
Banking Company. 



CHAPTER XXXIX 

Orange Separates From Newark 

A GRICULTURE and shoemaking were the chief sup- 
■^^ ports of the people in 1800. Raw material was sent 
direct from the farmers to the tanneries and shoe-shops. 
Hat manufacturing during the first decade was a promising 
infant industry, while candle-making, cider-making, whiskey 
distilling, grist mills, saw mills, all contributed to local pros- 
perity. Fortunes were unknown, an individual possessing a 
thousand dollars in money being considered "well to do." 
Holdings were chiefly in land and live stock. 

The town treasury funds were not sufficient to provide for 
public improvements in 1804. Captain Robert Nichols, the 
well-known engineer, who rebuilt the bridge over the Passaic 
River, destroyed during Washington's retreat in November, 
1776, and who completed the interior of the First Presby- 
terian Church, was the man of the hour. He set about the 
duty of securing private subscriptions by circulating this 
petition : 

Whereas, the New Town Dock in Newark is very much im- 
paired, which has cost a great sum of money to Erect it, and as 
the Trustees of the Public Dock at present are Engaged to Prepare 
the Dock, but not being able without the assistance of their fellow 
citizens' patronage, therefore, we boing sensible of the great 
utility the said Dock is to this Town, therefore, we the subscribers 
each one for himself and not for another Do promise to pay unto 
the Trustees the Several Sums aflBxed to our names. 

Moses Crowell gave two pounds, Luther Baldwin ten 
shillings, Aaron Harrison eight shillings, John Ailing gave one 
king bolt and eight shillings and six pence and others sub- 
scribed proportionately to their means. 



ORANGE SEPARATES FROM NEWARK 235 

Work was started on the dock improvement, March 27, 
1804, and according to Captain Nichols' account book on 
"April 25, the new town dock is finished and set up. The 
wood that was left at the vendue to be struck off to the high- 
est bidder, which was Ichabod Carman, at twelve shillings." 
White men worked about the dock and slaves hauled ma- 
terial, "Black Henry," "Black Caesar" and others were em- 
ployed "two days in the wood and eight days at the dock, 
which makes ten days." Isaac Ailing worked "5 days him- 
self & one with waggon and horses; William Nixon 3| days; 

Jonathan Andruss 2 days and 
Apprentice 1 day; Johnson 
Nichols 2 daj^s, with 4 Cattle 
Carting Stone; Captain Hays | 
day; David Crane three-quar- 
ters day; Isaac Nichols, three 
good days; Caleb Campbell, ^ 
day; Isaac Sayers Apprentice 

Cradle Made for Herman Cadmus (1799) 1 day. 

In addition, quoting from 
the book, "the Trustees to Robert Nichols, to one Day going 
about with the subscription and collecting the money, five 
shillings," and under date of April 25, 1804, Nichols charged 
12 days' work at eight shillings per day. 

By an act of the New Jersey Legislature on November 27, 
1806, the town of Orange was set off from Newark, and in the 
following April their town meetings were held separately. 
An important matter requiring adjustment between the 
mountain and the river towns was the provision for the poor. 
Committee meeting day was the occasion for road overseers, 
overseers of the poor, the idle curious, and the farmers having 
claims for sheep destroyed by dogs, to congregate at the tav- 
ern designated as the official headquarters. The inn-keeper, 
if alert to business possibilities (and he was never known to 
fail), had a goodly stock of refreshments in readiness for en- 
tertainment of the throng. The dinner horn sounded 
promptly at noon for those having an appetite and the price 




236 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

— two shillings (twenty-five cents). The proprietor sat atj:he 
head of the table. When weather was warm he appeared in 
shirt sleeves. Chicken pot-pie was the most appetizing viand 
of the early Nineteenth Century and was a rival of boiled 
pork and cabbage, then popular. The contents of Idie 
huge iron kettle, hung on an iron crane, under which logs 
of hickory burned, sent out tempting odors. Dumplings 
were placed in stately rows around the platter, which was 
about three feet in length. It was "skidded" along the 
board at the call of the diners. Vegetables, not forgetting 
the never-failing "cold-slaw" invariably served at the public 
house, were also on the bill of fare. 

Dessert was not always on the menu. If the tavern keeper 
and cook (usually his wife) were in good humor, apple dump- 
lings in season were set upon the table, frequently without the 
formality of removing the other dishes. Steamed in large 
kettles, those concoctions of the old tavern days were a 
marvel of epicurean delight. Wlien the savory mess was 
brought to the dining table each person with very little 
ceremony partook of it as inclination seized him. No one, 
as a rule, arose hungry from a tavern dinner. 

The division line betwe^ Newark and Orange was ad- 
justed in this manner: 

Survey of the lines Betwixt the Townships of Newark and 
Orange are as follows: Beginning at Turkey Eagle Rock, and 
running from thence south thirty-nine degrees and forty-five 
minutes east one hundred and fifteen chains to the middle of 
Phineas Crane's Bridge, thence South Sixty degrees and east 
seventy-nine chains to Silas Dodd's bridge; thence South thirty 
degrees and thirty-nine minutes. East ninety chains to the Boiling 
Spring, thence south twenty-nine degrees and fourty minutes west 
seventy-three chains and forty links to Peck's bridge; thence 
south thirty-nine degrees fifteen minutes west two hundred and 
six chains to Sayres Robert's bridge at Camp Town, thence 
South forty-seven degrees and forty minutes west one hundred 
and ten chains to a bridge in the Elizabeth town line where it 
crosses the Elizabeth River. 



ORANGE SEPARATES FROM NEWARK 



237 



The territory embraced the Oranges and parts of Mont- 
clair, Bloomfield, Irvington and Newark of to-day. The 
eastern boundary was at Meadow Brook (Peck's Bridge). 
Camp Town is now Irvington. 

The division of the poor between Orange and Newark was 
consummated on June 3, 1808. "Agreeable to notice," 
reads the record, "the Townships Committee of the Town- 



^MAI* ,.i ;lu- T..U., ,,r rv»-W- Miy;,p ,;., ^,,„, ,,. 



'- .; J-'K.^!I<*\ I'.i 



\v 








/ # 



■\. /■ 



Map of Newark in 1808 

ships of Newark and Orange met at the house of Moses 
Condit, Jun., inkeeper in Orange." Seventeen indigents were 
apportioned to Orange and the remainder were assigned to 
Newark. D. D. Crane was chairman of the Newark com- 
mittee and Stephen D. Day represented Orange. The 
division of the treasurer's funds required an all-day session at 
Roff's tavern, Newark, July 8, 1809, with this result: 

Agreeable to notice the Orange Committee meet the Township 
Committee of New Ark. There was a balance found of three 
dollars Ninety three Cents in favor of New Ark township. A 
demand was made of two Seventh of five hundred dollars by Orange 



238 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

Township for monies expended in defending the title to town 
lands, but New Ark Committee refused to act upon it. The 
above balance was paid by us, errors excepted. Signed by Stephen 
Hays, Aaron Johnson, James Vanderpool, Abraham Squire, New 
Ark Committee; Abraham Winans, Daniel Williams, Samuel 
Condit, Thomas Baldwin, Josiah Baldwin, Orangie Committee. 

An item of $23.72 was also allowed Orange on July 8, 1809, 
and from this was deducted $13.21, in payment of the bill of 
"James Edgins for an accompt he held against New Ark town- 
ship before we was set off." 

Sufferings of the less fortunate were acute in the somewhat 
disordered economic conditions of the time. The poor list 
was the chief item discussed at the town meetings. Widows 
and fatherless children frequently became town charges, and 
cold and cheerless homes were the rule in all circles during 
winter months. The struggle for existence among a large 
majority of the people was continuous, but a strong faith 
abided that posterity would enjoy a better day, and their 
hopes have been fully realized. 

The venerable Rev. Dr. Alexander Macwhorter, pastor of 
the First Presbyterian Church, failed in health soon after 
Mrs. Macwhorter's death, on April 4, 1807. Three months 
later, in the fullness of his years, the faithful minister of God, 
with supernatural strength, extended his arms heavenward, 
then dropped them by his side, and his trials of earth were 
over. He had entered into his eternal rest. 

Seldom has Newark felt keener sorrow than it did over his 
death. Badges of mourning were displayed about.the church, 
which Dr. Macwhorter had served for forty-eight years, 
and the elders wore crape upon their arms for three months. 
The Rev. Dr. Edward Dorr Griffin, colleague and successor 
of the deceased pastor, preached the funeral sermon at the 
services held on July 22, and the body was placed in the 
parish burying ground. A marble tablet on the wall of the 
edifice, near the pulpit, bears this tribute to his memory, 
written, it is believed, by the Rev. Dr. Griffin 



ORANGE SEPARATES FROM NEWARK 239 

Sacred to the memory of the Rev. Alexander Macwhorter, D.D. 
In him a venerable aspect and dignified manners were united with 
a strong and sagacious mind, richly stored with tlje treasures of 
ancient and modern learning. For a long course of years he was 
among the most distinguished supporters of literature and re- 
ligion in the American Church. He was a zealous asserter of 
his country's rights, a wise counselor, a pious and skilful divine, 
a laborious, prudent and faithful minister and a great benefactor 
of the congregation over which he presided forty-eight years. 
To his influence and zeal the congregation is greatly indebted 
for this house of God, the foundation-stone of which he laid in 
September, 1787. In gratitude for his distinguished services and 
from affectionate respect to his memory, the bereaved church have 
erected this monument. He was born 15th July 1734. He 
parted this life 20th July 1807, aged 73 years. The memory 
of the just is blessed. 

Rev. Dr. Macwhorter's boyhood days were spent in the 
county of Newcastle, Delaware. His father was Hugh 
Macwhorter, a north of Ireland linen merchant, who emi- 
grated to America in 1730. Alexander was the youngest of 
eleven children. Entering the College of New Jersey while 
it was located' in Newark, in 1756, at the age of twenty-two 
years, he received a degree in the following summer and 
was a member of the first class graduating at Princeton, 
where the college was removed in the autumn of 1756. He 
was installed pastor of the First Church of Newark at the age 
of twenty-five years. 



CHAPTER XL 

Battle Over County Seat 

rilHE passions of Essex County residents were deeply 
-■■ aroused over an effort to remove the court house to 
Day's Hill, Springfield Township, in 1806. The control 
of the Board of Freeholders was in the hands of "southern 
tier" representatives, including Elizabeth Town, Rahway, 
Westfield and Springfield and the slogan of the day there was, 
"Why not have the court house moved to Day's Hill?" The 
county building was in a dilapidated condition, but the 
freeholders of the southern townships opposed its improve- 
ment notwithstanding its need of repairs and increased 
accommodation for the officials. Late in December popular 
expression favored a referendum as the only method of 
breaking the deadlock and the electorate was invited to record 
its preference for Newark or Day's Hill, as the place most 
suitable for the court house. The election was ordered for 
February 10, 1807. 

A flood of oratory was set loose, debates held in every part 
of the county, public meetings convening daily and wherever 
an audience could be secured. Personalities entered into the 
discussion. Prediction of dire mishap to one side or the 
other caused the timid to shrink from an active part in the 
campaign. 

The election opened at Day's Hill, in Springfield, early in 
the morning of February 10, and the voting proceeded in an 
orderly manner till afternoon. Vehicles of every descri[)tion 
brought men and women from distant parts, even from Mor- 
ris County, to the polling place. Then came the battle 
royal at Elizabeth Town on the next day, February 11. 
Friends of Newark were ordered from the polls "and men- 
aced with uplifted hands to awe them," says an account of 

240 






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First Bank Notes used in Newark 



BATTLE OVER COUNTY SEAT 241 

the day's activity. "One of the Newark committee of the 
three watchers was grossly insulted and violently abused. 
Others were lacerated with whips and bruised with bludg- 
eons. They were told that if they did not leave town they (the 
Elizabeth Town people) would wash their hands in their 
hearts' blood. By these outrageous acts upward of 1,200 or 
1,300 votes were not properly recorded." Scenes of disorder 
continued throughout the day. News of the second day's 
balloting fired a flame of passion in Newark, causing con- 
ferences of the citizens in the evening at which the prevaiKng 
sentiment was expressed by a town leader: "We have to do 
but one of two things — cither to sit down, when we know that 
we have a considerable majority of citizens of the county 
with us, and tamely submit to being swindled and buffeted 
out of our rights, or to take up with manly firmness a similar 
weapon to that by which we have been attacked, to defend 
themselves." Polls opened at the court house in Newark at 
4 o'clock in the morning of February 12. Aaron Munn was 
judge of election. He ordered that "persons appearing who 
had embarrassed the poll the day before were to withdraw, or 
refusing were to be carried out." The latter process was fre- 
quently used. Dim light was furnished by the tallow candles 
till the hours of daylight appeared. Strong men, in fine 
physical condition for a tussle with disturbers of the peace, 
stood near Judge Munn. "I shall not deny," said a witness 
of the dramatic scenes of the day, "but that some improper 
violence was used." 

Several citizens cast ballots as quickly as they could write 
them; two young women, it was said, voted no less than six 
times; boys dressed as women cast votes with impunity. 
William S. Pennington, afterward Governor of New Jersey, 
was a zealous worker at the polls on that eventful day. 

Tabulation of the farcical ^•oting was solemnly made, after 
which William Tuttle, a leading citizen, was requested to 
make the announcement of the three days' balloting from 
the judges' bench in the court house. 

"For Day's Hill," he shouted, "there are 6,181 votes!" 



242 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

"Hurrah!" cried the friends of the Springfield site. This 
preponderance of ballots seemed to have won the day for 
Newark's opponents. 

"For the town of Newark!" again shouted Tuttle, his 
announcement faintly heard above the din of voices, "we 
have 7,666 votes ! This gives the court house to Newark by a 
majority of 1,485!" 

Cries of "Fraud!" "Rascals!" "Cheats!" were lost in the 
fervent cheers of the Newarkers and their friends. The 
news that the county seat would remain in the town where it 
had stood for more than a century was jubilantly received. 
The bells in the First Presbyterian Church and court house 
steeples were rung. Bonfires were kindled on the training 
ground, on the upper common and at other places in the 
town. Blazing tar barrels were rolled down Broad Street by 
crowds of cheering men and boys. Lighted candles were 
placed in the windows of the homes. Quiet came only 
when physical exhaustion sent the jo;y^ul crowds home and 
to their beds. Seven years before, at the Congressional 
election in 1800, Newark polled 1,654 votes, Elizabeth 
Town 925 and Springfield 684. The total county vote was 
therefore about 3,263. 

Jabez Pierson presided at a meeting of representatives 
of Railway, Westfield, Elizabeth Town, Springfield and 
Orange, on April 7, 1807. David S. Craig, secretary, was 
directed to send the following appeal to the Board of Free- 
holders: "Gentlemen — An awful responsibility rests upon 
your board. By your prudence the wound Which has been 
inflicted may still be healed; by your indiscretion it will be 
rendered incurable. Give not, therefore, a wrong touch to 
our political ark, nor follow a multitude to do evil, but set 
your faces as flint to your duty. Resist every attempt that 
may be made for appropriating money to build a new or re- 
pair the old court house, and unite with us in our endeavor to 
obtain a free and fair expression of i)ublic will. By this 
course of action you will obtain the smiles of an approving 
county and the approbation of your own consciences." 



BATTLE OVER COUNTY SEAT 243 

Siiiiilar meetings were held in oilier seelions of the county. 
All favored another test of ])ublic opinion. Issues of the poli- 
tical campaign were practically forgotten in the general 
election held on October 15 and 16, which was conducted 
on "honorable principles, as must tend to wipe out the 
stigma of the last winter's election," remarked a leading 
citizen of the day. Two tickets were in the field — "Court 
House" and "Southern." The candidates on the first 
named won by an average majority of 400. 

Dr. Isaac Pierson, a well-known physician of Orange, was a 
candidate for sheriff. His father. Dr. Matthias Pierson, 
served on the Committee of Observation during the Revo- 
lution. Isaac Day, of Day's Hill, opposed "Dr. Ike," 
as Dr. Pierson was popularly known. The latter's ma- 
jority in his home district was only 36, the vote being 251 for 
Day and 287 for Pierson. This is explained by the fact that 
the town extended to Day's Hill in Spring- 
field, where the ballots, as expected, were 
in favor of Neighbor Day. The vote of 
Acquackanonck was most decisive of all. 
Pierson received the entire credit of 348, 
and at W estfield conditions were nearly re- 
versed, Pierson receiving only two while 
Day was credited with 346 votes. New- 
East of Mulberry ark's Overwhelming support saved the day 
for Sheriff Pierson. Friends were made of 
those who opposed him. He was reelected in 1808 and 1809, 
and also elected Representative in the Twentieth and 
Twenty -first Congresses. 

An act of the New Jersey Legislature revoked the court 
house election. The Board of Freeholders, on Monday, 
July 9, 1810, accepted the offer by Judge William S. Penning- 
ton of a lot adjoining his home, on the north, upon which 
to erect the new county building. Announcement was also 
made that a number of gentlemen had agreed to defray all 
cost of construction. Speedily was the building completed 
and occupied the site of the first tavern where the edifice of 




244 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

Grace Episcopal Church is now standing. It was constructed 
of freestone, was three stories in height, and served about a 
quarter of a century, till 1835, when it was destroyed by fire. 
Excavations were being made for another building at South 
Park (now Lincoln Park), when the Board of Freeholders 
decided to secure the more commanding and accessible 
plot on High Street. Here the freestone Egyptian style 
building was erected in 1837. Here many famous trials 
were held, and here did many able jurists come and go. The 
present stately pile succeeded the old court house, removed 
early in the Twentieth Century. 



CHAPTER XLI 

Second War with Great Britain 

t^SSEX COUNTY patriotism rose at flood tide in 1807. 
■*— ^ The townsmen were preparing for the observance of 
the thirty-first anniversary of Independence Day, when the 
firing upon the United States Frigate Chesapeake by the 
Leopard, a British man-of-war, on Tuesday, June 30, 
stirred up an intense feehng. Three American seamen 
killed and thirteen wounded were the casualties reported. 
The story was told and retold to groups of excited people; 
taverns were crowded with men seeking information of the 
assault, and the Spirit of '76 was again aflame. 

Great Britain, it was long known, had not been as friendly 
to the United States as became a power with whom amicable 
relations were established at the close of the Revolution, and 
this overt act was construed by the Americans as a challenge 
to hostile combat. 

The horse provided the swiftest means of transportation 
and messenger service, but not many days elapsed before 
every settlement in the Union of Seventeen States knew of 
the attack. 

A party of British oflScers and seamen, it was learned, had 
searched the United States vessel for mutineers, which they 
were unable to find. The Leopard thereafter opened a 
broadside upon the Chesapeake entirely without provoca- 
tion. Though badly damaged, the frigate sailed into Hamp- 
ton Roads, displaying the signal of distress. 

President Jefferson issued a proclamation, ordering all 
British vessels out of American harbors. The town of 
Newark and other Essex County municipalities were aroused; 
war was imminent. Our leading citizens pledged their 
lives and their fortunes to resist Britain's mighty power, 

U5 



246 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

Meetings were held in various parts of the county; one 
in Orange was productive of a series of resokitions sent to 
President Jefferson, in which the citizens announced that 
they would gladly pay any tax to prosecute the war against 
Great Britain, and offering volunteers for service. In 
Newark a mass meeting was held at the crumbling old 
temple of justice. " Party differences were laid aside and 
even the distracting court house controversy was tem- 
porarily forgotten. Thomas Ward presided at the meeting 
on July 9, 1807. Joseph C. Hornblower, who was later 
chief justice of the Supreme Court, was chosen secretary. 
Stirring addresses were made by Judge Pennington, General 
Gumming, and others. 

"Though this meeting greatly deprecates the calamities 
of war," reads the resolution "yet should this become nec- 
essary for the preservation of personal rights of our fellow 
citizens, the defense of our country, and the maintenance of 
the sovereignty and independence of the Union, we will 
engage in it with alacrity, and solemnly pledge to our coun- 
try and our government our lives and our fortunes in de- 
fense of our rights as an independent nation." 

Members of the Committee on Correspondence were 
selected as follows: Judge William S. Pennington chairman, 
Joseph C. Hornblower secretary, Thomas Ward, Silas Con- 
dit, son of Dr. John Condit, United States Senator from New 
Jersey, General John N. Gumming, James Vanderpool, Isaac 
Andruss and Richard B. Canfield. 

Watchful waiting followed while diplomatic correspond- 
ence continued for five years. Fast days were held once or 
twice each year till 1812, when war, then unavoidable, was 
eagerly accepted by the people. Encouraging news, re- 
ceived from Washington in February of that year, how- 
ever, that Great Britain was weakening proved a false 
report. President Madison, on April 10, 1812, ordered the 
militia into active service for six months. Section five 
of the act abolished whipping as punishment in the army. 

Governor Bloomfield, of New Jersey, on April 25, 1812, 



SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN 247 

called upon 5,000 of the state troops to mobilize. Newark's 
militia assembled on the training ground one month later, 
obedient to this order: "Officers of artillery, cavalry, 
infantry and riflemen, will meet on the Common at Newark, 
Tuesday, May 26, for the purpose of improvement in mili- 
tary exercise. Headquarters will be at tavern of John 
Gifford." "Between 11 and 12 o'clock, in the forenoon," 
runs an account of the war maneuvers of that day, "the pro- 
cession was formed in front of Captam John Giiford's 
tavern (corner of Broad and Market streets, now site of 
Firemen's Building). From thence the march was to the 
Common, attended by the Newark band as well as other 
martial music. Here a hollow square was formed and the 
throne of grace was addressed in a well-adapted prayer by 
the Rev. Hooper Gumming, pastor of the Second Pres- 
byterian Church. After this, various evolutions were gone 
through, highly advantageous to the officers and more or 
less gratifying to the numerous spectators collected on the 
occasion. The whole was dismissed about 4 p. m. The 
agreeable airs of the Newark band gave a zest to the whole 
proceedings and reflected much credit upon their leader, 
Mr. Hoffman." . 

Independence Day anniversary in 1812 was enthusiasti- 
cally observed. The militia, mechanics and other organi- 
zations marched about the streets in the morning. Cap- 
tain John P. Decatur and his troops of horse. Captain Joseph 
Bruen's detached troops. Captain Thomas Johnson's com- 
pany of volunteers. Captain Theodore Frelinghuysen's 
company of riflemen and Captain Corey's Mechanic Rangers 
made a very creditable appearance. Newark people en- 
joyed spring lamb at dinner and cherry pie for dessert on 
that day. It was an unwritten household practice for many 
years to serve them on the Fourth of July. 

A discussion arose when the paraders were dismissed 
regarding the efficiency of the various military organiza- 
tions. Captain Decatur proudly declared that he and his 
men had the best mounts in Newark and that they could 



248 



NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 



cover ground quicker than any troop of horse in the state. 
This was questioned by more than one miHtiaman. The 
captain averred, moreover, that he could cover the distance 
from Newark to Orange Meeting House (at what is now Day 
and Main streets) in twenty minutes. These were rash 
words and doubt was expressed of his abihty to accomphsh 
the feat. 

Calhng his men together, the captain inquired as to the 
condition of the horses. 

"Never better," was the unanimous shout. 

"Will you ride to Orange?" asked the captain. 




Newark's Firsl Finuacial Instiiuliou 



"Anywhere you say!" answered one of the men. 

That wild Independence Day race over the High Street 
hill and up the old Indian trail to Orange's four corners was 
a never-ending tlitnne of conversation diu'ing the life of 
the participants. When the captain, well in the lead, 
reined his animal in front of the objective point, there 
were two minutes to his credit. The ride was accom- 




ccuof/r. / :i,(T. 



William Halsey, the first Mayor of Newark 



SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN 249 

plished by all the horsemen within the time set. The 
start was made, it is understood, from Captain John Gif- 
ford's tavern, at the corner of Broad and Market streets, 
and the distance covered was about four miles. Residents 
along the line were frightened, not knowing of the race 
against time, and fearing that British troops were in the 
country. Moses Condit's tavern, near Orange's Meeting 
House, offered a harbor of refuge, a veritable oasis in the 
desert. Draughts of metheglin or stronger beverages as- 
suaged the thirst of the men while their horses were also 
being refreshed. Ice was not used in the summer months 
till nearly forty years later. 

After exercises at the First Presbyterian Church, the 
dignitaries and a number of townsmen repaired to Gifford's 
tavern, where a "bountiful repast," as they were wont to 
say, was served. The patriots, with a hearty meal in pro- 
cess of digestion, entered zealously into this part of the fes- 
tivities. 

"The Day we Celebrate" was naturally the first toast. 
Boom! the brass field piece stationed a few feet from the 
open door echoed the sentiment. Three rousing cheers from 
the crowd inside and the multitude without greeted the 
presentment. "The President of the United States. He 
enjoys and merits the confidence of the people." The 
tavern rafters rang with six cheers, while the field piece 
worked overtime in its approval of the toast. 

"Hull, Jones, Decatur and Bainbridge, their courage and 
success have encircled them with laurels unfading as time, 
imperishable as inniiortality," was No. 3. Again six hearty 
cheers were given, and the field piece calming down a trifle, 
discharged one round. 

This was drunk with becoming silence. "James Lawrence, 
the brave, the true, the good. May his last words be the 
signal of victory to the United States commanders, 'Do 
not give up the ship.'" 

Restraint vanished when the sentiment was announced: 
"George Washington — may his memory be engraved upon 



250 



NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 



the hearts of every American." Cheers were given and the 
field piece performed its work loyally. 

The seventeenth toast brought a revival of drooping 
spirits. The banqueters straightened as this was offered: 
"The Congress of 1776 and that of 1812. The first declared 
our independence; the second declared war to sustain it!" 
Nine cheers and several pounds of powder greeted this 
enthusiastic expression. The last toast, No. 18, was drunk 
standing: "The American Fair. May their smiles be re- 
served for the patriots of their country." This brought 




The Ducalur House, Midway on Park Place 



new life to the fatigued celebrants. Cheers were given and 
the last round of ammunition was fired by the gunner. 
A few lingered for the after celebration, known in the bub- 
bling, sizzling period of patriotism as "Volunteer Toasts." 

The local militia paraded on December 1, 1812, for in- 
spection, on the training ground. "An excellent dinner 
was provided by Mr. Caleb Pierson for the officers, together 
with the Governor, Aaron Ogden, of Elizabeth Town and 



SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN 251 

some other gentleman" is a report included in the day's hap- 
penings. One of the toasts proposed was: 

"The Militia of New Jersey— May they awake from their 
death-like stupor and be invigorated with the same spirit 
which led the fathers to glory." 

William S. Pennington of Newark, elected Governor on 
October 28, 1813, ordered 5,000 militia on July 14, 1814, in 
readiness for service. He issued a proclamation, a para- 
graph of which reads: 

"The citizens of New Jersey were among the first in our 
glorious struggle for national independence and in the 
formation of our national government. They will not be 
last in arms to maintain what they have so heroically done 
to achieve and wisely to establish." 

First in the roll of honor is Captain Daniel Kilburn's 
company, of Orange, and third was Captain John J. Plume's 
independent volunteer company of Newark. Hundreds of 
Essex County soldiers rushed to the colors. Hostilities 
ended before the local militia discharged a gun. The men 
were on duty at Paulus Hook and at Sandy Hook, from 
August 12 to early in December. The state military forces 
were discharged on the 10th of that month. The treaty of 
Ghent was signed four days later and ratified by unanimous 
vote of the United States, February 17, 1815. 

Rev. Hooper Gumming, son of General John Noble Gum- 
ming, installed pastor of the newly organized Second Pres- 
byterian Church on October 9, 1811, graduated from An- 
dover College with high honors. While in New England he 
met the charming Miss Sarah Emmons, of the District 
(now State) of Maine and they were married in April, 1812. 
A long journey by stage coach ended at the new home in 
Newark. "She was a lady of amiable disposition, a well- 
cultivated mind, distinguished intelligence and most ex- 
emplary piety," writes a resident of the period. 

The young clergyman accepted an invitation to preach at 
Paterson on Sunday, June 21, and was accompanied on the 
trip by Mrs. Gumming. They visited the Passaic Falls 



252 NARIIATIVES OF NEWARK 

on Monday morning, June 22, and while enjoying the 
scenery, the bride of only three months lost her balance and 
fell head-foremost to her death in the whirling pool, a dis- 
tance of about 100 feet. 

The body was recovered, the funeral services were held in 
the Second Church, and the interment took place in the 
Old Burying Ground. In 1815 Rev. Mr. Gumming accepted 
a call to the Presbyterian church at Schenectady, N. Y. 



CHAPTER XLII 

After the War of 1812 

A FINANCIAL depression, and all its blighting effects, 
threatening Newark's industrial life, came with the 
ratification of peace between the United States and Great 
Britain. The State Bank was compelled to close its doors; 
values depreciated, and there was much physical suffering. 
Discharged soldiers of the volunteer army swelled the ranks 
of idle men, who visited the taverns till their money was ex- 
hausted, and then stood on street corners waiting for 
something to happen. Hunger asserted itself. The un- 
employed became bold. Theft was added to the list of 
daily unpleasant occurrences and citizens were compelled to 
arm themselves. They were often attacked by ruffians at 
night. 

During the war operatives in large numbers were attracted 
to Newark by the lure of permanent employment. Foot- 
wear, hats, wagons, and harness were the principal articles 
sent from the factories to the army depots. Every manu- 
facturing plant turning out these products was taxed to its 
utmost capacity in supplying orders for the quartermaster's 
department. The country's financial condition improved in 
1816, the 150th anniversary of Newark's settlement. The 
United States Bank or National Bank, chartered with a 
capital of $35,000,000, served as a powerful stimulant to in- 
dustrials. The impetus of awakened financial activity re- 
stored confidence, and the town's 8,000 inhabitants resumed 
their normal way of living. 

Though the original boundaries were lessened by the for- 
mation of other towns, Newark continued the mecca of the 
farmers on market and other days important in the county life. 
Belleville was set off in 1743 as Second River and in 1839 was 

«53 



254 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

incorporated under its present name. A part of Newark was 
included in Springfield township, incorporated in 1793. By 
an act of the New Jersey Legislature, on February 16, 1798, 
Caldwell township was formed from parts of Newark and 
Acquackanonck. The town had been known as Horse Neck, 
but the name was changed on February 19, 1787, to its present 
designation, in honor of Rev. James Caldwell, pastor of the 
First Presbyterian Church of Elizabeth Town, Deputy 
Quartermaster General and Chaplain in Washington's army. 
He was held in highest esteem by the Horse Neck settlers, 
whom he often visited. 

Citizens of another section, set off from Newark, in 1812, in 
their admiration of another soldier of the Revolutionary War, 
General Joseph Bloomfield, named the new town for him. 
This is one of the few instances on record where a community 
has taken its name from one still living. The General was in 
later years Governor of New Jersey, an officer in the War of 
1812, and member of Congress. He died, October 3, 1825, 
at the age of seventy-two years. General Bloomfield's con- 
tribution of $140 toward the erection of the new edifice of the 
Presbyterian Society and several volumes to the church 
library, was supplemented by a handsomely bound Bible and 
psalm book, the gift of Mrs. Bloomfield. 

Preparations were made for breaking ground for the 
sanctuary in the autumn of 1796. Then it was thought ad- 
visable to select a parish name, and on October 13 of the 
same year Bloomfield was adopted. Gracefully was the letter 
written to the warrior, informing him of the people's action. 
Accompanying the request for the use of his name was a bar- 
rel of prime cider made from the best Harrison and Canfield 
apples. The General accepted the honor and the triumphant 
entry into "his" town occurred on Thursday, July 6, 1797, 
when a delegation of citizens, in command of Colonel Cadmus 
and Timothy Ward, the masons, laborers and all other workers 
on the church, acted as escort to the distinguished visitors. 
The clergy, forty young women in white, and 200 school chil- 
dren also participated. Captain Crane's Company of infantry 



AFTER THE WAR OF 1812 255 

brought up the rear, the General having the position of 
prominence in the centre of the procession. 

General Bloomfield, accompanied by Mrs. Bloomfield, 
entered the town by way of Orange. The affair, we are told 
by one who was present, was "clothed with dignity, virtue of 
patriotism and political and Christian union." 

Rev. Dr. Alexander Macwhorter, pastor of Newark's First 
Presbyterian Church, and a member of St. John's Lodge, F. 
and A. M., laid the corner stone of the Bloomfield Church on 
May 28, 1797, with Masonic ceremonies, assisted by his 
fellow members. 

For fifteen years Bloomfield was a community in name 
only. In 1812 the Legislature passed an act designating the 
town as a separate municipality. 

Steam was introduced as a propelling force for river craft 
in 181o; Newark industries were slowly increasing and it 
was an "easy going" era. Cattle, swine 
and geese were driven into town by farmers 
and the village had the appearance of an 
agricultural county centre. There were 
82 distilleries in Newark producing an- 
nually 300,000 gallons of "Jersey Light- 
ning." The 763 looms were doing their 
share of helping along Newark's prosperity. Hat worn by Rev. Dr. 
Of spindles there were 9,900 and there were 
ten paper mills, three naileries, seventeen bloomeries and 
twenty-six carding machines. 

IVIiss Anna Richards, daughter of Rev. Dr. James Rich- 
ards, afterward the wife of Rev. Aaron Beach, organized the 
first Sunday School class in Newark, at the First Presby- 
terian Church, in 1814, and in May, 1815, the Sabbath 
School was instituted by the Rev. Burr Baldwin. 

Robert Raikes started in England the first Sunday School 
in the world about twenty-five years before. The school 
opened in Newark was also for "people of color," and in 1816 
the First Presbyterian Church of Orange began a class for 
slaves. Pews were set aside for their use at the Sabbath Day 




256 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

services. An act of Februarj^ 1820, provided that children 
born of shive parents, subsequent to July 4, 1804, were to 
have their freedom, the females upon arriving at the age of 
twenty-one years and the males at twenty-five. In 1800 there 
were 12,422 slaves in New Jersey, but they decreased till 
1850, when there were only 236. According to the census of 
that year there were 23,810 free colored citizens in the state. 
Rev. Humphrey M. Ferine, formerly tutor at Princeton 
College, was engaged as instructor at the Newark Academy, 
in May, 1816. Rev. Dr. James Richards, pastor of the First 
Presbyterian Church, was president of the association and 
general supervisor of the school. Instruction was also given 
in the lower room of the school house on the south side of 
Market Street, principally for wage earners, from 5:30 to 
7:30 A. M. Daily, Sundays excepted, beginning May 1, 1816, 
young men and middle-aged men reported at the building. 
The wooden pump, in the centre of the intersection of Broad 
and Market Streets, furnished a cooling drink for the early 
morning pupils passing that way. The teachers were A. 
Champion and C. C. Peters. Reading, writing, arithmetic 
and penmanship were the branches taught. 

William Tuttle, Newark's bookseller, was advertising the 
most popular book on the market, "The 
Dairyman's Daughter,'' which was de- 
scribed as an interesting religious volume. 
Insolvent debtors were thrust into prison, 
an upper floor, as a rule, reserved for them. 
Silas INIorehouse gave notice that he would 
^^^^ ^Pply to the judges of the inferior court on 
I ^^^^9 Friday, July 7 next, at 4 o'clock, "to hear 

StL. _:^5!^H what can be alleged for and against my lib- 

Postmaster^^Matthias eratiou as an insolvent debtor." Though 
he had been under arrest seven weeks, 
freedom did not come to him till two months later. Matthias 
Day was the villag<' postmaster. ]Mail matter was received 
})eriodically from New York, Philadelphia and other places 
by post-riders. Mr. Day sold medicine and other articles at 




AFTER THE WAR OF 1812 257 

his store on the east side of Broad Street, near Military Park. 
Unclaimed letters amounted to fifty or more weekly, and the 
list was posted about town, where it could be seen by farmers 
and others appearing on market days. 

Robert Honan was familiarly known as the "clam man." 
Every Monday morning he appeared at the Lower Dock with 
a fresh supply of Rockaway clams, arousing suspicion among 
the more sanctimonious of being engaged in worldly toil on 
the Sabbath. But the fine specimens, just the right sort for 
Newark's famous *'clam pot pie," deterred the more rehgious 
customers from asking impertinent questions. 

Dancing lessons were given at the Academy during the 
summer, beginning May 1, 1816, by Mr. Sansey, Miss Crab 
and Charles Pasham. On Saturday of each week a practic- 
ing ball was given in Mr. Bennett's long room at the Jersey 
tavern, adjoining the First Presbyterian Church. Ten dol- 
lars per quarter was the tuition fee. A notice of a forthcom- 
ing ball contained this request: "Gentlemen will kindly 
leave .their boots at home." Miss Conlan, lately from Eng- 
land, opened a millinery store three doors north of S. Roff's 
tavern. She made a specialty of cotton hose. 

Toll gates were in operation on many of the roads leading 
out of Newark. Joseph INIunn, of West Bloomfield, was 
offering a reward of $15 for the return of his negro named 
Bob; Uzal Ward had a store on Broad Street opposite the 
South Park Presbyterian Church and Joseph S. Condit was 
exchanging shoes for produce at his Broad Street store, across 
from the Trinity Episcopal Church. Joseph Plum, at 
Bridge and Broad streets, advertised 400 bushels of choice 
seed potatoes for sale. The year 1816 is remembered for its 
chilhng weather which prevailed every month, and crops 
were a failure. 

The average man did not spend as much money in a year 
as the one in the early Twentieth Century does in a month. 
Costly dinners were unknown. Quilting parties, donation 
parties for the minister, nut cracks, spelling parties, singing 
schools and apple bees were favorite pastimes in their seasons. 



CHAPTER XLIII 

A Captain of Industry 



XJO IMAN in the history of Newark made a more lasting 
-^ ^ impression upon the progress of industrial pursuits than 
did Seth Boyden, the noted inventor, who wrought so 
thoroughly in brass, iron and leather during the first half of 
the Nineteenth Century. He was born at Foxborough, Mass., 
November 17, 1798, and in 1815 was in residence in the town. 
He lived on Broad Street, near Bridge Street. 

Mr. Boyden first adapted his inventive talent at the age 
of fifteen years to repairing watches. Then he produced a 
machine for making wrought nails, one for cutting files and 
brads and another for cutting and heading 
tacks. 

He built the first locomotive, the "Or- 
ange," and also the "Essex," used on the 
Morris and Essex Railroad, now part of the 
Lackawanna system. The first specimen 
of patent leather manufactured in the coun- 
try was the product of his genius. He 
was the pioneer in the United States of 
manufacturing brads for joiners, of mal- 
leable iron, of daguerreotypes, and of locomotive and steam 
machinery. He assisted Professor Morse in perfecting the 
electric telegraph. 

The name of Boyden stands by the side of the world's 
eminent inventors. He was a modest, retiring man, and un- 
selfishly prosecuted his labors that mankind might in some 
measure be benefited by his ])ainstaking efi'orts. 

The last years of his well-spent life were ilevoted to the 
study of horticulture, in which he became proficient. His 
specialty was the Seth Boyden strawberry, cultivated on his 

258 




Seth Boyden 



A CAPTAIN OF INDUSTRY 259 

farm at Hilton, now a part of South Orange. Not only did 
it attain a large size but was of delicious flavor and delicate 
bouquet. 

In the early part of the Nineteenth Century traffic on the 
Passaic River contributed largely to local prosperity. A 
line of freight boats was operated by Messrs. Stephens, 
Condit & Cox in 1818. Whaling vessels received outfits for 
the long voyage at the wharf near the foot of Centre Street. 
This industry made possible a kindred one, that of cooperage, 
the factory being operated by the Stephens, Condit & Wright 




Broad and Market Streets in 1820 



Whaling and Sealing Company. Large casks for storing sperm 
oil by owners of whaling vessels were produced at the plant. 
A pilgrimage was made along the roadways leading to 
Newark by men, women and children in holiday attire on 
Thursday, September 23, 1824. They came afoot, on horse- 
back, and in carts providing room for half a dozen or more, 
drawn by slow-moving oxen. The stage coaches enjoyed a 
flourishing business. Every one able to travel and pos- 
sessed of a patriotic spirit thronged to greet General Gilbert 
Motier, known in American history as the Marquis de Lafay- 
ette, who was, as the nation's guest, touring the eastern part 
of the country. 



260 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

Distinguished Jersey men met the illustrious son of France, 
the friend and aide of Wasliington, at Lyon's Hotel in Jersey 
City. The hero was accompanied by his son, George Wash- 
ington Lafayette. General Jonathan Dayton, Major Keane 
of Governor Williamson's Staff, and Colonel Thomas T. 
Kinney, extended greetings in behalf of the State, and 
the committee of Newark citizens was composed of Colonel 
Thomas Ward, Colonel James Hedden, Colonel Stephen 
Hay, Colonel Isaac Andruss, Theodore Frelinghuysen, 
Caleb S. Riggs, Jesse Baldwin, Luther Goble, Robert Can- 
field, Dr. John R. B. Rogers, Abraham Reynolds, WilHani 
Halsey, Silas Condit and Smith Burnet. A squadron of cav- 
alry and a "numerous and imposing calvacade," acted as the 
visitor's escort to Newark in the forenoon. At 12 o'clock the 
Newark Cadet Corps fired a salute, announcing the near ap- 
proach of the procession. 

Crossing the Passaic River at Bridge Street, it entered 
Broad Street, and moved eastward on that thoroughfare 
with difficulty because the cheering, enthusiastic multitude 
crowded forward. 

Major Elisha Boudinot's home on Park Place, near Centre 
Market, was placed at the disposal of the guest of honor, 
where a reception was held. The entire affair was the most 
brilliant pubHc or private ceremony held in Newark up to 
that time. Public officials, members of the Order of the Cin- 
cinnati and others prominent in State and county attended. 

Directly in front of the house, in Military Park, a pictur- 
esque bower thirty-five feet in diameter was erected and 
a committee of women decorated it with flags and flowers. 
The design was drawn by William Halsey. Theodore Fre- 
linghuysen, who in 1829 was elected to the United States 
Senate, escorted the General to the park, and opportunity 
was given the public to meet him. A parade, under com- 
mand of Major-General Doughty, then passed in review. It 
was planned to be an imposing spectacle, but a rainstorm de- 
ranged the committee's expectations. 

Late in the afternoon Lafayette left for Elizabeth Town, 



jr\. K^r\.i. ±r\.xiy \jr xi^j_/uo±JXX 



where he was the over-night guest of General Jonathan Day- 
ton. The New York Observer, in a report of the event, said: 
"Hon. Jonathan Dayton, former Speaker of the House of 
Representatives of Congress and Revolutionary hero, was 
with Lafayette when he passed through New Jersey. He was 
a guest of General Dayton over night at his Elizabeth home, 
and such were the exertions to honor his guest and gratify the 
number of people to see him that he sank under them and ex- 
pired a few days later." 

Henry Clay, the noted Kentucky Senator, was offered and 




Osborne House, (about 1800) built by Major J. Carter, Broad and Chestnut Streets 

accepted the freedom of the town on November 20, 1833, 
for his championship of the protective tariff. The story 
is told by a daughter of Silas Condit, in a diary, now 
owned by Miss Eleanor Condit Trippe, of Bloomsbury, 
Hunterdon County. The writer of November 21, 1833, 
commented: 



The Honorable Henry Clay visited Newark yesterday. He 
gave no notice of his coming until late the previous evening, so 



262 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

that few people were apprised thereof, and but few waited upon 
him. General Darcy, General Andrus and Father (Silas Condit) 
were appointed to go down to New York and escort him to this 
town. They came out like a private party in a close carriage, 
which afforded Father an opportunity of conversing with him. 
He says he is very pleasant. 

When they came near Newark, they were met by several young 
gentlemen on horseback, and many other citizens in carriages. 
When they passed through town Mr. Clay was in an open carriage, 
with his hat off. Father by his side, and two other gentlemen on 
another seat. Now and then a few ladies standing in windows 
attracted Mr. Clay's attention. We all dressed ourselves and 
stood up in the front windows, and Mr. C. bowed to us several 
times very pleasantly. 

He was taken to the Park House, where he was met by General 
Thomas Ward, an old Congressman, who knew Mr. Clay very 
well. Mr. Clay was then addressed by Mr. Amzi Dodd, in place 
of Mr. Frelinghuysen, who was out of town. 

Mr. Clay commenced, a reply, but the people began to press in 
and shewed so much dissatisfaction because they could not hear 
him, he was obliged to cease. 

"Well, gentlemen, I did not come to make a speech. I came to 
shake hands with you and become better acquainted with you, 
and if you please, to take a chew of tobacco with you." 

He then walked down to Rankin's Hat Factory, where he was 
presented with a hat just finished for the occasion, from thence he 
went to Wright's establishment, where he Avas presented with an 
elegant saddle. 

He then returned to Barney Day's and partook of a collation, 
where General Ward toasted him in such manner that he was 
obliged to make a speech with which his friends were highly 
gratified. After this a splendid carriage, lined with rich satin, 
never used before, with six handsome horses, drove up to Barney 
Day's house, in which Mr. Clay was seated with some other gentle- 
men, and they rode up to view the inclined plane, so along the hill 
and then out of town. 

When he reached New York, Mr. Philip Hone was to entertain 
him at dinner, and to-morrow he will return to Washington.' 
Father informed us that our Young men returned to New York 
with Mr. Clay and on their way agreed to purchase the carriage and 



A CAPTAIN OF INDUSTRY 263 

present it to him; $800.00 was the price thereof. Mr. C. said he 
could not refuse it, but he was overwhelmed and knew not what 
to say in return. 

The "Barney Day" mentioned was Barnabas Day, the 
proprietor of the Park House at 27 Park Place, where the 
Public Service building now stands. Rankin's hat establish- 
ment was at 271 Broad, between Clinton and Market Streets, 
and Wright's saddlery manufactory was at 343 Broad, the 
corner of Fair Street. 

In 1826 the famous three-score-year controversy over 
title to the parsonage lands was ended. The Proprietors, 
when the town was settled, granted 200 acres of land for 
ecclesiastical use. The Mountain Society and Trinity 
Church each demanded a division, claiming an equal share 
with the Presbyterian Society, into which the Meeting House 
congregation was merged. Beginning in 1760, the subject 
was discussed at town meetings, votes were passed, reversed 
as one side or the other possessed power, and the Legislature 
petitioned to intervene. 

In March, 1761, "at a very full and public town meeting, 
it was voted and agreed that the said lands, granted by said 
letter patent to lie for a parsonage, be equally divided in 
quantity and quality exclusive of the improvements thereon, 
among three said societies or congregations." A committee 
was appointed to request the Governor's confirmation, 
but the members representing the older society refused 
to act. Thus the strife continued. In 1784 a compromise 
was agreed upon, the two off -shoot societies receiving a 
dividend of lands, under lease as tenants at will, but this was 
revoked on May 20, 1797. A special act was finally secured 
from the Legislature, enabling the First Church of Newark to 
convey the land in fee simple to the Trinity parish and the one 
at the mountain. The deeds were signed on August 29, 1826. 

The fiftieth anniversary of Independence Day was ob- 
served in 1826 by an all-day celebration. A bower arranged 
to represent the original thirteen States in the Union, the 



264 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

principal battles of the Revolutionary War and several of the 
generals participating therein, was erected in Military Park. 
A census of the inhabitants who were alive on Independence 
Day in 1776 disclosed a total of 101, of whom fifty-six served 
in the Continental Army, the militia or the navy. Captain 
Obadiah Meeker, at the age of 87, and dressed in his "regi- 
mentals," led the remnant of Washington's soldiers in the 
procession. Upon this jubilee day the foundation of a pro- 
posed memorial to the soldiers of the Revolutionary War was 
laid at the south end of Military Park with impressive cere- 
monies. 

Adams and Jefferson, two former presidents of the United 
States, died on the anniversary of the country's fiftieth birth- 
day, but the people were not aware of the fact till a day or 
two later. On July 11 a procession and addresses were 
local tributes to the eminent Americans. 




Statue of Seth Boyden, in Washington Park 



CHAPTER XLIV 

Newark Becomes a City 

rr^HE old form of town meeting, prevailing 170 years, was 
-*• about to give way in 1836 to a more modern, flexible 
system and in accord with the needs of a community en- 
titled to cast aside its primitive methods. Newark was 
growing steadily in population and in industrial enter- 
prises, and there was a desire among the townpeople for a 
broader scope in handling public affairs. 

Orange was divided about this time into two sections, 
one known as South Orange and the other as North Orange. 
The latter territory was later divided into Orange, East 
Orange and West Orange. 

An act of the Legislature, in 1833, divided the town into 
four wards. Each chose its own moderator, two members of 
the town committee and other officials. Three years later 
the Legislature gave the people the referendum regarding 
incorporation, much desired by the town's leading men. 

Advocates of city government were the victors at the polls 
on March 18, 183G, when the necessary three-fifths favorable 
vote was cast. The ballots tallied 1,870 in favor and 553 
against the Charter. The opposition was developed by 
large land owners, who feared an increase in the tax rate. 

" It would appear that the period of the town's greatest pros- 
perity and increase," said Benjamin T. Pierson, in his first 
directory of Newark, issued in October, 1835, "is the 
interval since 1830. During this time the population has 
nearly doubled, allowance being made for the number set off 
with the new township of Clinton in 1833." 

The coal fields of Pennsylvania were brought in touch 
with Newark by the opening of the Morris Canal in 1830, 
an engineering triumph of the Nineteenth Century. D. C. 

265 



266 NARRATHTS OF NEW.\RK 

Halsted gave this pleasing impression of the first boat's 
arrival : 

On December 10, 1830, which was Friday, the incline plane being 
completed, we had the pleasure of witnessing the passage of the 
first boat through Newark. About 10 o'clock the car descended 
from the summit of the plane into the water of the canal behind 
the hill which stretches along the west side of the town, till there 
was a sufficient depth of water upon the floor of the car to flood the 
boat upon. 

The large and beautiful boat Dover, consigned to Jonathan Cory, 
was then towed into the car and secured. The water was now let 
in, upon which the large wheel at the summit and the machinery 
were set in motion by Major Douglass, the enterprising engineer. 

The cable chain was attached to the car and the other end to 
the machinery, and the car, with the boat secured within its frame, 
rose majestically out of the water with 200 persons aboard. 

In six and a half minutes she descended from the summit to 
the lev'el of the town and entered her native element, thus 
passing a plane 1,040 feet long, overcoming a descent of 70 feet 
and advancing forward 770 feet in an incredibly short space of 
time. 

The boat was then flooded out of the car and drawn by two 
horses and as many boys as could get hold of the tow-line through 
the town to the lock on the river. 

The New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company 
(now the Pennsylvania) began operations on September 15, 
1835. During the first year 120,485 passengers were carried. 
River traflfic had so largely increased in 1833 that Newark 
was named a port of entry by Congress and Archer Gifford 
was appointed the first collector. 

The Morris & Essex Railroad was chartered January 29, 
1835, and the line began operating from Orange to Newark by 
horses on November 10, 1836. The road was extended to 
Madison, and steam power inaugurated on October 2, 1837; 
and to Morristown, on January 1, 1838. The first regular 
freight train was placed in commission in the summer of 1838. 
The horse-drawn cars continued to run on the tracks for 




NEWARK BECOMES A CITY 267 

several years. The average daily receipts from Newark to 
Morristown (for passengers) from January 1 to May 1, 1838, 
was $72.00. "An eight-wheel car," an announcement states, 
"capable of carrying from 70 to 100 passengers, was placed 
on the road February 15, 1838." The Railroad Employee of 
June, 1916, says: 

The locomotive of this train was the Essex, built for the Morris 
& Essex Railroad by Seth Boyden at his shop in Newark, and the 
train crew consisted of Engineer Samuel Craig, Fireman William 
Pierson and Conductor A. O. Crane, who also acted as brakeman. 
A way bill for the freight was handed to Conductor Crane at 
Newark, which he placed in his hat, Avhere it remained till he 

arrived at Morristown, trusting to his 
memory, as to the points where the pack- 
ages were to be dropped. 

The train consisted of the locomotive, 
tender and one freight car, the latter 

First Train on Morris &. Essex a CUrioUsly constructed affair about 
Railroad now Lackawana , .r> e l • ^ j.i ii* 

twenty-nve leet ui length, resemblmg a 
modern flat car, but devoid of side boards or stakes. The cargo 
of the train consisted of a few boxes of soap, two barrels of flour 
and sundry small packages, all of which could have been easily 
loaded on a modern truck. 

While running one day on a straight track between Orange and 
South Orange, through Scotland Street a barrel of flour fell from 
a car, and, breaking in its descent engulfed the train crew with 
its contents. 

The regular stations between Newark and Morristown were at 
Orange, Millburn, Chatham, and Madison. The terminal station 
at Newark was used as a storehouse for the tools of the construc- 
tion gangs. 

Exports of goods manufactured in Newark included sad- 
dlery, harness, carriages, shoes, boots, hats, coaches and coach 
lace, watch springs, lamps, plated brass, iron castings, cut- 
lery, patent leather, malleable iron, window blinds and sashes, 
chairs and jewelry. They were sent to nearly every civilized 
country in the world. 

Vacant land was cleared and streets opened, upon which 



268 NARRAXrV'ES OF NEWARK 

were erected factories, and regular employment given opera- 
tives. Homes were needed for the rapidly increasing popula- 
tion and the sound of hammer and saw was heard constantly 
"from sun to sun." Real estate prices increased enormously 
and every interest prospered. The industrial output in 183G 
was valued at $8,000,000, relatively a very large sum. 

Polling places at the first charter election, on April 11, 
1836, were thus designated: North ward, Second Church 
lecture room; East ward, First Church lecture room; West 
ward. Baptist Church; South ward, Third Church lecture 
room. 

AVilliam Halsey, elected first mayor of Newark, was a 
native of Essex County. He was born in Short Hills (then 
Springfield) in 1770 and studied for the bar, special- 
izing in criminal cases. He was appointed judge of the 
Court of Common Pleas of Essex County at the end of his 
term and retained the confidence and respect of the people 
to the end of his life. He died August IG, 1843, in his 
seventy-third year. 

Newark's first Board of Aldermen was composed of Abra- 
ham W. Kinney, William Lee, Isaac INIeeker, and John H. 
Stephens, representing the North Ward; Isaac Baldwin, 
Thomas B. Pierson, Aaron Camp and Henry L. Parkliurst, 
from the South ward; "William Garthwaite, Joel W. Condit, 
James Beardsley and James ]\Iiller, from the East ward, and 
Enoch Bolles, William Rankin, Abner P. Howell, and James 
Keene, from the West ward. Each ward also elected its col- 
lector, its school committee of two members and three con- 
stables. 

The Board of Aldermen organized on the next Saturday 
night in the Academy Building, corner of Broad and Academy 
streets. The board consisted of ten Whigs and Six Ad- 
ministrationists or Democrats. Speeches were made and the 
prayer was offered by the Rev. Dr. William R. Weeks. 
INIeetings of the board were held usually at the call of the 
Mayor, at 4 o'clock in the afternoon. 

Isaac Nichols, who made the first census of Newark in 



NEWARK BECOMES A CITY 269 

1836, reported of "free white Americans," 10,542; Irish, 
about 6,000; English and Scotch, about 1,000; Germans, 
about 300; "free people of color," 359. The population was 
18,201. 

Newark was housed in 844 dwellings, and there were 207 
mechanics' shops, five public landings on the Passaic River, 
three lumber yards and four quarries. There were three Pres- 
byterian churches, one each of Episcopalian, Roman Cath- 
olic, Methodist and African. In the professions there were 
nine clergymen, ten physicians, fourteen lawyers and sixteen 
school teachers. The town supported thirty -four merchants, 
five druggists and eighty-one farmers. 

One of the first acts of the new city 
government was the institution of Centre 
Market, extending from Broad Street to 
Mulberry Street, and under which the 
Morris Canal passes. The portion lying 
outside of the canal limits was purchased ^^®|l^^y_if '* 
by the Mayor and Common Council in 1836, ^^^' ^^pll 
and in 1852 another tract added. The entire 
cost of the property was $56,000. '"^ ^^^"^^ ^ ^^ 

John Jehff graduated from his apprenticeship in time to 
cast his first vote at the charter election, and in after years 
was a leading furniture dealer of the city. He was com- 
pelled, as were all apprentices of the period, to live with his 
employers. The young men, desiring a change in the break- 
fast diet of broiled mackerel and boiled potatoes, caused this 
complaint, \^Titten, it was believed, by Jeliff, to be posted on 
the door of the factory where they were employed: 

Oh Lord of love, look from above. 

On us poor cabinet makers. 
And send us meat that is fit to eat. 

And remove the fish and potatoes. 

The surprise of the owners, L. INI. & D. B. Crane, was no 
greater, upon reading the lines, than was that of the ap- 




270 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

prentices at the next morning meal when they beheld a 
change in the menu. 

Stages ran regularly connecting neighboring towns with 
the thriving, bustling city. 

E. J. Liming's line started from Joseph Munn's tavern, in 
West Bloomfield, or Cranetown (now Montclair), connecting 
with Cook & Chandler's Hotel and the Eagle Hotel in New- 
ark. The hour of leaving the former place was 5:30 a. m. 
(summer arrangement), in tune to reach the 7 o'clock boat 
and car for New York. 

The Eclipse stage line, running from Gillespie's Spring 
Mansion, now the home of the Essex County Country Club, 
in West Orange to New York, was popular. The Spring 
Mansion was the American summer resort, and since 1820 
had attracted a large clientele of prominent citizens from all 
sections of the country and not a few foreigners on account of 
its famous chalj^beate spring, the healthfulness and natural 
beauties. Coaches, often drawn by four horses, stopped 
at Gifford's tavern, where travellers were frequently re- 
freshed on their way mountainward and on their return. 
Entertainment at the retreat was lavish and the nights 
were merry with dancing to music of the old-time fiddle — 
dancing of the quaint old figures, not forgetting the Virginia 
reel. 

The stage left the Mansion House at 6 o'clock in the morn- 
ing. 

It was a period of early rising. Stops were made for pas- 
sengers and parcels at John jNIorris Lindsley's store, corner 
of Main and Cone streets, and at the Park Tavern, both in 
Orange. At 7 o'clock the horses brought up with a flourish at 
"Barney" Day's tavern — the Park House — on Park Place, 
at the lower end of ^Military Park. The route was along 
Orange Street to Broad Street. On the return from New 
York the stage arrived at Day's Hotel at 5 o'clock. Two 
hours were consumed in making the trip from New York 
to Orange. 

The bulclicr, [\\v veirelable dealer and the fish man made 



NEWARK BECOMES A CITY 



271 



the rounds of Newark homes, announcing their presence by 
blowing a horn. The housewife appeared at the wagon 
dressed usually in a calico gown and wearing a sunbonnet of 
generous dimensions. 

A few public-spirited citizens on April 14, 1836, decided to 
erect the long-deferred Revolutionary Memorial and to have 
it surmounted by a statue of Washington. The height from 
base to apex was to be thirty -five feet. The material was to 
be of American marble, and would cost about $12,000. Half 
the amount required was subscribed. Confidently was it 
expected that the tribute would stand in artistic splendor in 




View of Newark (1845) Southeast from High Street 

Military Park, at the point where the old road to the Land- 
ing Place begins (now Park Place). 

Thoughts of such a possibility were banished, however, 
when in the autumn, a disastrous conflagration entailed a 
large financial loss. Fire was discovered on Friday after- 
noon, October 27, 1836, in a two-story frame building on the 
south side of Market Street, east of Broad Street. Adjoining 
buildings ignited quickly. New York, Elizabeth, Belleville, 
Railway, and other towns sent their fire departments (or as 
much of them as they could spare) to assist the Newark fire- 
men. Both sides of Market Street were soon a mass of 
ruins. The flames spread to Mechanic Street, to Broad 
Street and to Mulberry Street. 

Fears were expressed for the safety of the State Bank 
Building, on the southeast corner of Broad and Mechanic 
streets. The First Presbyterian Church was in danger, too. 



272 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

Hundreds of citizens volunteered their services in forming 
bucket brigades and many were heroes before that night's 
work was finished. Five hours the fire continued. The 
damage amounted to $125,000. Several years passed before 
the city recovered from its loss. 



CHAPTER XLV 

Louis Kossuth Entertained 

BUSINESS and manufacturing interests were prostrated 
during the panic beginning in April, 1837, and eight 
States failed to meet their obligations. Not till the next 
decade did the financial revival come, and also the invention 
of the Morse telegraph, the introduction of ether in surgery, 
discovery of gold in California and the excitement caused by 
the declaration of William Miller, a regular army officer, that 
the world would end on October 22, 1844. His followers 
known as Millerites forsook their homes and business, dis- 
posing of their possessions by gift, and gowned in white stood 
upon hillsides, tops of houses and other elevations awaiting 
the coming of the Saviour. 

Home, in 1840, was the beginning and ending of the day's 
duty. Men did not frequent clubs or taverns in the even- 
ings. Profusion of flowers and shrubbery about the door- 
yard was the housewife's pride. The boxwood, of hardy 
gro^i:h, and ever green; lilac bushes bursting into glories of 
lavender and white in the spring; the beautiful rose, sweet- 
smelling honeysuckle and the syringa bush in June; the 
morning glory in summer, trailing here and there, and in the 
autumn the aster in its varied colors and other blooms in 
season, lent their charm to the Newark home. The tomato, 
commonly known as the love apple, and placed upon the 
mantel-piece as an ornament, was findmg its true place as an 
article of food. 

Wooden shutters were, as a rule, placed over the front 
windows, and storekeepers lived in the upper part of build- 
ings where they carried on business. The people lighted their 
rooms at night with tallow candles and sperm oil. Gas was 
not in use but soon expected. The well-sweep and the oaken 

273 



271 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

bucket were noticed about the town. The simple life was 
reigning in its simplicity. There was none other to enjoy. 

The act incorporating the Newark Library Association 
was approved February 19, 1847, and the rooms were opened 
on Market Street, west of Broad Street, in the following 
year. Afterward the building on West Park Street, now the 
home of the New Jersey Historical Society, was occupied. 

The institution was created "with a view to advance 
the interests of learning generally and to instruct and edu- 
cate the youth of the city of Newark in science, litera- 
ture, and the arts." The incorporators were William Rankin, 
Samuel I. Prime, William A. Whitehead, Jacob D. Vermilye, 
John H. Stephens, James B. Pinneo, John Chad wick, William 
R. Inslee, Beach Vanderpool, Jeremiah C. Garthwaite, 
Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, William B. Kinney and Samuel 
Meeker. William Rankin was the first president. 

Population and prosperity increased in Newark during the 
fourth decade. Capital invested in local industrial plants 
in 1840 amounted to $3,170,658 and the output was only 
$3,350,558, a decline of $2,574,202 in four years. The 
optimist was abroad, however, and in 1846 the hum of busi- 
ness was again heard in Newark's factories. 

An indication of more prosperous times was in the forma- 
tion of the Newark Gaslight Company on April 14, 1846. 
Oil lamps placed on Broad and other streets a number of 
years before proved unsatisfactory in lighting the city at 
night, and the introduction of gas was impatiently awaited. 
Samuel ]\leeker was chosen president of the new corporation, 
and Joseph Battin, who constructed the plant, appointed 
superintendent; James Kane, secretary and assistant super- 
intendent, and John Van Wagenen treasurer. Acting with 
these officials as directors were Beach Vanderpool, Mayor of 
Newark; Isaac Baldwin, Jeremiah Garthwaite, Reuben D. 
Baldwin, William Shuggard and C. B. Duncan. The sum 
of $100,000 was invested in the enterprise. Four miles of 
pipes were laid, and on Christmas Day the illuminant was 
sent through the mains and several homes lighted. The 



LOUIS KOSSUTH ENTERTAINED 



275 



other subscribers were served on January 5, 1847. A contract 
was made in 1851 by the corporation with the municipality 
for Hghting the streets and pubhc buildings, supplemented in 
1853 with an agreement to pay $28.50 per lamp per annum of 
2,000 hours for 337 lamps. The light was feeble but it was 
the best of the period. 

Frequent rains in the spring of 1852 reduced Broad Street 
to a mass of mud and water, but this fact djd not deter the 




leading towTismen from inviting Louis Kossuth, the Hungar- 
ian patriot, who arrived in New York, December 5, 1851, to 
visit the city. When the train on the New Jersey Railroad 
bearing the city's guest stopped at the Centre Street station 
on April 21, 1852, copious showers were descending. Brass 
bands were playing national airs, while the people cheered 
and the famous brass field piece discharged salutes at minute 
intervals. 

The procession was forming to escort the guest through the 



276 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

city when a flood of rain poured upon the valiant marchers — 
but they kept manfully at their task. 

Kossuth found a large crowd at the City Hotel on Broad 
Street, near William Street, where he reviewed the parade. 
Vehicles of every description were pressed into service, as a 
coign of vantage for viewing the scene. 

Suddenly one of the wagons collapsed. In an instant 
twenty-five or more men and women were struggling in the 
mud. They were brought to solid ground none the worse for 
their experience, excepting their ruined clothing. 

Frightened by the commotion, the horse on which Colonel 
A. C. M. Pennington, grand marshal, was seated, swished 
his tail, gave a snort, reared on his hind legs, and threw the 
rider, sash and all, backward into the mire. Pennington, too, 
was rescued and made a sorry sight, as he beat a hasty re- 
treat. Kossuth was informed that these events were not on 
the regular program. 

W^hile Mayor J. N. Quinby was delivering the address of 
welcome a trumpeter proclaimed the arrival of "King Mud." 
Down Broad Street, drawn by four horses, came a scow, and 
upon it were seated "his majesty" and several citizens. 
W^ide-spreading waves of mud rolled away from the bow and 
extended to each side of the roadway. Thic prank had its 
good effect in bringing about the paving of the thoroughfare, 
an improvement much needed. 

Dinner was served at the City Hotel, and the Hungarian 
was formally presented to Newarkers on the morning of 
April 22, at Washington Hall. Colonel Pennington, none the 
worse for his mud bath, delivered the address of welcome, and 
Rev. Ansell D. Eddy, pastor of the Park Presbyterian 
Church, offered prayer. Young women of Rahway presented 
the guest with a beautifully decorated basket containing $200 
in gold, to be applied to the Hungarian Relief fund. 

A banquet was served at the Park House at which Mayor 
Quinby presided. Governor Pennington, Justice Horn- 
blower, Colonel Pennington, Rev. Dr. Eddy, Cortlandt 
Parker, Colonel Stevens, Dr. Congar, several Common 



LOUIS KOSSUTH ENTERTAINED 



277 



Coiincilincii and other citizens acted as hosts. Thomas 
Burnet, Newark's leading confectioner, prepared the centre- 
piece, pyramidal in form, and surmounted with figures 
labeled "Kossuth and Liberty." Speeches were made and 
sympathy was expressed for the suffering countrymen of the 
Hungarian. 

The Germans entertained the guest in the evening, the 
festivities concluding with a torchlight procession and a re- 
ception by St. John's Lodge of Masons. 

Newark's population in 1852 numbered about 42,000. 
John H. Stevens was president of the Aqueduct Company, 
supplying water for domestic and fire pur- 
poses. Headquarters of the Essex County 
Institute were in Newark, and its purposes 
were "the furthering of agricultural, horti- 
cultural, and manufacturing interest of the 
country." Charles C. Crossley was chief 
engineer of the fire department consisting of 
eleven fire engines. There were forty- two 
churches in the city. 

William Morgan was running the Broad 
Street omnibus line, leaving South Park and 
going north to the Black Horse Tavern, near 
the Stone Bridge over Mill Brook at Eighth 
Avenue. Three trips were made each way, morning and 
afternoon, the 'bus being drawn by a team of horses. Single 
fare was six and one-half cents. 

Four trains daily made round trips over the track of 
the Morris and Essex Railroad, which had been in operation 
seventeen years. Cars were switched at Division Street to 
Broad Street, running to Centre Street, and there connecting 
with the New Jersey Railroad for New York. The steamer 
Passaic made regular trips from Newark to New York. 
Captain John Gaffey was the skipper. The round trip cost 
25 cents. 

The Camptown stage and the Elizabeth stage made trips 
from the southwesterly and southerly sections, while the 




William Morgan's 

Horn 



278 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

Orange stage, driven by Erastus Pierson, famed for his ability 
to drive his team with one hand, accommodated passengers 
along the Orange Street route. One day Mr. Pierson read 
the passage in the Bible, "If thy right hand offend thee cut it 
off." Hepresumedthis to be a literal injunction. Proceeding 
to the chopping block, in a moment of remorse for his sin, 
he severed his right hand. The Bloomfield stage was owned 
by N. R. Dodd & Company, while Stephen Bond had charge 
of the Caldwell line, Hugh & Hay of the one running to Belle- 
ville, and J. P. Doremus the stage to Parsippany by way of 
Paterson. 

About 500 buildings were erected in Newark, including five 
church edifices, in 1851-1852. The peace of the town was 
guarded by twelve constables, three elected in each of the 
four wards. Summer vacations were unknown. Donation 
visits to the pastors of the churches were fashionable and 
church-going popular. 



CHAPTER XLVI 

A Period of Hardship 

MANUFACTURING and business interests, the churches, 
societies and all organizations of the city were 
thriving in 1850, and primitive customs had not wholly 
disappeared from the homes. Wood fires were kindled on 
the fireplace; hot-air furnaces were about to replace the iron 
stoves for heating the churches in winter; men wore heavy 
boots, winter and summer, and boot-jacks, V-shaped 
wooden boards, m which the heel was placed, were required 
to remove them; night air was considered unwholesome and 
windows of homes were tightly closed in cold weather; the 
sewing machine was a novelty, and training day, usually in 
early June, brought the soldiers and nearly all the population 
to the Common, where the maneuvers shared popularity with 
tables upon which were heaped ginger bolivars (about four 
times the size of a ginger snap) and other articles of food. 

In 1854 the Asiatic cholera germ found its way across the 
ocean and into the city. Several local families had a pre- 
vious experience with the dread disease in 1832, when, ap- 
pearing in June, it spread over the country. 

Among the victims of the cholera's second appearance was 
Alderman Eleazer M. Dodd, chairman of the Health Com- 
mittee, who died on the last day of July, at the age of thirty- 
nine years, after a few hours' illness. He was born in Orange, 
a college graduate, a writer of prose and poetry and skilled 
in music. Said the Newark Mercury: 

His last hours were serene, his mind calm and clear, meetmg 
death firmly and with confidence, reposing his trust in Providence 
and seemed particularly desirous that the young men of Newark 
should withhold from folly and wrong. 

279 



280 



NARRATIVES OF NEAVARK 



The Board of Health, consisting of the Mayor, public health 
conunittee of the Common Council and the health physician, 
was not created till 1858. Efficient has been the work of the 
organization through the years, dealing vigorously and fear- 
lessly with every occasion requiring its services. 

The financial crisis of 1857-1858 was severely felt in New- 
ark's industries. Factory doors were closed to workingmen 
in large numbers, half-time schedule was maintained at 




Winter Scene on Passaic River (1855) Looking North from Clay Street 



others and some opened only a few hours in the week. Orders 
were few, resources carefully saved and the privations of the 
unemployed were pitiable In nearly every centre in the 
country. Soup kitchens were opened and relief of more 
urgent cases demonstrated the broad, charitable character of 
the people. Wage earners had not saved funds for the Inevit- 
able "rainy day." Too often, however, the weekly pay was 
not more than sufficient for the family daily need. 

Inflated values In Wall Street speculation caused the 
stringency in the money market. An Instance of the shrink- 
age Is revealed in a property having an appraisal of $800,000, 
which was reduced to $50,000 in eighteen months. 

Chilling winds swept over Military Park on November 18, 
1857. Over 2,000 of Newark's unemployed met there In the 
afternoon and in deep distress adopted this sentiment: 

We ask not alms, hut work, that our wives and children may 
not starve. Peace aud good will is our motto. 



A PERIOD OF HARDSHIP 281 

Sucli was the citizens' spirit in adversity. Anarchy was 
not in their hearts. They reasonably asked for honest toil 
and fair remuneration. A committee was appointed to visit 
the Mayor and request employment for those in needy cir- 
cumstances The sympathy and material assistance of 
the more fortunately situated were helpfully extended. The 
financial condition improved in the spring and former sched- 
ules of working hours were soon resumed in the factories. 

Early in August, 1858, the announcement was made of the 
Atlantic cable being joined in mid-ocean. Another im- 
portant event was the completion of the Morris & Essex Rail- 
road to Hackettstown during the summer. Newark's popu- 
lation was now increased to 64,000. 

Shad were running well in the Passaic River during the 
spring of 1860, and Belleville was a favorite place for netting 
this delectable fish. Sunday schools held annual picnics at 
Morris Grove, Rah way; Day's Woods, Orange; Simeon 
Harrison's Woods, West Orange, and elsewhere. Sidewalks 
were irregularly laid and the few in existence were of brick 
or plank boards. 

The national political situation was the principal theme of 
conversation of Newark people as the nominating conven- 
tions were preparing to meet. The questions of the hour 
were human slavery and State Rights. 

The American Party of 1856 was merged into the Con- 
stitutional Union Party. John Bell, of Tennessee, was its 
candidate for President, and Edward Everett, of Massa- 
chusetts, the nominee for Vice-President. 

Abraham Lincoln, of Springfield, Illinois, was nominated 
for President and Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-President, by the 
Republicans, and the Democratic Convention chose Stephen 
A. Douglas, of Illinois, and Herschell V. Johnson, of Georgia, 
for the respective oflSces. 

Newark Republicans erected a wigwam on James Street, 
near the corner of Orleans Street, where lively meetings were 
held during the campaign, the enthusiasm culminating on 
Monday evening, October 29, 1860, when the famous Wide- 



282 



NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 



Awake Companies, 5,000 in number, which supported 
Lincohi and Hamhn, marched about the streets in a torch- 
light procession. William D. Russell was grand marshal 
and the five divisions were commanded by Major David 
Price, James W. Grover, William E. Sturgess, Albert A. 
Cleveland and James M. Henry. 

Then came the Anti-Republican demonstration. Both 
parties were favored with clear weather. The Republican 
managers gasped with astonishment as marching organiza- 
tions, mider the names of INIinute IMen or Hickory Clubs, ap- 




North on Broad Street, from Corner of Market Street About 18o5 



peared early in the evening from New York and other places. 
Estimates of the number in line varied from 4,000 to 7,000. 
Bands of music and drum coi-ps played lively tunes from siui- 
set to sunrise. The leaders planned well. Hundreds of dol- 
lars were spent in red fire and fireworks and Republicanism 
was, it seemed, doomed to defeat. Refreshments, inex- 
haustible, were supplied at every oasis in the night desert. 
At Broad and INIarket streets the mass of humanity con- 
gested the thoroughfares so that the marchers were compelled 
to halt till a lane was opened through which they could pass. 
,A transparency read: "For President, Anybody but a 
Black Republican.'* One float carried a tableau repre- 



A rERlOD OF HARDSHIP 



28y 




South of Aciidemy SLrect on West Side of Broad Street in IKi>(j 

senting a party of negroes in a boat, steered by Horace 
Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, and a strong aboli- 
tionist. Lincoln was at the prow. White girls were sitting 
in the negroes' laps. "No Negro Equality for us!" was the 
motto printed on the transparency. Then came the day of 
election. Excitement was intense. 

Bell and Everett carried the city of Newark and the 
county gave a majority of 1,000 for these candidates. The 
State registered its disapproval of Lincoln and Hamlin by a 
majority of 1,880. 

Abraham Lincoln was elected to the Presidency, however, 
causing discontent in the Southland and resulting in seces- 
sion and one of the costliest civil wars of history. 



CHAPTER XLVII 

Lincoln Visits Newark 

LINCOLN is coming to Newark!" 
-^ This information passed swiftly from house to house 
on the evening of February 20, 186 L The people, excepting 
the Southern sympathizers, who were known as copperheads, 
were out of doors at sunrise or soon thereafter, their steps 
directed toward the Morris and Essex depot, the entrance 
being on Division Street. 

Chief Wambold, eighty policemen, and Garret Haulen- 
beck, Grand Marshal, were among the first arrivals. Lincoln 
remained just forty-five minutes, but every one was charged 
with an intense patriotic spirit. J. W. Woodruff was in 
charge of the train, consisting of an engine and two cars 
all decorated with the Stars and Stripes. The approach 
was heralded at 9.30 o'clock by young men and boys perched 
on telegraph poles and buildings. 

Mrs. Lincoln was seen in the first car, smiling on the people 
and not at all abashed by the feminine inventory of her 
gown, made of rich black silk with its conventional hoop 
skirt. She sat at a table upon which was a large bouquet 
of flowers, placed there by admirers of the President- 
elect in Jersey City. From this point the train started for 
Newark. 

Mr. Lincoln, Attorney-General Dayton and several other 
gentlemen were in the last car. Respectfully the men re- 
moved their hats as the tall, familiar figure of the one upon 
whom the hopes of the nation were centred descended the 
steps. Cheer followed cheer from the multitude while the 
music of the band added to the greeting. Newark was 
emphasizing its fealty to the ITnion, the Flag and Lincoln. 
On this February morning Rubsam's Band excelled all 

284 



LINCOLN VISITS NEWARK 285 

previous efforts in playing "Hail Columbia!" and "The 
Star-Spangled Banner, " the favorite selections. 

The ceremonies were brief. Judge Cleaver, chairman of 
the local reception committee, introduced Mayor Moses 
Bigelow to the President-elect, brief speeches were exchanged 
and the line formed, and proceeded southerly on Broad 
Street. Marshal Haulenbeck, with his aide, James W. 
Grover, and 100 horsemen, uniformly dressed in dark 
clothes and felt hats, were first in line. The band preceded 
the official barouche, in which were seated Mr. Lincoln, 
Mr. Dayton, Judge Cleaver and Mayor Bigelow. Twenty 
carriages, occupied by citizens, completed the procession. 
Broad Street along the entire distance to Chestnut Street, 
was a mass of humanity, reaching from the bouse Knes to 
the middle of the roadway. Banners and flags were waving 
from the buildings along the route. Encouraging shouts 
were heard, some of which Mr. Lincoln acknowledged, but 
his face was deep-set. He was meditating, no doubt, upon 
the strenuous experiences in store for him in the nation's 
awful drama. 

He first entered into conversation with the occupants of 
the carriage at Military Park. The beautiful elms, their 
graceful branches silhouetted against the gray sky in a man- 
ner most picturesque, attracted his attention. He remarked 
to Mayor Bigelow that they were among the finest speci- 
mens of shade trees he had ever beheld. The patriotic spirit 
of Newark was also commended. 

The Ninth Ward public school pupils, arranged upon 
three platforms in front of the building, sang "Hail Colum- 
bia" as the column passed through Chestnut Street to the 
depot, while a young woman waved a silk American Flag 
above her head in salutation to the President-elect. He 
was deeply impressed, raised his hat and smiled upon the 
assembled young Americans. The train was in waiting to 
transport the party southward. At Philadelphia, on the 
morrow, the anniversary of Washington's Birthday, Lin- 
coln hoisted the Flag of Stars and Stripes over Independence 



286 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

Hall, in the presence of thousands of his countrymen. Dur- 
ing the parade in Newark a snow squall appeared, but this 
did not^ dampen the ardor of host or guest. 

Memorable were Saturday and Sunday, April 13 and 14, 
1861. An attack by Southerners upon Fort Sumter, in 
Charleston Harbor, provoked intense excitement and the 
war spirit was running strong after the news flashed over 
the telegraph wires on Sunday morning that Major Ander- 
son had surrendered to General Beauregard of the Con- 
federate Army. 

"In such a crisis no man can remain neutral," was New- 
ark's slogan. Leading men of the city met in Union Hall on 
April 19, and discussed the critical condition of national 
affairs in a dispassionate manner. Colonel John R. Crockett 
was chairman of the conference, which decided to hold a 
mass meeting in front of the Court House on the following 
Monday, April 22. 

Newark's banks made an Immediate free will offering of 
$170,000, for use in equipping troops, and the Common 
Council appropriated $500,000 "for the support of the fami- 
lies of our citizens who shall enter the military service," and 
$5,000 for supplying the troops with clothing. 

Lincoln issued a call for 75,000 volunteers from the coun- 
try's militia organizations. The First Regiment, of New- 
ark, responded and prepared for active service. From the 
spire of Trinity Episcopal Church, at the north end of Mili- 
tary Park, and other buildings the American Flag was dis- 
played on Sunday morning, April 21. 

Colonel Adolphus J. Johnson, of the First Regiment, 
paraded the command through several streets on Monday, 
April 22, for the purpose of stimulating interest in the mass 
meeting arranged for 3 o'clock in the afternoon. Thou- 
sands of people blocked Market Street and Springfield Ave- 
nue at the hour announced. Mayor Bigelow presided, and 
speeches were made by Governor Pennington, C. L. C. 
Gifford, Rev. Father McQuaid, Justice Joseph P. Bradley, 
Cortlandt Parker, Gen. Theodore Runyon, A. Q. Keasbey, 



LINCOLN VISITS NEWARK 287 

Joseph J. Jackson, Samuel H. Baldwin and others. Clergy- 
men of nearly every church occupied seats on the platform. 

Colonel Johnson was ordered by General Rimyon, com- 
mandant of the First Brigade, to which the First Regiment 
was attached, to report with his command at Trenton on 
Monday, April 29. They were distressing days. The country 
was in danger of disruption. Were the achievements of 
the Revolutionary Fathers in vain.^ This was the question 
asked most frequently in the hour of distraction. Business 
with the Southern States, in which the local boot and shoe 
manufacturers sustained heavy losses, was suspended. 
Southern sympathizers blamed President Lincoln for the 
disaster befallen the nation, but the spirit of patriotism 
dominated at the end of the week with offers of service 
by citizens, irrespective of their party affiliations. The 
politicians associated with the organizations opposed 
to Lincoln's election were now among his most ardent 
supporters. The Union must and shall be preserved was 
the universal expression heard in Newark and all through 
the North. 

Uniforms were issued to the First Regiment on Saturday, 
April 27, and on the following day the members appeared 
at divine service in military dress. Operatives in Peddie 
& Morrison's leather factory, working overtime, finished 
the knapsacks on Sunday afternoon. 

The regiment was ordered to assemble at Military Park 
— the training ground of the Minute Men in the War for 
American Independence — on Monday, April 29. Assem- 
bly was sounded at 7 o'clock and as each man responded 
to his name he was handed a knapsack, and then dismissed 
till 10 o'clock. Company F was marched to the quarters of 
Union Hook and Ladder Company, where the members were 
entertained at breakfast. A pleasant feature was the 
j)resentation of a sword to Lieutenant John E. Beam. 

The assembly sounded punctually at the hour announced 
for the regimental formation, the companies took their 
position, Rubsam's band played as tirring march, and 



288 



NARRATIVES OF NEW.\RK 



escorted by Chief Engineer Soden and the Fire Depart- 
ment the hne paraded to the High School on Linden Street. 
Thousands of men, women and children, formed a narrow 
lane through which the regiment with impaired alignment 
moved slowly. 

The students were seated on a platform, arranged in 
tiers. In front of the building, and City Superintendent 
George B. Sears was in charge of the exercises. His in^pir- 




Huntington Homestead, SouUieast Corner broaa Street and Eighth Avenue 

ing words evoked applause from all within sound of his voice. 
At the conclusion he presented a handsome silk flag, 6| x 6 
feet in size, with staff and ornaments, a gift of pupils and 
teachers, to Colonel Johnson. The latter requested Dr. 
John J. Craven, surgeon, to accept the emblem in behalf of 
the regiment, which he did with a ringing address. 

"Hail Columbia" was then sung by the children followed 
by prolonged cheering from the spectators. Quiet was partlj'^ 
restored, and then the "Star-Spangled Banner,'* played 
by the band, caused another outburst of enthusiasm. The 




General Philip Kearny. Killed at Battle of Chantilly. 
September 1, 1862 

From Foster's History of Xew Jersey and the War of th& Rebellion 



LINCOLN VISITS NEWARK 5289 

noon hour having arrived, the regiment was marched to the 
farewell dinner provided by Newark citizens. 

Affecting were the scenes at the park at 2 o'clock, the hour 
scheduled for departure. The soldiers were surrounded 
by kindred and others. Strong men were not ashamed of 
the tears coursing down their faces. The Sixth Massachu- 
setts Regiment had been fired upon in the streets of Balti- 
more on April 19, and the Capitol at Washington was threat- 
ened by the Confederate Army. The regiment seemed 
destined to undergo perilous experiences. The drummers 
vigorously sounded the assembly, the adjutant formed 
the regiment, and Colonel Johnson, every inch of him a sol- 
dier, gave the command which sent the first contingent of 
Newark's patriots to the Southland, while thousands of 
persons looked on admiringly tlirough their tjurs. 

The beautiful silk regimental flag displayed in the April 
breeze, and the emblems of the country, raised upon nearly 
ever}^ building along the march through Broad Street to 
the Chestnut Street station, made a memorable scene. 
Twenty cars were in waiting to transport the troops to Tren- 
ton, where the Brigade, organized by General Theodore 
Runyon, was mustered into the United States service on 
INIay 1, 1861, for three months' duty. 

Handkerchiefs and flags were waved till the train carrying 
the boys in blue was out of sight. Newark was being 
initiated in a long and sacrificial war and heroically it met 
every obligation placed upon its citizenship and its treasure. 



CHAPTER XLVIII 

Civil War Sacrifices 

MARTIAL music was familiar to the people dm-ing the 
long, heart-breaking period of the Civil War. Thou- 
sands of young men volunteered for service in the United 
States Army or Navy, and the light vanished from homes as 
father, husband, son and brother donned the trappings of 
strife and marched away to battle for the perpetuity of the 
Union, Poverty and sorrow were common as the months 
passed and the struggle continued to exact its heavy toll. All 
stations of life were affected through loss of business, lack 
of employment, or bereavement. Cemeteries were dotted 
withmounds under which patriots slept in their shrouds of. blue. 
On southern battlefields, too, brave Newark soldiers found 
their last resting place, where the cypress and the palmetto 
swaying in the summer zephyr constituted their only requiem. 

Having served its term of three months, the First New 
Jersey Volunteers returned soon after the disastrous Battle 
of Bull Run, fought on July 21, 18G1. Orders were issued for 
mustering the regiment out of the United States service, 
which took place on July 31, at Newark. Colonel Johnson 
then organized the Eighth New Jersey Volunteers, and pre- 
sented it for muster on September 14, 1861, for three years' 
duty. This was prolonged, however, to June 4, 1865, the 
regiment having participated in nearly forty engagements. 
Colonel Johnson was wounded at the Battle of Williamsburg, 
on May 5, 1862, and on March 19, 1863, resigned his com- 
mission. Lieutenant-Colonel John Ramsey, of the Fifth New 
Jersey, who was promoted to the vacancy, continued in com- 
mand till the end of the war. 

Company F, of the First New Jersey Regiment, organized 
Battery B, Second Artillery, the muster taking place in 

290 



CIVIL WAR SACRIFICES 291 

August, 1861. First Lieutenant John E. Beam was com- 
missioned captain. He acquitted himself with bravery in the 
Seven Days' Fight before Richmond, and was killed in action 
at the Battle of Malvern Hill, on July 1, 1862. 

The City Battalion responded to Lincoln's call for 300,000 
three years' men in May, 1861. Often it paraded on Inde- 
pendence Day, Washington's Birthday, and for target prac- 
tice festivities in the autumn. A recruiting office was 
opened and the battalion was soon a part of the Second New 
Jersey Volunteers. Now it was to test its mettle upon the 
battlefield. 

The regiment, oflScered and equipped by May 18, was 
mustered at Camp Olden, Trenton, on May 26, and left the 
State on June 28, 1861. Officers and men in large numbers 
reentered the army when their service expired, with over 
forty battles to the regiment's credit. 

During the summer and autumn of 1861 the cry of "on to 
Richmond" from Northern cities failed to awake the Federal 
authorities into action. The movement 
which resulted in the Seven Days' Fight 
was planned, however, as the spring 
campaign of 1862 and the objective was 
the capture of the city, where the capitol 
of the Confederacy was located. 

Colonel Isaac M. Tucker, thirty years 
of age, was commandant of the Second 
Hon. William s. Pen- Ncw Jcrscy Regiment. W^hile gallantly 
leading several of his companies into action 
at the Battle of Gaines Farms, on June 27, 1862, he received 
a mortal wound, and died within a few minutes. His re- 
mains were interred on the battlefield in an unknown grave. 
General Philip Kearny, foremost of the patriotic citizens of 
Newark, was commissioned commandant of the First New 
Jersey Brigade on May 17, 1861, promoted Major-General 
of the Third Division, Third Army Corps, Army of the Po- 
tomac, and on September 1, 1862, was killed at the Battle of 
Chantilly. He was idolized by the men of his command 




292 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

who affectionately spoke of liim as "Fighting Phil Kearny." 
He gained distinction in the Mexican War, where he lost an 
arm. 

Riding out of the Union lines at sunset on the night of 
September 1, near Chantilly, for the purpose of reconnoiter- 
ing, a group of Confederates was encountered by the General. 
Wheeling his horse, he endeavored to escape, but he w^as 
pierced with a bullet and instantly killed. The body was re- 
covered, brought north and buried in Trinity Church Yard, 
New York. The remains were exhumed and half a century 
later reinterred in Arlington Cemetery, where a handsome 
memorial is erected over his grave. Kearny was a son of 
Mars. He was a born fighter, a disciplinarian and an ideal 
officer. 

Independence Day in 1862 was tinged with sadness. Regi- 
ments in which well-known men of Essex County were 
commissioned and enlisted had suffered severe losses in 
the Seven Days' Fight. They who escaped the fire of bat- 
tle were in retreat while many of their comrades w^ere sleep- 
ing in eternal rest, prisoners in the enemy's lines or lying on 
beds of pain in hospitals. 

Women responded nobly to the call for service. Articles 
of clothing, delicacies for the hospital equipment, and boxes of 
comforts for the "boys in blue" in camp and in the navy were 
prepared in generous quantities. 

President Lincoln issued another call for 300,000 men to 
serve three years or during the war, on July 7. iVnother 
sacrifice of Newark homes was asked and liberally furnished. 

An available rendezvous was on the east side of Roseville 
Avenue, north of Orange Street, where a large field, having a 
gentle slope to the Morris Canal, accommodated an encamp- 
ment of several thousand men. The canal provided bathing 
facilities and was used in the morning, after reveille, by all 
the men not on the sick report. 

The Thirteenth New Jersey Volunteers was ordered re- 
cruited at the post, officially named Camp Frelinghuysen, 
and Colonel Cornelius Van Vorst placed in command, on 



CIVIL WAR SACRIFICES 



293 



July 22. The nation, now in peril, needed every recruit. 
The Confederates were flushed with success while a depressed 
feehng spread over the loyal North. McClellan's march to 
Richmond proved a failure, the Union army having suffered 
severe losses. 

During the summer of 1862 Camp Frelinghuysen was the 
centre of Essex County life. Thousands of persons visited 
there daily. Women, boys and girls trudged over the hot 




Home ol Hon. William Pennington on High Street. Typical Newark Residence in Civil 

War Period 

and dusty roads carrying baskets of provisions for the men 
of their homes who were enrolling as soldiers. They 
often walked the entire distance from the Oranges and other 
towns in the western part of the county. 

The members of the Thirteenth Regiment managed to 
enjoy the weeks spent on the tented field in Newark. Start- 
ing in the morning with a splash in the canal, the balance of 
the day was spent in drilling, receiving friends and concoct- 
ing schemes for initiating the newest recruit. One of the 
methods was blanket tossing. Unsuspectingly, when the 



294 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

canij) was dark and the hour near taps, the one Lo engjige in 
tlie ceremony was called from his tent and gently pushed 
backward into a bkuiket, hekl taut by four men. Then the 
process of tossing him into the air was repeated till all were 
tired or the captain commanded silence. 

There was a famous "skedaddle" from Camp Frelinghuy- 
sen by another regiment. The men were informed of a 
hasty departure for Washington. They were not permitted to 
return home. All were raw recruits and later were forgiven for 
stampeding. Away they went, nearly 1,000 men, in the uni- 
form of blue, out Roseville Avenue, to Orange Street, on a 
double time, with officers following and shouting to them to 
halt and return to camp. Within a few hours the men re- 
ported. A company or more engaged a band of music and 
came in with flying colors. 

Another call was issued in the summer of 1862 for nine 
months' troops and the Twenty-sixth New Jersey Volun- 
teers was formed entirely by Essex County residents at Camp 
Frelinghuysen. 

A most inspiring ceremony was held at retreat (sunset) 
on August 29, when a number of Newark women presented 
the Thirteenth Regiment with a handsome bunting Flag. The 
muster was on August 25, and this tinge of patriotism 
and good will produced a beneficial effect upon the men. 
Marching orders were published on Saturday, August 30, 
for the regiment to move on the following day. 

The soldiers formed on the parade ground for the last time 
at 11 o'clock on Sunday morning, August 31, 1862, and then 
proceeded on their way to W^ashington. The march was 
strangely impressive. No sound was heard but the weeping 
of the women walking on the sidewalk and the shuffling of 
feet moving in rhythm. Solemn were all the men. 

Down Orange Street, to Broad Street, and then to 
Chestnut Street, the procession continued, unaccompanied 
by music. Throngs of people followed, augmented by the 
congregations of churches, which were dismissed as the regi- 
ment passed along. When the remnant of the "Fighting 



CIVIL WAR SACRIFICES 295 

Thirteenth" returned to Newark, on Saturday, June 10, 
1865, 27 officers and 300 men were in hne, all that remained 
of the original muster of 38 officers and 937 men, and to 
whose ranks were added several hundred recruits. 

The Twenty-sixth Regiment broke camp on September 
26, 1862. Fears were entertained that drafting would be 
necessary for filling the ranks. Volunteering was practi- 
cally at a standstill. Large bounties were freely offered 
as a stimulant and served to recruit the required quota. 
The regiment returned in June, 1863, having sustained 
the loss of Captain Samuel Uzal Dodd, of Company H, 
of Orange, a sterling patriot and a Christian gentleman. 
He was mortally wounded at Franklin's Crossing over the 
Rappahannock River on June 5, just as he was planning to 
return home. 

Long lists of killed and wounded appeared in the daily 
newspapers after the battles, and the people dreaded the 
arrival of another day, for fear that it would bring news of an 
engagement and loss of precious lives. War expenditures 
amounted to the enormous sum of $1,000,000 each day. 

The Thirty-third Veteran Regiment, composed almost 
exclusively of officers and men of returned regiments, sea- 
soned in campaigning, was recruited at Camp Frelinghuysen 
and mustered into the United States Army on September 3, 
1863. Zouave dress was worn and the regiment made a dash- 
ing appearance as it marched down Broad Street to the 
wharf on the Passaic River where a steamboat was boarded 
and the men proceeded to Washington by the all-water route. 

Incipient rioting followed the drafting of citizens into the 
military service in the summer of 1863. Large bounties, 
offered men to enlist, failed of its purpose. Foreigners were 
engaged for various sums, from $500 to $1,000, to act as sub- 
stitutes for those drafted and unwilling to serve their coun- 
try, but who were financially able to make the arrange- 
ment. 

George T. Woodbury, Second Lieutenant in the First 
Regiment of militia, was assigned to the command of Bat- 



296 



NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 



tery D, Fourth Artillery, with the rank of captain. The bat- 
tery was mustered in September, 1863, and arrived in Wash- 
ington on the 30th of that month. When it returned to 
Trenton, on June 20, 1865, having served nearly two years, 
only twenty-five of the original 160 members answered the roll- 
call. Captain Woodbury was transferred in 1864 to the office 
of inspector of the United States Ordnance Department, at 
Springfield, Mass. 

Newark sent, it is estimated, over 10,000 men into the 
United States Army and Navy. The total of 88,305 was 
furnished by the State. 

General George A. Custer, the popular cavalryman, who 




Where General -'Phil" Kearny Spent His Boyhood Days. Now Site of Normal School 



met his death in the famous Indian Battle of the Little Big 
Horn in June, 1876, was a visitor in Newark on October 31, 
1864. Other distinguished military guests were frequently 
entertained by citizens during the war. 

The attention of the nation and of the world was directed 
toward Essex County in the autumn of 1864. No little ex- 
citement was created when the information was telegraphed 
from Chicago that the Democratic National Convention 
had nominated General McClellan as its candidate for 
President of the United States, in opposition to President 



•:V,i-f "^\ % 







CIVIL WAR SACRIFICES 297 

Lincoln who had again been called to head the ticket of the 
Republican Party. 

The General was living at his home on Mountain Ridge, 
West Orange, whither he had retired after relinquishing com- 
mand of the Union Army. The home was named "May- 
wood," for his daughter, Miss May McClellan, and there the 
family entertained quietly and generously, when not engaged 
in travelling, during the next twenty years. 

Early in the evening a procession of Essex County De- 
mocracy was formed at the village green in Orange. Rub- 
sam's band, playing national airs, led the column up the 
mountain, over the Northfield Road, to the McClellan home. 

E. L. Foote, of Orange, addressed the General, in behalf 
of the assembled Democracy. Though offering hospitality 
to all in the party, he would not commit himself regarding 
the nomination. 

After its acceptance. General McClellan received the Demo- 
cratic leaders and other well-known politicians of the party 
with which he had associated himself. 

Election Day on November 8 was attended with ex- 
citing incidents. Essex County gave its majority for Lin- 
coln while the State's electoral vote was cast for McClellan. 

Through a drizzling rain thousands of citizens, nearly all 
Republicans, waited at night near the corner of Broad and 
Market streets, where the telegraph office was stationed, for 
definite news regarding Lincoln's strength in the country. 
W^hen his re-election was assured an immense bonfire was 
kindled in the centre of the intersecting roadways. Digni- 
fied men and other citizens danced around the blazing pile, 
shouting in glee over the continuance in office of "Honest 
Abe," as Lincoln was affectionately called. The Republi- 
cans held a ratification meeting in Library Hall on Market 
Street, and the city rejoiced that another burden was 
not added to those already carried by the retirement of 
Lincoln. Newark was honored in 18G''2 when W^illiam S. 
Pennington was elected speaker of the House of Represent- 
atives at Washington. 



208 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

The Thirty-ninth New Jersey Regiment, mustered into 
service in the early autumn of 18()4, and which left for the 
war in October, gave a good account of its military prowess 
at the closing battles about Petersburg. 

How sleep the brave, who sink to rest. 
By all their country's wishes blest! 
When Spring with dewy fingers cold, 
Returns to deck their hallowed mould. 
She there shall dress a sweeter sod 
Than Fancy's feet have ever trod. 

— Collins. 



CHAPTER XLIX 

Marcus L. Ward Institutes Hospital 

CESSx^TION of hostilities in the protracted Civil War 
was predicted at the beginning of 1865. The re- 
sources of the Confederate States were exhausted, their 
credit ahnost destroyed and the people, though defiant, could 
not prevail against the power of the Federal Government. 

Marcus L. Ward, who saved thousands of families from 
the stress of poverty, was popular in New Jersey— the man 
of the hour— and esteemed by thousands of women and 
children for his kindly acts, for his system of relief extending 
through every county. The volunteer's monthly allowance 
was collected and turned over to the family without incur- 
ring expense to the one in the field or the recipient. If life 
was sacrificed, serious wound inflicted or wasting disease 
removed the breadwinner, Mr. Ward, popularly known as the 
"Soldiers' Friend," secured relief in the form of a pension 
from the Government. He travelled thousands of miles 
upon errands of mercy during the war and did not rest from 
his labors till every case under his care received attention. 
Soldiers, invalided to Newark in the late winter of 1862 
and prospects of a spring campaign with its resultant list of 
wounded and sick, made imperative an institution where they 
could be properly treated. An unusually large number of 
Jerseymen and others, nearly all wounded in the Battle of 
Williamsburg, Va., on May 5, arrived in the city on Sun- 
day morning. May 10, and Mr. Ward as chairman of the 
Public Aid Committee superintended their removal from the 
train to hotels and homes opened to them. 

The Soldiers' Friend now realized the seriousness of the 
situation and immediately sought a conference with Gov- 
ernor Olden at his home in Princeton for permission to engage 

299 



300 



NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 



a building suitable for a hospital. Mr. Ward returned on 
Monday morning with the State of New Jersey' as his 
surety, prepared to create the first hospital within the cor- 
porate limits of Newark. 

B. T. Nichols, who owned a commodious four-story brick 
warehouse on Centre Street, between the New Jersey Rail- 
road and the Passaic River, was advised of the needs of the 



^ic 





■ - jr.fRA;';; OAi-i-cay' 



; 1 II 




Northeast Comer of Broad and Market Streets, 1865. Now Site of Firemen's Building 

occasion and promptly pennitted the use of it for the pro- 
posed service. The second and third floors were cleared of 
their contents, scrubbed and fumigated, furniture and sup- 
plies secured, and on May 13 were in readiness for the 
patients. Gratuitous assistance was given by Newark 
physicians and surgeons and by a corps of men and women. 
Forty-six wounded and diseased soldiers arrived in the even- 
ing of that day and all were refreshed with clean linen and 
a comfortable bed. The name apj)lied was the Ward 
United States General Hosj)ital, in honor of the Soldiers' 
Friend. 

Dr. J. B. Jackson and Dr. I. A. Nichols, local surgeons, 
api)()inle(l the hospital directors, were commissioned As- 
sistant Surgeons of the Fedrral Army. The wards were 
placed in control of the United States authorities on June 
17, IS&l, and Assistant Surgeon John A. Janeway, a Jersey- 



MARCUS L. WARD INSTITUTES HOSPITAL Wl 

man, was the executive. The number of patients received by 
December 1, 1862, was 2,800. 

A branch hospital was opened in a building on Market 
Street, near the Passaic River. Both were merged into one 
institution in 1865 and a new plant erected in the northern 
part of the town, near the Corn Mill site of the pioneer period. 
The equipment consisted of seventeen pavilions, providing 
1,020 beds, a large dining hall, bakery, Quartermaster's and 
Commissary's storehouses, operating room, knapsack build- 
ing and the morgue. 

Cooling breezes in the higher altitude assisted in restoring 
the soldiers' health. All the beds were occupied by the 
middle of May and the corps of volunteer nurses faith- 
fully tended the invalids till the doors were closed about 
August 31. On the first of that month the patients were 
reduced to 369 and only a few remained on the closing day. 

A total of 8,051 patients were treated at the hospitals from 
May 13, 1862, to August 31, 1865, and the deaths numbered 
204, a remarkable report, when it is remembered that anti- 
septics in surgery were unknown. 

Mr. Ward was instrumental in having the buildings made 
a State Soldiers' Home. The land consisted of twenty- 
three acres and was especially adapted to a much- needed 
retreat for the battle-scarred and homeless veterans of the 
war. 

The dedicatory services were held on September 5, 1866, 
when Mr. Ward, now Governor of New Jersey, made the 
following address : 

And thus surrounded I dedicate this home to a purpose which 
honors our instincts and our loyalty. I dedicate it as the residence 
•of the soldiers and sailors of New Jersey, who have been wounded 
or disabled in the war for the life of the nation. I dedicate it 
to the roll of gallant soldiers who have borne these Stars and 
Stripes through many a l)loody conflict. I dedicate it in the 
name and by the authority of the loyal people of New Jersey 
whose generous purpose has ripened into the accomplished deed. 
And as we pass this spot thus dedicated to loyalty let us re mem- 



SO'i NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

ber the priceless gift these veterans preserved for us and our cliil- 
dren. 

The home continued an honored association with the 
Eighth Ward till October 4, 1888, when the home at 
Kearny was dedicated upon ground purchased by the 
State. 

Eagerly the people awaited the official summons to cele- 
brate the surrender of General Robert E. Lee to General 
U. S. Grant, which occurred on the Sabbath Day, April 9. 
Mayor Theodore Runyon, upon receipt of the news, rec- 
ommended that all church bells ring from 5 to 6 o'clock in 
the evening of April 10, and that a service of thanksgiving 
for the victory and the restoration of peace be arranged. 

Church bells and factory whistles were started ringing and 
blowing at the hour requested, while citizens blew horns, dis- 
charged firearms, and hundreds stood in the street and 
cheered and shouted. Pandemonium ruled the hour. All 
restraint was abandoned. A Broad Street merchant placed 
a large bar of steel in front of his store which he pounded 
with a hammer till exhaustion overcame him when he was 
relieved by other celebrators. 

The brass field piece, faithfully serving on Independence 
Day from the period when the Republic was young, and 
stationed on Broad Street, at the corner of Mechanic Street, 
was fired at minute intervals while the national emblem 
fluttered from homes, churches, factories and business 
houses. Overcome with excitement, the gunners forgot to 
remove the ramming rod from the barrel. The next dis- 
charge sent the superfluous ammunition whizzing along 
Broad Street, severely injuring those of the firing party. 
Archibald Peacock, in charge of the minute gun firing on the 
village green in Orange, was mortally wounded in a pre- 
mature explosion of "The Old Volunteer," the cannon used 
in firing salutes in that town. 

A jubilee mass meeting was held in Library Hall on INIar- 
ket Street in the evening, and on April 11 church services 
were largely attended, and Ihe ])eople thanked God for the 



MARCUS L. WARD INSTITUTES HOSPITAL 303 

victory. The widows and orpliaiis were not forgotten. A 
collection of $850 was taken in the First Reformed Church. 
To this was added $143 received at the mass meeting. 
Other churches contributed to the fund, which was applied 
to needy cases. Four days did the people rejoice. The 
"boys" would soon be home from the front and reunions 
were planned in neighborhoods while the city welcome was 
arranged on a larger scale. 

Easter Sunday was approaching. The season of the 
New Birth seemed most appropriate for the beginning of 
the Nation's new era. This dispatch came over the tele- 
graph wire on Saturday morning, April 15, changing in an 
instant the spirit of joyousness throughout the North: 

Washington, April 15, 1865. 
Abraham Lincoln died this morning at twenty minutes after 
seven o'clock. 

Flags displayed triumphantly during the past days were 
now a delusion. True, the Nation was saved, but he who 
had borne so faithfully and patiently the great burden of 
the war was in the hour of national joy struck down by 
an assassin. Messages received from Washington and the 
newspapers, regular editions and extras, told of the shooting 
of Lincoln at the Ford Theatre on the evening of Good 
Friday. John Wilkes Booth, the assassin, escaped, but was 
later apprehended and executed. 

Lincoln, the masterful, the emancipator and humanitarian, 
was now in death's robes. Men and women were not 
ashamed of their tears. The loss of the Nation was their 
sorrow. Mechanically they pursued their affairs in a dazed, 
indifferent manner. Reverently the emblem of the country 
— the whole country — was withdrawn from its position of 
gladness to the one indicative of mourning, at the middle 
of the staff. 

Mayor Runyon ordered all city offices closed. The hos- 
pitals on Centre and Market streets were draped in mourning. 
The entire front of the Post Office building was swathed 



304 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

in black and white, and in the centre, printed in large 
letters, were these words: "The Nation Mourns." The 
Neptime and other fire houses were also draped and pictures 
of the martyred President, bordered with black, w^ere placed 
on the outside of dwellings. 

Easter Sunday dawned sorrowfully. Special evening 
services at the First Baptist Church were attended by 2,000 
persons and many were unable to gain admittance. The 
Rev. Dr. Elijah R. Craven, pastor of the Third Presbyterian 
Church, delivered the eulogy. 

Church bells, pealing victoriously nine days before, were 
on April 19, the ninetieth anniversary of Lexington and 
Concord, of the "firing of the shot heard round the world," 
tolling a requiem at the noon hour for the one who had 
recently and magnanimously uttered the hopeful words: 
"With malice toward none and with charity for all." This 
was the day on which funeral services were held in Wash- 
ington and business was suspended in every Northern State. 

A procession was formed at the corner of Broad and 
Market streets at 2 o'clock. Church bells were again 
tolled "while the mourners went about the streets" and the 
bands played dirges. Two hours and a half later the column 
appeared at Military Park, where thousands of persons 
congregated. 

Marcus L. Ward presided at the open-air service. Dod- 
worth's brass band furnished instrumental music and vocal 
selections were rendered by the Gennan Singing Societies. 
The oration was delivered by Hon. Frederick T. Freling- 
huysen, and Rev. E. M. Levy offered prayer. Five days 
later, on the morning of April 24, the funeral train bearing 
the remains of I^incoln entered New Jersey and appeared 
at the IMarket street depot at 9 o'clock. A battery fired 
minute guns, the bells in the church steeples were tolled and 
Newark assembled en masse. A stop of a few minutes was 
made while the men removed their hats and stood in respect- 
ful silence. No sound was heard in that great throng of 
thousands of human beings but the faint sobbing of those 




Soldiers and Sailors Plot (War of Rebellion) in Fairmount Cemetery 



MARCUS L. WARD INSTITUTES HOSPITAL 305 

unable to control their feelings. Several days passed be- 
fore the city resumed its routine. 

The soldiers who succumbed to their wounds or disease 
at the Ward United States General Hospital and others in 
the Southland were buried in a plot in Fairmount Ceme- 
tery, named the National Cemetery of Newark. Hundreds 
of tombstone memorials now mark the resting place of de- 
fenders of the Flag in the stormy days of 1861-1865. Here 
on each Memorial Day, May 30, the surviving comrades 
and their children repair to decorate each mound with an 
emblem of the country, for which they who are thus memo- 
rialized gave their lives in service, that it might continue in its 
mission of carrying democracy to all the world. 

Entrance to the Soldiers' Plot is marked by a brown 
stone, on which is engraved "Final Bivouac." A granite 
shaft erected in 1869 is surmounted by the figure of a 
Union soldier leaning on his musket, and the inscription on 
the base reads: 

This Monument 

Is in Memory of the Heroic Dead 

Buried Here. 

Who Gave Their Lives for Their Country 

During the Great Rebellion, 

Erected by the City of Newark, 

A. D. 1869 

The monument is square and divided into two sections 
and inscribed with several of the battles of the war. Four 
pieces of ordnance sunk into the ground grace the corners 
while two others are at the entrance of the plot. 

All the people of Essex County who could raise 
money in 1865 bought blocks of the $230,000,000 war 
bonds, payable in three years. They were on sale at the 
First and Second National Banks, Newark, and the Orange 
National Bank. This was the 7.30 loan. Government 
experts figured the income to investors in this way: One 
cent a day interest for a $50 bond, two cents a day for a 



306 NiVRRATIVES OF NEWARK 

$100 bond, ten cents for a $500, twenty cents for $1,000 and 
$1 per day for $5,000. Jay Cooke, of Philadelphia, who 
brought about the panic of 1873, was the subscription agent 
for the Government. 

Steadily the town went on, welcoming the returning troops, 
providing entertainment for them and mending here and 
there the rents made by the war. Families were relieved ; men 
went about in public wearing the familiar blue uniform, some 
with an arm or a leg missing; business was rejuvenated and 
the town gathered itself together for the new era of "peace 
on earth good will to men." 



CHAPTER L 

Newark's 200th Anniversary 

200TH ANNIVERSARY ODE 

Written by Dr. Abraham Coles. 
Read at First Church, Newark, May 17, 1806. 

Our fathers' God we bless, 

We magnify and sing 
Th' abundant faithfulness 

And mercy of our King 
To us, and them whose hands did sow 
These fields Two Hundred Years Ago. 

O fair the heritage 

They from the red man gained, — 
Passing from age to age 

The title all unstained! 
Good men and true they were, we know. 
Who lived Two Hundred Years Ago. 

This city, nobly planned, 

Adorned with park and shade. 

Their tasteful eye and hand 
The first foundations laid. 

Men fearing God they were, we know. 

Who built Two Hundred Years Ago. 

Though slumb'ring in the ground. 

Their spirit walks abroad. 
In schools and workshops found 

And temples of our God. 
What they did plant God made to grow 
E'er since Two Hundred Years Ago. 
307 



308 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

O River, smiling near 

And blue Sky overhead! 
The same from year to year, — 

Ye do not mourn the Dead, — 
The Dead who left this scene of woe 
For heaven Two Hundred Years Ago. 

The memory of the Just 

Thrice blessed is, and sweet 
Is their neglected dust 

We tread beneath our feet — 
Unfilial feet to trample so 
Dust of Two Hundred Years Ago. 

Thrice has a righteous sword 

Been drawn in Freedom's Cause, 

Done for the battle of the Lord, 
For equal rights and laws; 

Fraternal blood been made to flow 

Ah ! since Two Hundred Years Ago. 

What wonders God hath wrought! 

Then let us warble forth 
His love beyond our thought. 

His majesty and worth, — 
Exalt His power and grace below 
Like those Two Hundred Years Ago. 

WILLIAM A. WHITEHEAD, historian of the middle 
Nineteenth Century, conceived the idea of observing the 
bi-centennial of the city's settlement on May 17, 1866, under 
the auspices of the New Jersey Historical Society. 

Interest in the observance did not quicken as the pro- 
moters desired, causing a setback almost to the time of 
observance. 

Mr. Whitehead, at the meeting of the society. May 18, 
1865, ere the music of bands escorting our brave soldiers 
home from Southern battlefields had ceased, suggested that 
the jubilant spirit over the ending of the long war be carried 
into the following year. The 200th anniversary would 



NEWARK'S 200TH ANNIVERSARY 309 

then occur, he argued, and Newark would be in position to 
rejoice over her long and honorable history. 

Suggestion was also made that the Common Council be 
invited to participate, thus giving an official tone to the prep- 
arations. Citizens, too, and all manufacturing and busi- 
ness interests were asked to assist. 

It was too near the war period, however. Too many nerves 
were "on edge" for a general, spontaneous participation 
by all the people in the proposed season of festivity. Too 
many households were yet under the shadow of the awful 
struggle waged for humanity and for Old Glory. 

Courageous men connected with the society, however, 
took vigorous hold of preliminary preparations. William 
B. Kinney, a distinguished Newark citizen, who had been 
an accredited minister to Sardinia in 1831 from the United 
States Government, grandson of Dr. William Burnet, one 
of our noble patriots in the Revolutionary War, and an 
ardent student of history, was invited to deliver the oration; 
William A. Whitehead to prepare a historical paper; Dr. 
Thomas Ward of New York, born in Newark, to be the poet; 
Samuel H. Congar to prepare biographical sketches of the 
Signers of the Fundamental Agreement, and Dr. Abraham 
Coles to compose an ode, arranged to the tune of "Lenox." 
All accepted, and the scholarly and patriotic spirit mani- 
fested by those who had consented to honor the occasion 
with their best thought gave an eclat to the program. This 
was an array of talent worthy of respectful audience. 
Weather conditions, however, made radical changes in the 
arrangements for the day's observance and in effect broke 
up the meeting so carefully planned. 

Mayor Thomas B. Peddie prodded the Common Council 
into action on April 7, when a resolution was adopted 
favoring the city's co-operation, and on May 4 an appro- 
priation was made for covering necessary expenses, and other 
measures were taken toward giving an official character to 
the observance. 

The best laid plans of men often go awry. Sunday, May 



310 Nx\RRATIVES OF NEWARK 

13, ushered in the week of Newark's bi-centeniiial observ- 
ance. People at last gras])ecl the sigiiifieance of the jubilee 
and decorated their homes and business places with flags 
and bunting, banners and pennants. Newark was "again 
itself." 

Arrangements were made by the committees in charge for 
a parade in the morning and exercises in the First Church in 
the afternoon. In the event of inclement weather the first 
part of the day's celebration, it was agreed, should be post- 
poned till the following Tuesday, May 22. Some one mixed 
the plans and caused no end of embarrassment. 

Mayor Peddie's proclamation was all that the most devoted 
well-wisher of Newark could expect: " Whereas, it is eminently 
fitting on such an occasion," reads the second clause, "that 
we should desist from our daily avocations, and honor the 
men, who, under the blessings of God, and through privation 
and suffering, and by ministry and energy, planted the tree, 
the golden fruits of which we enjoy to-day." And the con- 
cluding paragraph has a tone of civic pride and sincerity: 
"Therefore, I, Thomas B. Peddie, ]Mayor of the city of 
Newark, do hereby direct that the public offices be closed on 
Thursday, the 17th instant, and I recommend that the day 
be observed as a public holiday, that the people may unite 
in said celebration, and that we may show our appreciation 
of the character and virtues of the noble band of Christian 
men and women who founded our beautiful and prosperous 
city." 

Thursday morning, w^hen the people arose from their 
slumbers, outdoor life was dark and dreary. Rain-clouds 
had fast hold of the skies. Beautiful decorations on build- 
ings were drooping. Though the rain trickled down on 
Mother Earth in more than generous quantities, it was 
decreed later in the day that the celebration must go on. 

Colonel Joseph W. Plume, who served his country in the 
Civil War, was designated grand marshal. His regiment, the 
Second Rifle Corps, was invited to take part in the parade. 
When the colonel noted the weather conditions after break- 



NEWARK'S 200TH ANNIVERSARY 311 

fast, he took for granted that the parade would be post- 
poned and proceeded to business in New York. 

A partially cleared sky at noon induced some one to order 
the parade for the afternoon, regardless of the arranged 
church exercises. Colonel Plume was in his New York office 
all unconscious of the change in the day's schedule. Tele- 
phones were not in use nor were they for thirteen years after- 
ward, but the marshal could have been reached by telegraph. 

Soon after dinner the streets resounded with the music 
of the marching host proceeding to rendezvous at Military 
Park. Rain was falling copiously, and as the line formed 
shortly after 2 o'clock, paraders and spectators received a 
drenching. In a drizzling mist the parade continued down 
Broad Street. 

Next to the military division, in which were Captain 
Gerth's Newark City Cavalry, Captain "Water's Newark 
City Battery, and the Second Regiment Rifle Corps, the 
fire department created the greatest interest. 

"No. 5," as the old gooseneck engine, one of the first used 
in fire-fighting in the early part of the century, was af- 
fectionately known, had the position of honor; next came 
the oldtime hand engines, and the six steam engines which 
had just superseded them. "No. 5" was in charge of the 
exempt firemen. 

Bands of music followed at short intervals. Former chief 
engineers of the fire department, John R. Crockett, Abner 
D. Jones, Charles Crossley, George H. Jones, William H. 
Whittemore, and Henry C. Soden, with former assistant 
engineers, were all in line. David Benedict, foreman of 
Neptune Hose Company, No. 1, was in after years chief of 
the department. 

"Oldest inhabitants "had a place in line, civic societies also, 
and a leading position was given to Governor Marcus L. 
Ward of Newark, one of the most honorable and public- 
.s^)i:-ited men ever holding the high office of New Jersey's 
Chief Executive. 

The New Jersey Historical Society was holding, according 



312 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

to program, its exercises of a dignified character in the First 
Church. Drums rattled, brass instruments blared outside 
the edifice, and the shouting of the peoj^le recognizing 
friends and kindred were plainly heard within doors. 

John Rutherford, vice-president of the society, presided 
and the platform was filled with distinguished citizens. 
Governor Ward left the parade after it had passed down 
Broad Street and entered the church with his staff. Mayor 
Thomas B. Peddie and representatives of various historical, 
genealogical and antiquarian societies were also in attend- 
ance. 

Dr. Samuel H. Pennington, chairman of the executive 
committee, was master of ceremonies. Rev. Dr. Jonathan 
F. Stearns managed to finish the prayer without much diffi- 
culty, the ode was given with accompaniment of organ 
(and by brass band and drum corps). Mr. Whitehead had 
delivered a masterful paper so that all could hear about the 
early settlers, and Dr. Thomas Ward gave his poem. 

Rustling here and there, the congregation was preparing 
itself for an hour of quiet as the orator, Mr. Kinney, arose 
for rounding out the program. Much was expected of 
him on that memorable May afternoon, and he was prepared 
for the occasion with one of the noblest efforts of an eventful 
public career. As a hush came over the people and the lips 
of the speaker began moving a band in the procession came 
along and started playing "Rally 'Round the Flag," with 
more or less confusion outside the edifice. 

Mr. Kinney was born of an ancestry one of whose chief 
qualifications was determination to proceed with a task 
when once begun. The paraders proved conquerers, how- 
ever, and the sj^eaker was compelled to pause abruptly in 
his address and take his chair. 

Sternhold and Hopkins' version of the 100th Psalm was 
sung and the benediction was given by Rev. Dr. J. Fewsmith, 
pastor of the Second Church. 

"All is well that ends well." The day ended with a re- 
ception in the rooms of the Historical Society. And the 



NEWARK'S 200TH ANNIVERSARY 313 

rain continued falling through the evening and well on in 
the night. Thus ended the 200th anniversary celebration of 
Newark's founding. 

Eaglewood Cadets of Perth Amboy invited to take part 
in the jubilee parade believed that postponement was made 
till Tuesday. It was a beautiful May day, and they came 
to Newark in full force, ready to take part in the parade with 
Rubsam's brass band. Disappointed they were when told 
that they were five days late. 

"We'll have a parade, anyway," said the officer in com- 
mand. 

So they marched here and there about the city till they 
were sore of feet and hungry. After dinner the line of 
march was taken up to Market Street Station and they left 
for home. 

One of the events of the fifty-year-ago period was the 
dedication of St. James's Church on June 17. The ser- 
mon at the dedication was preached by Rev. J. T. Hecker 
of the Paulist Fathers, whose text was from the third verse 
of the 109th Psalm, "Glory and riches shall be in thy house." 

Newark organized the first New England Society of New 
Jersey in the spring of 1886 in the old Library Hall. Its 
first public appearance was in an order of exercises on the 
anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17 of that 
year. 

The Thomas P. Way, a popular Passaic River steamer, 
was welcomed home as an old friend in May, 1866. It had 
been on duty in government service in Southern waters dur- 
ing the war. On May 11 a grand excursion in its honor 
proceeded by way of Newark and New York Bay into the 
Hudson as far as Yonkers. On the return trip the excur- 
sionists went out to the ocean and around the lightship. 
The boat was declared to be as "sound as a dollar." 

Incendiarism was annoying the fire and police depart- 
ments. On the night of April 23, No. 10 engine house was 
fired and damage done. Gipsy wagons frequently passed 
along Broad Street in April and May; soldiers' burials were 



3U NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

abiiost of daily occurrence; shad were coming to Commercial 
AVliarf at the rate of 1,000 a day, says a report of AjhII 18; 
the Fire Department was called out by a false alarm to a 
point "Down Neck" (most "provokingly humbugged" was 
the way a reporter put it) on a stormy night in mid-April, 
and flags were displayed at half-staff on April 14 in re- 
membrance of the first anniversary of Lincoln's death. 

A new car was added to the Orange and Newark Horse 
Railroad Company and was the wonder of the day; balloon 
ascensions at Crump's Park were the most thrilling amuse- 
ment of the spring and early summer, while the Eureka base- 
ball nine, with a number of crack players, was playing fast 
ball (it was the era when a runner was "pegged" with the 
ball; that is, when running for a base the l)all was thrown at 
him and if landed he was "out"); other nines came into ex- 
istence as the season advanced and games were played till 
nearly November 1. 

On June 25 Governor Ward was riding on a Broad Street 
horse car when about twenty members of a brass band were 
taken aboard. With the horses jogging along, the band 
played "See the Conquering Hero Comes!" The Governor 
enjoyed the rather embarrassing situation. 

Newark had a smallpox epidemic in the spring of 1866, 
but no alarm was expressed, though 500 cases were reported 
to the Board of Health. 

Independence Day in 1866 was clear and warm, a gentle 
southwest wind blowing. A feature of the parade was 
the appearance of several hundred veterans of the Civil War. 
General Ezra L. Carman was commander. Veterans of the 
War of 1812 also took part, and the Fountain Hose Company 
of Bridgeport came over to help in the demonstration as the 
guest of the Newark Fire Department. 

Colonel Samuel McKee, member of Congress from Ken- 
tucky, gave an address at the exercises in Halsey Street 
Methodist Episcopal Church in the afternoon and electrified 
his hearers with his patriotic utterances. During the day 
l.'),S08 visitors were brought into the city by horse cars, 



NEWARK'S 200TH ANNIVERSARY 315 

Orange sending by its line 4,551 fares. An exciting incident 
of the day, "somewhere along the line," was the crumbling 
away of a back platform, many people falling to the roadway. 
No damage was done except to personal dignity. 

The Broad Street line brought in 5,483 passengers and 
from Belleville came 1,825. Newark was the centre of a 
happy, rejoicing people on this anniversary of the country's 
natal day. No account was taken of steam railroad, stage, 
or private conveyance traffic. It is probable that 25,000 
visitors were in Newark. On the eve of Independence Day 
the new armory of the Second Regiment in Oraton Hall, on 
Broad Street, was dedicated. Colonel Plume, commandant, 
was master of ceremonies. 



CHAPTER LI 

Famous Industrial Exposition 

New glory to workingmen, whose cunning hands to-day 

Have wrought the wondrous things we see spread out in grand 



array 



Not as of old as the conqueror with blood-bought trophies decked 
Appears this scene, the wealth of skill of many an architect; 
For freeman's hands have forged the iron and worked the shining 

gold, 
In wood and leather, glass and brass, each labored to unfold 
Some delicate fabric, deftly planned and fair and useful, too. 
And each has fairly triumphed — builded better than he knew. 

npHUS sang a choir of mixed voices at the Newark In- 
-'■ dustrial Exposition on the night of August 30, 1872, 
wdiile an audience of 8,000 approved the sentiment by cheer- 
ing. After an experimental period of ten days the greatest 
civic enterprise of the United States had proved a success. 

Nothing like it had before been attempted in the country, 
and visitors were attracted from every corner of the world. 
Newark was in holiday attire, was proud of her manufactur- 
ing interests, proud of her many institutions in other lines of 
activity, and happy in her long and eventful history. 

Under the leadership of Albert M. Holbrook, the rink was 
opened on the night of August 20, when the greater part of 
the 30,000 feet of floor space was taken by local manufac- 
turers for exhibiting their special lines. J. H. G. Harris 
operated a calcium light at the Four Corners, directing the 
throng of visitors coming in from out of town to the show. 
This, it must be remembered, was ten years before the 
advent of electric lighting. 

Former Governor INIarcus L. Ward, president of the board 
of managers, delivered the opening address, and speeches 

316 



FAMOUS INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITION 317 

were also given by Mayor F. W. Rieord and General Theo- 
dore Runyon, a former Mayor. It was Newark night and 
no outside talent was permitted in the program. 

Of exliibitors on September 1, when the exposition was 
well under way, there were about 1,000, and the array of 
Newark-made articles was bewildering. The harness ex- 
hibit alone was valued at $10,000, and gold-plated sleighbells 
were displayed costing from $75 to $200 per set. The Gould 
Manufacturing Company showed a steam fire engine and 
thirty different styles of leather were from the tanneries. 

Among the varied exhibits were 100 styles of table oil- 




The Skating Rink, Where th2 Famous Industrial Exposition Was Held 

cloth, books from Newark printing houses, two sewing ma- 
chines run by steam, pearl buttons, ribbons, and all kinds of 
notions, 100 different qualities of varnish, paint, etc., and 
an art gallery in which local artists were represented. A 
large fountain played every night, pure Passaic River water 
cooling the atmosphere as it sprayed out into the basin, and a 
brass band furnished music. No articles were on sale, but 
orders were taken. 

On the night of August 29 the bust of Seth Boyden, 
Newark's noted inventor, now in Washington Park, was pre- 



318 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

sented to tlie people, the address being made by Dr. San- 
ford B. Hunt, soldier, physician and editor. 

Another popular night was on September 12, when Miss 
Sophia P. Ricord, daughter of the Mayor, exhibited an excel- 
lently chiseled bust of her distinguished father. She received 
the congratulations of several thousand persons attending. 

Secretary Holbrook maintained the interest in the exposi- 
tion by inviting prominent persons to visit the city. There 
was an abundance of hospitality and the hotels accommo- 
dated increasing crowds. 

Metropolitan newspapers were generous in reporting the 
various events. 

From one of the articles the following is taken: 

In Newark industry and thrift prevail on every hand. 

Very few people are idle. 

Best relations exist between employer and employee. 

General health of city is good the year around. 

An efficient department keeps the streets clean. 

Street cars are clean and comfortable. 

Everything is done on the steady and save plan." 

The Sunday Free Press of Scranton, Pa., said many pleas- 
ant things of that historical period. "We are completely 
charmed with the beauties of Newark," wrote the editor after 
a visit here. " Its nicely paved streets, broad sidewalks, mag- 
nificent buildings, parks, and beautiful shade trees are in- 
numerable. I saw the beautiful Passaic River in all its 
splendor and the court house and the postoffice, venerable 
and stately. Earlier in the morning, just after breakfast, 
I took a walk through the beautiful parks, in which are truly 
splendid fountains of crystal water. Large shade trees and 
gravel walks are strewed about all of them. The city com- 
plete is large, grand, and businesslike. It is just such a city 
as one would like to live in." 

Secretary Holbrook proved himself a master in the art of 
conducting expositions. Tlie national political campaign 
wa« working up to the climax and Horace Greeley, editor 



FAMOUS INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITION 319 

of the Tribune, Dcniocralic candidate for President, accepted 
an invitation to visit Newark on September IG. 

He arrived in the early evening over the Erie Raih'oad 
and was escorted to the home of J. H. Dennison, member of 
the Tribune editorial staff at 150 Belleville Avenne, where 
he was entertained at dinner, a number of local Democratic 
politicians attending. When Mr. Greeley appeared at the 
exposition Governor Ward acted as host, personally escort- 
ing him during the evening. Politics were forgotten and a 
crowd of 10,000 persons cheered mightily the Democratic 
standard bearer. In his speech accepting the cordial greet- 
ing extended by Governor Ward, Mr. Greeley said a number 
of agreeable things about Newark. 

The banner day of the fifty-two through which the ex- 
position extended was September 19, when General Grant, 
President of the United States, paid an official visit to New 
Jersey. 

He arrived at Elizabeth in the early morning and, after a 
reception attended by many thousands, visited the State 
Fair at Waverly. Here a crowd of 20,000 with many bands 
of music gave a welcome wliich lightened for a moment the 
imperturbable countenance of the President. He was 
plainly pleased with the cordiality of his reception, but not 
once did he allude to his candidacy for re-election to his high 
office. 

Governor Ward, who was in the President's party, was 
compelled to leave early, as he was nominated for Congress 
by the convention held that afternoon in Newark. After 
leaving the fair President Grant was taken directly to the 
home of the Governor, on Washington Street, facing Wash- 
ton Park, where an opportunity to rest was given him. 

Brass bands were playing in every section as darkness 
settled upon the city in the early autumn night. The 
homes of patriotic Newarkers were decorated with lanterns, 
strings of them being placed in trees and shrubbery in Broad 
Street estates and those on other thoroughfares. 

The official party was greeted at the rink by a large crowd 



320 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

of residents and visitors. Governor Ward escorted General 
Grant. Their appearance was the signal for the band to 
play "See the Conquering Hero Comes!" Cheers, hand- 
clapping, handkerchief waving and shouting continued for a 
long time. 

Newark was giving its testimonial of appreciation of 
Grant the soldier and Grant the President. Only six years 
had passed since the close of the Civil War and our veterans 
knew him well. Many were exliausted, while the cause of 
all the commotion looked calmly down upon the multitude 
from his position on the raised platform. 

"I am most happy to be here to-night to witness the dis- 
play of Newark manufacturers," said the President. "This 
far-famed city of Newark has done well. The excellency 
of your manufactures is working a large influence on the 
importation of foreign manufactures. I heartily thank you 
for this great pleasure." 

An hour was spent in looking about the exliibits. Then 
came the final number on the program of the guest's busy 
day. The Ward mansion was ablaze with lights. The 
people flocked from a radius of twenty-five miles. Marching 
campaign clubs surrounded Military Park. It was a tumul- 
tuous ovation accorded President Grant. 

Four thousand torchlight paraders, led by the famous 
Frelinghuysen Lanciers, came up Broad Street, turned into 
Washington Place and to the Ward home, scattering the 
crowd right and left. Thousands upon thousands of men, 
women and children gazed with awe upon the scene in the 
front parlor of the Congressman-elect's home. General 
Grant shook hands with all who could reach him. Then 
came the speeches from the front piazza. The address of 
the evening was given by Senator Frelinghuysen, one of 
Newark's most useful and honored citizens. 

Grant carried Essex County excepting Orange and Cald- 
well, on Election Day, Newark giving him 3,684 majority 
and Governor Ward's majority for Congress was 4,333. New 
Jersey gave Grant 14,000 votes over his opponent. 




Statue of General Philip Kearny, in Military Park. 
Dedicated December 28, 1880 



FAMOUS INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITION 321 

Among the other distinguished visitors to the fair was 
General Benjamin F. Butler, the soldier and occasional 
candidate for the Presidency. Bishop William Henry Oden- 
lieimer, Episcopal bishop of New Jersey, was also an honored 
guest. The bishop made a speech, proving himself a friend 
of Newark: 

If any one impression beyond all others was left on my mind 
after this short but deeply interesting visit it is the perfection of 
Newark work. Wherever I turned this element of perfection met 
my eye. The brazen padlocks glittered like gold, the huge shears 
were ornamented as if for simple beauty, the carriages and harness 
seemed as though they might have been made for a perpetual 
show case. The thread and silk were attractive in the variety of 
their colors and in their artistic arrangement. The cutlery and 
the iron and steel work of every description were perfect in their 
departments, even to the arrangement of the objects in lines and 
forms of beauty. Even the trunk department had its beauty and 
the perfection of workmanship was seen in a trunk that could be 
converted, by a very simple process, into a baby's cradle and bath- 
tub. 

Not unmindful of the excellent administration of Secre- 
tary Holbrook, the night of October 2 was set aside as 
"Secretary's Night." The attendance was nearly as large 
as it was upon the occasion of General Grant's visit to 
the exposition. 

Mr. Holbrook was presented with the best watch and chain 
Newark could produce. Mrs. Holbrook was remembered, 
too, receiving a morocco case in which had been placed $125 
worth of jewelry. 

Governor Ward formally pronounced the fair closed on the 
night of October 11. Statistics were produced, proving 
the success of the enterprise. Goods valued at $700,000 
had been on exhibition and they were viewed by approxi- 
mately 125,000 persons. 

Newark was in 1872 a community of about 110,000 souls. 
Factories were running on a ten-hour-day schedule and the 
people were happy. People attended church and every 



322 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

man had one suit of clothes put away in the darkest recesses 
of closet for Sunday wear. Women had one silk dress (if 
they could afford the luxury) "that stood by itself." Vanity 
sometimes prompted our leading families to walk up the 
church aisle after the bell ceased tolling because mother had 
a new silk gown or father a new suit of broadcloth. 

Many of our citizens will remember the $2,000,000 fire in 
the Erie car shops at Jersey City on July 24, and also the 
extensive fire in Orange, when in the early morning of 
October 2, Robert J. Van Ness's grocery store at the north- 
east corner of North Centre and Main streets and the block 
of buildings extending as far as the recently vacated post- 
office site were destroyed. Chief Carhuff and steamer No. 7 
of Newark assisted in extinguishing the flames. 

Newark's most disastrous fire was on September 12, 
when White's axe factory and other buildings along the 
river front near Commercial Wharf were destroyed. The 
amount involved was $100,000. 

"The meadow question," it was remarked by an editor in 
1872, "will continue to excite the interest of the people of 
this section of the state as long as a foot of lowlands remains 
unappropriated for some purposes of utility." The proph- 
ecy is now being realized In 1916 with the port of Newark 
advantageously located for taking care of shipping interests. 

The Board of Trade, which held its first annual dinner on 
January 12, 1872, at the Continental Hotel, discussed one 
month later, February 12, the proposition of opening a ship 
canal from the Passaic River to New York Bay. The canal 
was staked out, having a width of 200 feet, with a series of 
basins 400 feet in width and a depth of twenty feet at low tide. 
The cost of the improvement, however, was too great for 
the undertaking. The estimate was from $10,000,000 to 
$12,000,000. 

On April 11, 1872, the corner-stone of the Church of the 
Redeemer was laid at the corner of Broad and Tlill streets, 
and on the day previous the Clinton Avenue Baptist Church 
was dedicated. 



FAMOUS INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITION 323 

Broad Street in 1872 was jiavcd witli co1)l)lestones, New- 
ark resembled an overgrown village in its qnaintness of 
buildings, luxuriant growth of shade trees, and the prosaic 
life of the business men and others carrying on the affairs 
of daily routine. While great fortunes were not made, 
competences were amassed. The saving habit was then 
popular with all classes. 



CHAPTER LII 

Dedication of Kearny Statue 

"Oh, evil the black shroud of night at Chantilly, 
That hid him from sight of his brave men and tried; 

Foul, foul, sped the bullet that clipped the white lily, 
The flower of our knighthood, the whole army's pride." 

FREQUENTLY have these words been quoted by eu- 
logizers of the gallant Kearny, w^ho fell on the field of 
Chantill3^ Va., at sunset on the evening of September 1. 
He was the idol of the army, and sorrow was general when 
the news of his death came over the wire early in the morning 
of the following day. Newark was not ashamed to show lier 
grief for the soldier and townsman wdio had died in the merid- 
ian of his life upon his country's altar. 

Grand Army posts in Essex County during the follow- 
ing decade well maintained the patriotic spirit of the 
Civil War days. Kearny's memory was revered by every 
man who bore arms under the Stars and Stripes. Discussion 
at camp fires as to the most appropriate way to honor his 
memory and celebrate his valorous deeds took concrete ac- 
tion, following the constant stirring of Kearny sentiment, 
on January 21, when several veterans met in Newark and 
resolved that a suitable tribute in enduring bronze should 
forthwith be i)aid to New Jersey's most distinguished soldier. 
General ^Yilliam Ward, who lost his left arm at Second 
Bull Run, was chairman of the meeting and Samuel Toombs 
of the Thirteenth New Jersey Volunteers acted as secretary. 

Then came the permanent organization under the title of 
"The Phil Kearny Monument Association." Cortlandt 
Parker was chosen president. Judge F. H. Teese, treasurer, 
and General Ward, secretary. This was the beginning of a 

324 



DEDICATION OF KEARNY STATUE 325 

movement existing tlirougli the year 1880 and culminating 
in one of the most enthusiastic celebrations Newark has 
ever held. 

The sum of $5,000 was to be raised by j^opular subscription 
and a petition was sent to the Legislature asking that the 
statue of General Kearny, resting in an out-of-the-way 
place at the State Capitol, be sent to Newark and set up on 
the old training ground, now Military Park. 

Corridors of the state house in the opening days of the 
Legislature were filled with groups of citizens urging the legis- 
lators to acquiesce in their desire. This was quickly granted. 
On February 20, 1880, the statue arrived in Newark. Then 
the discovery was made that the money was not in hand to 
pay for the erection and dedication. Trenton newspapers 
twitted our energetic Newarkers of thirty-six years ago, one 
editor asking: 

"If the Legislature, by a mere majority vote, can take a 
statue from the state house, after having been paid for by 
the people at large, and send it to a point designated by the 
arbitrary majority, what is to prevent them from taking the 
pictures from the walls of court rooms and sending them to 
their own homes, and of transporting any property owned 
by the state withersoever they will? If these things are 
permissible, why not divide the funds in the State Treasury 
and retire from business.-^" 

This outburst was treated with dignified silence by our 
Newark committee. The statue was here — that was the 
principal point. 

Committees were appointed in every ward on July 22 to 
solicit funds. Memorial Day, when it was hoped the statue 
would be unveiled, had passed, and so had Kearny's birth- 
day on June 2, his sixty -fifth anniversary. All things come, 
however, to him who waits. Never was a more representa- 
tive body of Newark citizens mustered for a great m.ove- 
ment than the committee appointed November 19, 1880, 
to arrange for the ceremonies of the Kearny statue dedica- 
tion. The year was nearing an end and the committee had to 



326 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

move with alacrity or the exercises would go over into 1881. 
December ^8 was the date decided upon. 

Colonel William A. Allen, Dr. Charles S. Stockton, 
Schuyler B. Jackson, Charles Borcherling, Marcus S. Rich- 
ards, John W. Taylor, Peter M. Mellick, William Clark, 
William H. Francis, Seymour Tucker, James E. Bathgate, 
Edward Balbach, Jr., Inslee A. Hopper, James L. Hayes, 
and Edward L. Conklin composed the committee. Old 
Glory was displayed in the morning and the people were 
early on the street. 

General Grant had recently returned from his two-year trip 
around the world and was more popular than at any other 
period. He accepted the invitation to assist in dedicating 
the memorial. Kearny was known to him as commandant 
of the popular New Jersey First Brigade and as major- 
general of a division. 

When the train arrived at 11:30 o'clock the crowd, stand- 
ing in the cold, warmed up to a very enthusiastic welcome. 
All the way to the home of Senator Frelinghuysen, at the 
head of Military Park, the people followed. 

General Sherman arrived at 10 o'clock. He was accom- 
panied by his aide. Colonel Bacon, and both were escorted to 
the home of William A. Righter for luncheon. Newark did 
not possess a hotel or hall large enough to entertain its dis- 
tinguished guests. 

General Wagner, commander-in-chief of the Grand Army 
of the Republic, did not arrive till 2 o'clock in the afternoon. 
He was escorted to the Board of Trade rooms, where the 
Civil War veterans called in large numbers. General George 
B. McClellan came over from his winter home in New York. 
He retired as New Jersey's Governor in the previous January. 
First he was entertained at the home of Colonel E. H. Wright, 
going from there to the reception in honor of General Wagner. 

Military Park was packed with humanity, conservative 
estimates placing the number at 25,000. The hour set for 
starting the parade from there was 2:30. General Joseph 
W. Plume was grand marshal. 



DEDICATION OF KEARNY STATUE 3^27 

Shivering multitudes watched the procession, Overcoated 
militiamen made an excellent appearance, their capes thrown 
back showing the lining of red cloth. The musicians 
played "The Star-Spangled Banner," "Marching Through 
Georgia," or "Rally Round the Flag," for they were as dem- 
onstrative as the men behind them. 

Unique in many ways was that ceremony of December 
28, but it has never been excelled for the attendance of the 
" boys in blue " at any function within our gates. 

Besides the distinguished guests mentioned, the dashing 
cavalry officer. General Judson Kilpatrick, General Gershom 
Mott, commander of New Jersey's division of the National 
Guard, General Joseph R. Hawley of Connecticut, and many 
of our own Newark soldiers were in line. General Plume's 
aides were Colonel William Allen, Major W. W. Morris, and 
Edward L. Conklin. Tall and dignified. Dr. Gabriel Grant, 
beloved surgeon of the Second New Jersey Volunteers, 
marched with the veterans of that organization. Dr. A. 
N. Dougherty and Dr. Lewis Oakley also trudged with the 
veterans as comrades. Dr. John J. H. Love, the well- 
known surgeon of the Thirteenth New Jersey Volunteers, 
marched with the men of that organization. The Eighth, 
Twenty-sixth, Thirty-third, and Thirty-ninth New Jersey 
Volunteers were also in line. Other Civil War soldiers 
paraded with Grand Army Posts and the Fifth Regiment 
N. G. N. J. 

Proceeding up Broad Street to Washington Street, the 
display met the approval of the crowd. Handclapping 
and cheering were continually heard. Above the clamor 
was the cry, running along, resembling picket firing: "Where 
is Grant .f*" When the open barouche containing the fa- 
miliar form of the General appeared the crowd rushed for- 
ward near the centre of Washington Park, threatening to 
overwhelm him. He extended his hand, and it was grasped 
by hundreds of men, women and children. Grant was ac- 
companied by Senator Frelinghuysen and Cortlandt Parker. 
General Sherman rode in the second barouche and received 



328 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

a hearty ovation. General McClellan followed, and he, too, 
was recognized and cheered. 

Down Washington Street to Central Avenue the parade 
proceeded and then to Broad Street as far as the Canal 
bridge, thence around Military Park, where every place of 
vantage was occupied. A ludicrous incident happened 
just at the beginning of the exercises. A colored man, in his 
effort to catch a better view of the platform, endeavored to 
climb a large elm tree. When half way up the trunk his 
hands, benumbed with the cold, held him fast. He could 
move neither up nor down. Suddenly the attention of the 
people — thousands upon thousands — was attracted to the 
screaming, frightened, dusky patriot. Shouts of "Get a 
plank!" "Get a crowbar," etc., were heard. One man 
shouted " Get a Gun ! " and the eyes of the stricken man rolled 
in horror, and, limp with fear, he dropped to the gi'ound. 

Hexamer's Battery A fired the salute as J. Wesley Jackson 
loosened the string removing the flag from the statue. 
Bands played "The Star-Spangled Banner" and Cortlandt 
Parker in his address extolled of Kearny's life and deeds. 

Immediately after the oration General Grant left for his 
New York home and so did General McClellan, who went by 
another route. 

General Sherman accompanied the committee and com- 
rades to a neighboring banquet hall. When he appeared the 
diners all arose and sang "Marching Through Georgia." 

The city was nearly deserted on June 23 when all who could 
leave home and business visited Spring'field to assist in cele- 
brating the centennial of the battle in the village between 
the Continentals and the British. The militia fought a sham 
battle. 

In the summer of 1880 the excavation made for the Hud- 
son River timnel was brought to an end for a quarter of 
a century by the caving in of a greater ])art of the work 
accomplished. In the early morning of September 21 the 
free bridge over the Passaic River at Bridge Street gave way, 
pitching a drove of cattle into the water. ^Nlen in boats with 




Statue of General Washington in Washington Park 



DEDICATION OF KEARNY STATUE 329 

long hooks, ropes, grappling irons, and other implements, 
rescued the swimming animals. 

Edison, at his Menlo Park laboratory, made this state- 
ment in November, 1880: "I have been anxious to make an 
experiment of operating hundreds of lamps through eight 
miles of wire for some months. The date I fixed was Au- 
gust 15, but I was disappointed in not getting the steam 
engine." We all know that Mr. Edison secured the engine 
eventuallv. 



CHAPTER LIII 

A Memorable Summer 

THE week ending July 2, 1881, was uneventful in the 
city and nation. James A. Garfield was inaugurated 
President of the United States on March 4, and the affairs 
of the country were moving along serenely. Suddenly, 
without the slightest warning, the ticking of the telegraph 
in the Fearey office at Broad and Market streets, in the fore- 
noon, conveyed the startling news of the President's assassi- 
nation in the Baltimore and Ohio depot in Washington. 

The people, shocked by the distressing occurrence, as- 
sembled at the "Four Corners." The newspaper extras were 
eagerly read and during the long day dispatches received 
from the national capital held out little hope for the Presi- 
dent's recovery. 

Plans were practically completed for the observance of the 
Independence Day anniversary and the city was preparing 
for a jubilee in harmony with its current prosperity. Exer- 
cises were held, according to program, at the Grand Opera 
House. Rev. James B. Brady, the orator, was eloquent and 
interesting but the audience was not in a receptive mood. 
It was a sad day. 

The dreary summer of 1881 ! Excursions were unpopular. 
Sympathy for the President seized the people. Gloom spread 
over the city and an intense sorrow was bringing the hearts 
of all in close relationship w^ith the nation's head in his hour 
of severe trial. 

To this anxiety was added one of the worst droughts in the 
city's history. Only a few light showers fell in July, August, 
and September, while the temperature rose higher and higher 
as the summer advanced. The Oranges did not have a pub- 
lic water supply. Late in August water was sold there 

3;30 



A MEMORABLE SUMMER 331 

at the rate of twenty-five cents per barrel and the commodity 
was very scarce. Brooks and springs were fading out of 
existence. Newark and Jersey City were receiving their 
supply of water from the Passaic River, which was ample 
for all purposes. 

Fields and meadows in late summer were a sere and yellow 
waste, birds dropped dead from the trees, and fruits and vege- 
tables shriveled. Farmers suffered greatly and Centre 




Military Park, Wheri; Newark PaLnols Have Rallied lor 25U Years 

Market merchants apologized for the tasteless quality of 
their produce. 

September was heralded as a welcome relief to the drought. 
Rain would surely fall, nourishing the sun-baked earth, it 
was thought. But this did not happen. Serious consider- 
ation was given to a plan of exploding gunpowder from Eagle 
Rock, West Orange, for the purpose of forming rain clouds . An 
increase of temperature came with the dawn of the month. 
The mercury in the thermometer rose as the sun ascended in 
the heavens. At noon the thermometer registered 102 de- 
grees Fahrenheit in the shade, and the air was devoid of the 
slightest breeze. 

President Garfield lived through the heat. His attending 
physicians, however, declared that a change of climate was 
necessary as the last hope of saving his life. A cottage at 
Elberon was thereupon placed at the disposal of the patient 
and he arrived on September 6, in a special train, ac- 
companied by physicians, nurses, members of the family, 
and officials of the United States Government. Governor 



332 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

Ludlow issued a proclamation (Governors of other States 
doing likewise) requesting the people to assemble in their 
respective houses of worship in fasting and prayer for the 
President's recovery. 

Mayor Fielder, of Newark, also issued a proclamation, 
suggesting that all business of the city be suspended during 
Thursday, September 8, the day designated. A union ser- 
vice was held at the First Baptist Church, and in Orange 
prayers were also offered that the Lord might send rain. 
This was one of the warmest days of the summer and the heat 
was severely felt. Horses dropped dead in the streets and 
prostrations overworked the ambulance service. Several 
deaths of human beings occurred during the day. 

The President, though in the pure atmosphere of the sea 
air, did not improve in health. The wound in his side baf- 
fled the skill of his physicians. Near the middle of the 
month hope for recovery was abandoned. 

Jabez Fearey, who was in his office in the late evening of 
September 19, 1881, received this message: 

President Garfield died at twenty-five minutes before 11 o'clock 
to-night. 

Instantly he communicated with Mayor Fielder. The lat- 
ter then requested Monsignor Doane to cause the great bell in 
St. Patrick's Cathedral to toll. Promptly the priest comphed 
with the official wish, and the solemn notes of the bell in the 
quiet, heated night proclaimed the passing of the nation's 
executive from the scene of his earthly sufferings. Citizens, 
unable to sleep in the sultry atmosphere, arose and proceeded 
to the corner of Broad and Market streets, the city centre then 
as it had been and perhaps will be for many years. Other 
church bells lookup the message sent out by St. Patrick's. The 
streets were filled at midnight with a sorrow-stricken people. 

Through the long night the country was without a presi- 
dent. Vice-President Arthur was administered the oath in 
New York at 8 o'clock the next morning. 



A MEMORABLE SUMMER 333 

Draping of stores, public buildings, factories and homes 
with mourning began early and Newark citizens arranged a 
memorial service and funeral procession as further tributes 
to the late President. 

Funeral services were held on Monday, September 26, 
at the White House in Washington. Local churches held 
services in the morning and in the afternoon a procession 
formed on Military Common. Colonel E. W. Davis was the 
marshal. The entire First Brigade, N. G. N. J., was 
paraded in command of Brigadier-General Joseph W. Plume. 
Grand Army Posts and the German Veteran Association 
preceded Damascus Commandery, Knights Templar, es- 
corting the catafalque, drawn by six horses, each horse be- 
ing attended by a groom. A platform car rested on wheels, 
the entire arrangement surmounted with a domed roof, 
resting on four columns, all being draped in mourning. 
In the centre was a casket raised above the heads of the 
people. At Broad and Market Streets a crowd of thirty 
thousand persons congregated. 

Memorial services were held in the Grand Opera House 
in the evening. Chancellor Runyon presided and Judge 
Caleb S. Titsworth and A. Q. Keasbey delivered addresses. 
Cortlandt Parker of Newark was the orator at Orange 
Music Hall in the afternoon. 

The long drought was broken late in September, but not 
till every vestige of garden growth was scorched to worth- 
lessness. Wide-spreading lawns of deep -growing verdure 
of early spring were now a stubble patch and foliage drooped 
and withered as if struck by the hoar frost. 



CHAPTER LIV 

The Old Burying Ground 

rr^HE fiftieth anniversary of the incorporation of Newark 
-*■ as a city was observed on April 16, 1886, the day mark- 
ing the installation of the first Mayor and Board of Alder- 
men. Federal salutes were fired at sunrise, noon and sunset, 
the City Hall was decorated with flags and banners and the 
city offices were closed for the day. A parade of the Police 
and Fire Departments, held in the afternoon, was reviewed 
by Mayor Joseph E. Haynes and others. The year also 
marked the climax of a movement for the obliteration of the 
Old Burying Ground, fronting on the west side of Broad 
Street, and a few rods south of Market Street. Two acres 
and more of valuable land contained in the tract, it was sug- 
gested, might be used for building purposes. Long had it 
been abandoned as a burial place and in 1885 public senti- 
meht crystalized in a movement by the city authorities to 
have it condemned. Accordingly, a bill was introduced in 
the New Jersey Legislature, of the session of 1886, and passed 
l)oth houses, providing for removal of the remains and per- 
mitting the city to use the property as it thought best. 

Governor Leon Abbett made a personal inspection in June 
before signing the measure. Indignation was aroused and 
exhuming operations postponed till a more propitious 
time. Laborers were therefore set to work on March 
10, 1887, at the point where Branford Place now enters 
Broad Street, and the remains of eight adults were found. 
The force was increased to 100 men on the following day and 
the bringing to surface of skeletons in whole or in part pro- 
voked the wrath of the First Presbyterian Church officials. 
Cortlandt Parker, secured as their counsel, applied to Chan- 
cellor Theodore Runyon for a temporary injunction, thus 



THE OLD BURYING GROUND 335 

restraining further activities till argument was presented for 
permanent stay. 

Mr. Parker was assisted by his son, R. Wayne Parker, and 
both pleaded from the viewpoint of sentiment, while Joseph 
Coult, Newark's attorney, declared that inasmuch as the 
Frog Pond was sold to individuals, the right by this pre- 
cedence was vested in the municipality to dispose of the 
tract in question upon terms most advantageous to the 
city. Mr. Parker, the father, suggested that in the event of 
transferring all the remains to Fairmount Cemetery, as 
planned, that a part of the inscription on the monument (if 
the city intended erecting one over the second burial place) 
.should be: 

In 1886 the city of Newark secured 
an act from the New Jersey Legis- 
lature that allowed it to forget its 
trust, boast of the indecency they had 
permitted and carry these bones to the 
place where they now lie. 

Chancellor Runyon granted the prayer of the petitioners 
on April 11, 1887, and, acting for the city, Mr. Coult, ap- 
pealed to the Court of Appeals. Extended was the argument 
and voluminous the evidence. The case was reviewed from 
every angle. The opinion reversed Chancellor Runyon's 
injunction and the constitutionality of the legislative act 
upheld. 

The ground was thoroughly searched, " as for hidden gold," 
Mayor Haynes said, and all the remains removed to Fair- 
mount Cemetery, where a crypt was opened ten feet below 
the surface and twenty feet square. Into this was placed 
238 boxes, containing the bones. The cost of crypt and 
monument was $6,025.50, providing also for maintenance, • 
and the entire expenditure amounted to $18,383.10. 

The services of recommittal and dedication were held on 
December 19, 1889. Alderman Joseph R. Van Valen pre- 
sented the memorial to the city and was accepted by Mayor 



336 



NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 



Hajmes. General William Ward, as president of the Fair- 
mount Cemetery Association, then received the plot, i)ledg- 
ing permanent care. The Rev. David R. Frazer, pastor of 
the First Presbyterian Church, pronounced the burial ser- 
vice and delivered the oration. The Rev. W. W. Boyd also 
made a prayer and the benediction was by Rev. William F. 
Findley. Voss' brass band played dirges and hymns during 
the service. 

That section of the Burying Ground fronting on Plane 
Street was used by the Second Presbyterian parish. When 
the city took possession over 500 remains were transferred to 







Kur 



7 73 /Igc- 









'^^i>. 



•^u 



"y^^ 



Fragments of Tombstones Found in Old Burying Ground 

a plot south of Central Avenue and north of Yew Path in 
Rosedale Cemetery, Orange. Headstones were also removed 
and set in the enclosure. 

Interments in the older part of the Burying Ground prac- 
tically ceased when the new edifice of the First Presbyterian 
Church was completed, about 1790, and provision made in 
its vard for the interment of its deceased members. The 



THE OLD BURYING GROUND 337 

remains of persons of prominence, where possible, were re- 
interred in the new tract. Included in the list was the Rev. 
John Pruden, the third pastor. 

Permission was given citizens in 1804 to build a school- 
house on a part of the old burial place, and the last interment, 
it is believed, was made in 1806. 

The Town Committee, in its efforts to test popular senti- 
ment, adopted this resolution on April 13, 1829: 

Resolved," That a committee be appointed to consider the feel- 
ings and wishes of the inhabitants of the township whose friends 
and relatives have been interred in the Old Burying Ground and 
have the remains re-interred in some other place at the town's 
expense with suitable monument. 

Vigorously was the suggestion opposed, but a remedy "for 
improving the disordered condition was n(^t offered. In the 
early days it was not considered good taste to beautify burial 
tracts, so this may partly account for the neglect. A me- 
morial losing none of its interest through the years, recorded 
the demise of the town drummer, closely associated with the 
pioneer life. Always punctual and faithful in the discharge 
of his duty, he lived to advanced age. The inscription 
placed upon his tombstone was: 

Here Lyeth Interred 

the Body of 

Joseph Johnson, 

Son of 

Thomas and Eleanor Johnson, deceased, 

He died March 11th, 1733-4, 

In the 83d year of 

His Age. 

The only known grave of a Signer of the Fundamental 
Agreement in Essex County is that of Nathaniel Wheeler, 
in the Old Burying Ground, Orange. He donated the land 
for the parish burial place about 1720. 



338 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

On the Holy Sabbath Day, in the interim of morning and 
afternoon services, when weather was fair, the people walked 
through the God's Acre, reading the inscriptions upon the 
quaint sandstone memorials and were thereby assisted in 
sustaining their spiritual strength, most desired of all 
blessings. 

The spirit of the fathers dwells with us. We look hope- 
fully forward to an epoch when wars shall cease and the 
doctrine of the Brotherhood of Man is acknowledged the 
world over. This was a daily wish of the Puritans. Life was 
dear to them despite its hardships; their toil was for posterity. 

Their day is done, the day of those who wrought a city 
out of a wilderness and into which was breathed pure religion. 
Civic duties they did not ignore. From the past we gain 
a sentiment for strengthening the civic structure, the founda- 
tions of which were solidly laid. Blessed is the tie that binds 
us to the saintly host long since resting from its labors. 



CHAPTER LV 

Newark's Water System 

/^VER a century and a third did the people of Newark 
^-^ depend for its water supply upon the Frog Pond near 
the corner of Market and Broad Streets, wells opened here 
and there about town, the Mill Brook, Branch Brook, and 
other streams, springs and ponds. Of water, there was an 
abundance, but the paramount question of 1800 was an 
adaptable method of bringing it to the homes and factories. 

At a special town meeting in 1802 a committee reported 
"that the encroachments on and about the 'Antient Water- 
ing Place' are wanton and without a shadow of right, that 
some of the trespassers emboldened by the remissness of the 
inhabitants openly avow their intention to maintain and 
defend not only their former encroachments, but thereafter 
to fence in the whole of the public grounds and set the town 
at defiance." In 1809 at the annual town meeting $1,575.50 
was received in payment for these lands. 

The Newark Aqueduct Company was incorporated in 
1800 by General John Noble Cumming, Nathaniel Camp, 
Jesse Baldwin, Nathaniel Beach, Stephen Hayes, James 
Hedden, Jabez Parkhurst, David D. Crane, Joseph L. Bald- 
win, Luther Goble, Aaron Ross, John Burnet, and William 
Halsey. 

It was the wonder of the age when trenches were opened 
and wooden mains laid through Broad and other streets. 
Queries were made as to the security of the pipes against 
flood and not a few viewed with alarm the plan of bringing 
water to the back doors of Newark homes. The first wells 
were driven in the valley now known as Branch Brook Park. 
xVbout 1880 the lake was drained and pipes, gates and seventy- 
three wells and springs were discovered in the bottom. 

339 



340 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

A twelve-inch main, considered of extraordinary size in 1800, 
was laid. The water was stored in a large reservoir, about 
forty feet long, thirty feet wide and fourteen feet deep, 
built on the property, known as the Quarry, in the vicinity 
of Eighth Avenue. Another reservoir was later located at 
South Orange Avenue and Springfield Avenue, on the prop- 
erty of William M. Aschenbach, where the flow of springs 
filled an enclosure 106 feet in length, thirty feet in width 
and about twelve feet in depth. The water was sent through 
the distributing pipe, crossing private property, and running 
underneath buildings on the east side of High Street, thence 
to INIarket Street and eastward. 

When the city authorities in 1837 decided upon municipal 
ownership of its water supply a bill was presented to the 
Legislature and passed February 26, 1838, authorizing the 
Common Council to proceed with the erection of the plant 
and giving full powers for its maintenance. Lobbying was 
resorted to by those in charge of the Aqueduct Company's 
affairs, and an amendment making it obligatory for the 
Mayor and Common Council, before executing any work, to 
purchase the stock, works, privileges, etc., of the concern, 
was added, and of course, defeated the object of the measure. 

Not till December 9, 1845, when, finding no other way out 
of the difficulty, and the authorities desiring to exercise con- 
trol of the water for fire protection, was the contract with 
the Aqueduct Company executed. Mayor Jesse Baldwin 
acted for the city, and William Wright, president, for the 
Aqueduct Company. 

The latter was to maintain and keep in good repair all 
water pipes and reservoirs, and supply 80,000 gallons of water 
daily. 

The city agreed to lay a ten-inch main in Broad Street, 
from Orange Street to Market Street, and smaller pipes 
from Market Street to Chestnut Street, and elsewhere about 
the city. A ten-inch main was to be laid also from the Court 
House on High Street, running along Market Street to 
Broad Street. 



NEWARK'S WATER SYSTEM 341 

The cost of the ten-inch pipe already laid, extending from 
the reservoir in the quarry, through Quarry and Broad Streets 
to Orange Street, was to be paid by the city and the pipes 
were to become its property, but the company retained the 
privilege of tapping them for service to its customers, ex- 
cepting the ones laid in Broad Street from Orange to Court 
Streets, and in Market Street, from the Court House to 
Broad Street, which were to be considered as feeders to 
supply the company's own parallel distributing line through 
connecting branches. The city further agreed to keep in 
good repair all hydrants and cisterns, to provide against 
unnecessary waste, and to supervise the closing of hydrants 
after their use at a fire. 

Depending entirely upon the company's supply for fire 
defense, the city authorities, from time to time, expressed 
alarm over its inadequacy, though a clause in the contract 
stipulated that if the company failed to provide the supply 
of water guaranteed it would forfeit the right to use the pipes 
owned by the city, and it was also explicitly stated that 
the company was to "furnish a full and sufRcient supply of 
water for the extinguishment of fires, and for washing, 
working, cleansing, and trying the fire engines, hose, and 
other apparatus used and to be used for the extinguishment 
of fires only." 

Increasing population was really the cause of the defi- 
ciency. The Common Council appointed a special com- 
mittee on April 9, 1855, to make a thorough investigation. 
The report was not forthcoming, but the complaints of 
lack of water increased in number daily. Daniel Dodd, 
S. A Baldwin, D. W. Baldwin, E. C. Aber, and Richmond 
Ward comprised another committee appointed near the 
end of the year. 

Exhaustive analysis of the problem was made. The 
Second River, wanted exclusively for mill sites, was not 
available, and the committee reported that the most adapt- 
able sources were in the system owned by the Aqueduct 
Company and the Passaic River at Belleville. 



342 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

Dr. William Kitchell, State Geologist, reported that the 
company's system had a maximum \'ield of two million gal- 
lons in twenty-four hours, and if the wells were enlarged, this 
would possibly be increased to a daily flow of three million 
gallons. 

Newark's population in 1856 was about 50,000. This 
supply would, therefore, provide a daily maximum of sixty 
gallons per capita. iVn estimated cost of enlarging the 
works and laying new mains was figured at $230,000. Pas- 
saic River water, it was claimed by engineers, could be 
readily furnished with a maximum capacity of 16,000,000 
gallons daily. The authorities decided upon another effort 
to secure legislative approval of city ownership of the 
water system as the most feasible solution of the problem. 
The Aqueduct Company, however, did not propose to have 
its prerogatives, enjoyed so remuneratively, calmly usurped, 
and secured another supplement to the act of 1800 on 
February 17, 1857, in which authority was granted the 
company to enter upon lands at will in search of water, to 
make use of springs or other sources, to afford a further 
supply to the city and to extend its operations in other 
directions. 

The panic of 1857 caused a stoppage of all improvements. 
Negotiations, when the money market became more stable, 
were opened between the Aqueduct Company and the 
Common Council. Terms were finally agreed upon, and 
after three score years of successful operation, the plant was 
sold to the city for $150,000. Under an act of INIarch, 1860, 
the Newark Aqueduct Board was created, the members 
being William S. Faitoute, Daniel Dodd, Thomas R. Wil- 
liams, Edward Doughty, Jacob Van Arsdale and Henry 
G. Darcy. 

Within the city limits in 1860 there were 11,766 buildings, 
of which 10,212 were used as dwellings. Of this number 
1,371 were patrons of the public water supply and 565 
other buildings were also being served. 

Receipts for the year from these subscribers were $15,338.46 



NEWARK'S WATER SYSTEM 343 

The item of street sprinkling, $1,160.53, brought the total 
resources to $16,498.99. 

The first meeting of the new Aqueduct Board was held on 
]\larch 29, 1860, when Mayor Bigelow was chosen president, 
Mr. Van Arsdale secretary, N. E. Pollard, superintendent, 
and George H. Bailey, of Jersey City, engineer. 

The engineer at once declared against the primitive sys- 
tem inaugurated at the beginning of the century, which was 
entirely out of place in the busy era preceding the Civil War, 

His investigations were made within fifty miles of the 
city and then a conference with the Morris Canal Company 
was reconnnended for the use of its water, supplied prin- 
cipally from Greenwood Lake and Long Pond. 

An enabling act was passed by the Legislature on March 
8, 1861, giving the city officials power "to devise a plan of 
furnishing a water supply connnensurate with the present 
and future needs of the city." The long and exhaustive Civil 
War intervening, negotiations with the Morris Canal Com- 
pany were abandoned. 

A new reservoir was created by scooping out the old pond 
adjoining the covered reservoir near the canal and raising 
and strengthening the banks. The reservoir above Branch 
Brook, near Orange Street, was built in 1865, and those on 
South Orange Avenue and at the Quarry were vacated. 
Water was scarce, and on July 1 a contract for five 
years was entered into by the city with the Morris Canal 
Company, the latter to furnish 300,000 gallons of water 
daily at the rate of $128 per million gallons. 

Passaic River water was later used. An engine house of 
brick construction was erected on the west bank about one 
and a quarter miles north of Belleville. The supply of 
water was pumped through the main to the reservoir on 
the hills to the west, at a height of 225 feet above tidewater. 
The old system supplied 300,000 gallons of the 2,500,000 
gallons daily distributed through the mains in 1870. Wells, 
cisterns and rain barrels contributed their share toward pro- 
viding homes with water. Typhoid fever was annually epi- 



3U NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

demic in Newark soon after the river water was used. The 
State geologist in 1882 reported: 

After the Passaic water is mixed with Paterson sewage and the 
smaller towns along the banks discharge their waste matter into 
the river, and the filth, impurities and waste from the numerous 
manufacturing establishments in those places is also mingled with 
the water, it cannot but be polluted and rendered undesirable for 
domestic use. In addition to this the whole sewerage system 
of Newark is poured into the river and some of it is carried by the 
flood tide up the stream. 

Grave indeed was the situation at the end of the eighth 
decade. The East Jersey Water Company, of which 
Garrett A. Hobart of Paterson, vice-president of the 
United States in the first McKinley administration, was the 
moving spirit, agreed to supply Newark with a water 
system, complete, for $6,000,000. It was proposed to build 
a dam in the Pequannock water-shed, erect reservoirs, store 
water in a region having a flow of 25,000,000 or 30,000,000 
gallons, build a pipe line to the Belleville reservoir, and 
then turn the plant over to the city. The offer was accepted 
and the celebration of the new system it was expected 
would be held in the autumn of 1891. The colossal enter- 
prise, the most ambitious undertaking of Newark up to 
that time, was not ready, however. Each day in 1892 was 
named for turning on the water. 

The telephone message came at last at 9.57 o'clock on the 
morning of January 12, to the City Hall, announcing that 
the water had just been turned on in the mains and was 
flowing along toward the Belleville reservoir. Engineer 
Herschel, of the East Jersey W'ater Company, released the 
water at the dam. The flow was then eight million gallons 
daily. 

The total amount spent upon the system up to 1916 
was about $21,234,000, the average daily capacity of the 
water-shed 50,000,000 gallons, the consumption 42,400,000 
gallons and over 422 miles of mains were laid. There were 



NEWARK'S WATER SYSTEM 345 

eight storage and distributing reservoirs and a pressure was 
maintained of from 100 to 160 pounds per square inch. The 
total hoklings of the city at the watershed amounted to 
25,000 acres. 

Newark's water system is one of the best in the country. 
The watershed has an area guaranteeing purity and quan- 
tity by its very environment. Over thirty miles of pipe are 
required to connect the citj^ mains with the watershed. 

With the introduction of the water works, Modern 
Newark was also inaugurated. The old days were gone 
forever. The city burst forth in all the strength of a first- 
class city, and to-day this "Birmingham of America" is 
among the leaders of American municipalities. 



CHAPTER LVI 

A Modern City 

A LWAYS patriotic and intensely interested in the coim- 
-^ *■ try's welfare, Newark let loose all its pent-up enthu- 
siasm on the eve of the centennial of the adoption of the 
Declaration of Independence. Promptly as the midnight 
hour was tolled by the town clocks on July 3, 1876, the 
chimes in the steeples of St. Patrick's Cathedral and St. 
John's Church pealed forth in stirring music while the 
discharge of 100 rounds from the brass field piece, ringing of 
bells, and the blowing of factory whistles attested local pride 
in a nation second to none in the world in its fealty to the 
common cause of democracy. 

The militia, firemen, police and civilians paraded about 
the streets early on the morning of the Fourth and com- 
memorative exercises were held in the First Baptist Church, 
where Cortlandt Parker, the city's foremost orator, delivered 
the historical address. A fireworks display closed the local 
remembrance of the day. From May 10 to November 10 
the Centennial Exposition attracted thousands of visitors 
to Philadelphia. 

Since then' nearly all styles of architecture used in home, 
business and factory building have come into vogue. Labor- 
saving devices and steel construction have revolutionized 
building trade methods. 

Paper currency issued during the trying days of the Civil 
War continued as the financial standard till 1879, when 
specie payment was resumed. The unstable finances caused 
a panic in 1873, fortunes were swept away and acute suffer- 
ing among the people followed. Silver pieces were very 
scarce during the decade of 1870. Women wore ten-cent 
coins as spangles on their bracelets and men proudly dis- 

34G 



A MODERN CITY 347 

played them, with initials engraved on one side, ground 
smooth as cuff buttons. 

In 1888 the Newark Free Library was incorporated a 
public institution, when the Library Association, having 
served two score years, dissolved. The first Board of Trustees 
was composed of Mayor Joseph E. Haynes, Superintendent 
of Schools William M. Barringer, Edward H. Duryea, 
L. Spencer Goble, Fred H. Teese, James Peabody, and 
Samuel J. McDonald. The new building on Washington 
Street, opposite the northern end of Washington Park, was 
opened on March 14, 1901. A museum, incorporated in 1909, 
is an auxiliary of the institution. 

The dedication of the statue of Seth Boyden, the noted 
inventor, was a memorable event on May 14, 1890. The 
memorial, prominently placed in Washington Park, is a con- 
stant reminder of Newark's gratitude to a noble character 
whose life and work produced a marked influence upon 
local industrial growth. The electrically operated, street 
cars over the Newark and West Orange line began running 
on February 1, 1892. 

The modern office buildings and business houses were 
appearing in Newark at this period. The Prudential In- 
surance Company, on December 2, 1892, officially opened its 
new home with a house-warming, preceded by a parade of 
its employees through several streets. In 1890 the post- 
office building, unable to meet the demands of modern 
Newark, was removed to provide for the present structure 
at the corner of Board and Academy streets, which, however, 
was not completed till February 1, 1897. 

Moving pictures, now daily entertaining millions of peo- 
ple, were introduced for the first time by Edison at his West 
Orange Laboratory on March 7, 1892. 

Business was partly suspended on August 9, 1894, for the 
dedication of the statue erected in memory of Frederick T. 
Frelinghuysen in Military Park under the auspices of the 
Board of Trade. The service he rendered the country 
was in the offices of United States Senator, Attorney- 



348 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

General and Secretary of State. Karl Gerhart, the sculptor, 
was also the creator of the Boyden statue in Washington 
Park. 

The New Jersey Historical Society observed its fiftieth 
anniversary at its headquarters, W'est Park Street, on May 
16, 1895. Former President Benjamin Harrison, of Indian- 
apolis, Ind., delivered an address. The Society's building 
is the Mecca of students of New Jersey history, who find 
within its walls a veritable treasure-trove. 

Purification of the Passaic River was agitated in 1896, re- 
sulting in the formation of the Passaic Valley Sewerage Com- 
mission which has undertaken the general plan of building an 
immense drain from Paterson to Newark and which will 
relieve the water-course, it is hoped, of the deleterious 
matter. 

The Park House, a landmark of the Nineteenth Century, 
was removed in 1901, a theatre erected in its stead, which in 
1916 was succeeded by the Public Service building. 

War was declared by the United States against Spain in 
April, 1898, for the freedom of Cuba, and a wave of patriot- 
ism swept over the land. Newark responded to the call for 
volunteers in its accustomed loyal manner. General Joseph 
W. Plume was commissioned a brigadier-general in the vol- 
unteer army by President McKinley, and the First Regiment 
marched out of its armory on Monday morning, May 2, 
under command of Colonel Edward A. Campbell. The in- 
creasing crowd of cheering men and women along the route 
at Broad and Market streets numbered about 25,000. The 
train for the State Camp at Sea Girt was boarded at the 
Broad Street station of the Central Railroad. Later in the 
month the regiment was assigned to duty at Camp Alger, 
Virginia, near Washington. The war ended with the sur- 
render of Santiago by the Spaniards in July, and in 
September the Newark soldiers returned home and were 
mustered out of the United States service. 

The assassination of President McKinley at the Pan- 
American Exposition in Buft'alo on September 6, 1901, by 



A MODERN CITY 349 

an anarchist, shocked the country and one week later, on 
September 14, his death occurred. 

Grade crossing ehmination of steam railroads was slowly 
(Mayor Henry M. Doremus charged tardily) progressing 
when on the morning of February 19, 1903, a trolley car 
crowded with young men and young women, all students at 
the Barringer High School, was struck by a locomotive of 
a Lackawanna express train at the Clifton Avenue crossing. 
The death list reported next day contained the names of 
nine promising youths and the injury of a score or more 
others. 

Organized in 1882, the Young Men's Christian Associa- 
tion dedicated its new building on Halsey Street in 1903. 
The Y^oung Women's Christian Association has a finely 
equipped building at 53 Washington Street. In 1904 the 
Shade Tree Commission was instituted and in 1905 Vails- 
burg was annexed to Newark. 

Automobiles were introduced in the Fire Department 
in 1906. The municipal bureau of statistical information was 
also established. Near the end of the year, December 
20, the new city hall was opened. One year later the play- 
grounds were placed at the disposal of the children. 

The new Court House on High Street was dedicated in 
1907. The municipal lighting plant established at the City 
Hall, and the Tuberculosis Pavilion erected at Verona and 
Camp Newark for tuberculosis patients were 1908 municipal 
improvements. 

In 1909 the Municipal Employment Bureau was incor- 
porated, in 1910 the dental clinic established, and in 1911 the 
City Planning Commission appointed. The Hudson and 
Manhattan Terminal at Park Place was opened in 1911 and 
on Memorial Day, May 30, of the same year, the Lincoln 
Statue erected on the plaza in front of the Court House was 
dedicated by Theodore Roosevelt, former President of the 
United States. John Gutzon Borglum, sculptor, conceived 
an unusual and very striking likeness of the martyred Presi- 
dent. Hundreds of people, particularly children, daily as- 



350 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

sciiible at the memorial, and pay tribute to the great hfe 
there commemorated. xAmos H. Van Horn, a Civil War vet- 
eran and a Newark merchant, i:)rovided in his will for the costs 
of the statue. A lasting debt of gratitude is due this good 
man. 

The equestrian statue of Washington, also the gift of 
Mr. Van Horn, was dedicated in Washington Park, on No- 
vember 2, 1913. J. Massey Rhind was the sculptor. 

Responding to the call of President Wilson, the citizen 
soldiers mobilized at Sea Girt during the week beginning 
June 18, 1916, for three months' duty on the Mexican 
border. Brigadier-General Edwin W. Hine was in com- 
mand of the brigade which consisted of the First, Fourth, 
and Fifth Regiments of Infantry, First Squadron of Cavalry, 
Batteries A and B, Field Artillery, the Signal Corps and 
Hospital Corps, which was assigned to duty at Douglass, 
Arizona. Battery C, Field Artillery, afterward proceeded to 
the encampment and remained there during the following 
winter. 

The streets are now illuminated (thanks to Edison, who 
was an obscure inventor of Newark in 1870) in a manner 
which would be fairly startling to the Puritan ancestors 
could they walk along the highways in the evening hours of 
our day, and over which they stumbled, guided by the un- 
certain rays of the tallow candle lantern. Electric arc lamps 
were introduced in the city in 1882. 

The value of human life is expressed in the motto, "Safety 
first." The Westinghouse air brake, applied to the running 
of railroad trains, has lessened the number of accidents. 
Transportation companies can now boast of carrying mil- 
lions of passengers without loss of life. 

Malarial germs no longer penetrate into the comnmnity 
life. Their source of propagation in the lowlands is now under 
a well-regulated system of drainage. Scientific treatment 
in the past twenty-five years has lowered the percentage of 
infant mortality in a manner siu'prising and gratifying. The 
constant fight waged against the white plague has practically 



A MODERN CITY 351 

eliminated the weak-lunged individual. Consumption the 
disease was called, but is now known as tuberculosis. 

The pojiulalion in 1S<)() was 181,000 and in 1916 the United 
States census placed the number at 399,000. Conveniences 
for the comfort of the people have increased many fold. The 
linotype machine makes possible the daily publication of a 
magazine in place of the former four-page newspaper; the 
adding machine has lessened the burden in financial circles; 
the lawyer who in 1890 climbed up the old-fashioned stair- 
way to his oflBce, now ascends to a well-lighted, well-venti- 
lated apartment of several rooms by an electrically propelled 
elevator. 

The familiar phaeton of the physician, often drawn by a 
team of horses, has been supplanted by the automobile, thus 
bringing the sick chamber in closer relation with skilled 
medical assistance. 

Never in the world's history has the Healing Art been so 
thoroughly understood as now. The application of antisep- 
tics in surgery, the knowledge and treatment of appendicitis, 
the registering of blood pressure and other successful inves- 
tigations in the realms of surgery and materia medica, have 
proved of inestimable value in prolonging human life. 
Schools for training nurses are a modern institution in 
Newark. 

Miss Clara Louise Maas, of the German Hospital Training 
School, was a martyr to her profession. She permitted herself 
to be bitten by a mosquito inoculated with yellow fever germs 
in Cuba, in August, 1901. 

"I was the medical director in the United States Military 
Department of Cuba at the time of Miss Maas's death," 
says Dr. John W. Ross, U. S. N., in reporting the case. 
The Las Animas Hospital, Havana, where she was nursing, 
was under my command. 

"Miss Maas was one of the very best and most faithful 
nurses of the hospital. She showed heroism and devotion 
to duty equal to that of any soldier or sailor in battle. She 
had not had the yellow fever, yet she unflinchingly nursed 



352 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

malignant cases of that disease, staying by those who di 
the very hist, trying to alleviate suffering and save 
She sacrificed herself from a high sense of duty, 
thought she would be more useful as a nurse after hs 
had yellow fever and requested to be bitten by inf( 
mosquitoes in order to contract the disease and beconK 
mune. I tried to dissuade her from the step, telling her 
her life was too valuable to be exposed to such great ri 
practical certainty — of taking yellow fever. Nevertli 
she insisted and the fatal bite was applied to her arm. 

"Three or four days later she developed a malignant 
orrhagic case of yellow fever, from which she died ab< 
week later. 

"She was buried with military honors. The closeb 
served and widely known circumstances of Miss M 
illness and death had great weight in convincing the let 
medical men of Cuba and of the medical profession at 
that the cases produced by mosquitoes were genuine y 
fever, and thereby established the incalculably valuablt 
that the only way in nature for yellow fever to be contrj 
by man is from the mosquito." 

Miss Maas died on August 24, 1901, at the age of tw( 
five years. The body was exhumed, placed in a hermeti 
sealed casket and was reinterred in Fairmount Cem 
in February, 1902. 

The city is advantageously located on the Passaic ] 
for the handling of a vast volume of traffic. Only eight 
from New York connection is there made by a con 
movement of passenger, freight and express trains, 
ton, the State Capitol, is distant fifty-nine miles and V 
ington is only half a day's journey, or 216 miles, souths 
Nine trunk lines of steam railroads, an electrically ope: 
railway connecting with the metropolis and trolley 
furnish transportation day and night in every direc 
Hundreds of acres of land, largely reclaimed in recent y 
are available for factory purposes on the meadows. 

In 1916, the assessed valuation was $420,366,342, an 



Market and Broad Streets, 1916 



A MODERN CITY 353 

total bonded debt $41,390,200. There were 43,769 dwell- 
ings, 127 public buildings and 18,298 factories and buildings 
used for commercial purposes. The local park system ex- 
tends over an area of twenty-two acres divided into twenty- 
seven reservations, and is valued at $9,250,000. The Shade 
Tree Commission has general supervision of the care and 
planting of trees in the city, and in 1916 there were 66,000 
in its keeping, valued at $1,400,000. The Essex County 
Park system, created in 1894, had its inception in the Orange 
Board of Trade through a suggestion offered by Frederick 
W. Kelsey. Headquarters of the Commission are in Newark, 
where Branch Brook Park, Weequahic Park, Eastside, 
Westside, and Riverbank Parks are maintained as a part 
of the chain of recreation grounds. 

Justly proud is Newark of its four high schools, 52 ele- 
mentary schools, nine special schools and one State Normal 
school. The Newark Academy, now situated on High Street, 
is the oldest educational institution in the city. Private and 
parochial schools are also serving well in the instruction of 
the young. 

Churches, missions, hospitals, private and philanthropic 
organizations are doing their share of caring for the ill and 
distressed. Systematic relief, under direction of the Bureau 
of Associated Charities, is a feature of Newark's broad and 
generous charitable spirit. Other organizations, oflScial 
and unoflScial, are also taking care of the distressed. 

The southeast section began changing its environment 
about 1890. Manufacturing interests encroached upon its 
residential domain till now it has been absorbed in the de- 
mands of the industrial era. Brown-stone dwellings on 
Broad Street, in which were housed some of the leading 
families, are giving way to business requirements. Park 
Place, too, has in recent years lost much of its oldtime ap- 
pearance. "Up to the Point" in the Roseville section, 
was a familiar expression thirty years ago. This indicated 
the junction of Warren and Orange streets, and in the 
days of the horse car was the limit of half fare travel to 



354 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

or from Orange. Woodside, in the northern part of the 
city, is now known as Forest Hill. Newark retains its charm 
as a city of homes. Travel where one will, from Forest Hill 
to Weequahic Park, or from Roseville to Clinton Hill, 
evidences are not wanting of a contented people living, in 
innumerable instances, where their fathers of several genera- 
tions, even from the period of beginning, worked out problems 
the solution of which had a marked effect upon Newark's 
prosperity of 1916. 



CHAPTER LVII 

The 250th Anniversary 

jV/TAY DAY in 1916 dawned with overcast skies, but tins 
-^ -^ did not abate the exuberant spirit of half a million or 
more residents and visitors in Newark, nor deter them 
from entering joyously into the carefully planned Two 
Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary Celebration, then in- 
augurated and which continued till every interest and 
each individual had opportunity to express allegiance to 
the glorious past, the prosperous present and the promising 
future. 

Newark revived the Spirit of the Fathers and In the 
central feature of the wide-spreading panorama the genera- 
tions yet to be born will find a lasting source of profit and 
entertainment. Thus the Memorial Building, which the 
Common Council was authorized to contract for by popular 
vote at a cost of a million and a half dollars, will be ornate 
in its architecture and the depositary of articles historical and 
educational, of local and general interest. The location is 
at the corner of South Broad and Camp streets. 

"Ye Towne by ye Pesayak River" was awake, thrilled, 
responsive and obedient to the inspirational program. 

Salutes, music, ringing of church bells, blowing of factory 
whistles and a parade opened the long-heralded jubilee at 
8 o'clock in the morning. The New Jersey Historical Society 
entertained distinguished guests at the noon hour in its 
building on West Park Street, and the formal order of exer- 
cises at Proctor's Palace Theatre, Market Street, began at 2 
o'clock in the afternoon, with an address by Hon. Franklin. 
Murphy, former Governor of New Jersey, and Chairman of 
the Committee of One Hundred. 

The following was rendered : 

355 



356 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

Overture Selected. 

Newark Musicans' Club Orchestra. 

Assisted by Local No. 16, American Federalion 

of Musicians. 

C. Mortimer Wiske, Conductor. 

"America" 

Newark Musicians' Club, Chorus, Orchestra 

and Audience. 

hivocation 

Rt. Rev. Edwin S. Lines, D.D. 

Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Newark 

Anthem — "Union and Liberty'' Horatio Parke? 

Newark Musicians' Club Chorus of 16 voices. 

Frank C. Mindnich, director. 

Dedicatory Address 

Hon. Franklin Murphy, 

Chairman, Committee of One Hundred. 

Address — The City 
Hon. Thomas L. Raymond, Mayor. 

Address — The State 
Hon. James F. Fielder, Governor 

Overture Weber. 

Orchestra 

Reading of Celebration Ode by the author 

Rev. Lyman Whitney Allen, D.D. 

Pastor of the South Park Presbyterian Church, Newark 

Historical Address 

Hon. Francis J. Swayze 

Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey and President of the 

New Jersey Historical Society. 

Festival March .... Henry Hadley, 

Orchestra 

" The Star Spangled Banner.'' 

Chorus 

Newark Musicians' Club Orchestra and Audience, 

Benediction. 

Rt. Rev. John J. O'Connor 

Bishop of the Catholic Diocese of Newark. 




The First Academy in Newark 

Was Erected Near This Spot 

in 1774 

By the Gift of Generous Citizens 

Dedicated to Learning, it 

Found in Time of War a New 

Mission in the Cause of 
Liberty, Giving Useful Service 
as a Barracks and Hospital 
for American Troops 
On the Night of January 25, 1780, 
it was Burned to the Ground 
by a Raiding Party of British 
Who Crossed From New York 
on the Ice and Surprised 
the Town 
This School was the Forerunner 
of the Present Newark Academy 
which Erected Its First Build- 
ing in 1792 at the Corner of 
Broad and Academy Streets. 

Placed by the Trustees, Teachers, Graduates and Students of the Newark Academy June, 1916 



357 



358 NARRATIVES OP NEWARK 

The concluding festivities were at night, when a four 
days' music festival which was organized in 1914 by Thorn- 
ton W. Allen, of Newark, who had charge of the music of 
the celebration, opened at the First Regiment Armory on 
Sussex Avenue, Addresses were delivered by Wallace M. 
Scudder, president of the Newark Music Festival Associa- 
tion, Hon. Franklin Murphy, Mayor Thomas L. Raymond, 
and Uzal H. McCarter. Rabbi Solomon Foster offered the 
invocation. 

An industrial exposition was also held at the Armory, 
beginning on May 13, and Founders' Day was observed 
on May 17 with a parade, dedication of memorials and ex- 
ercises at the First Church. 

Christian W. Feigenspan contributed a bronze replica of 
the famous Genei'al Bartolomeo Colleoni statue to the anni- 
versary memorials. It stands in Clinton Park, the triangle 
at Lincoln Park, and is a notable addition to the city's 
statuary. 

The historical pageant, enacted at Weequahic Park on 
May 30 and 31 and June 1 and 2, by over 4,000 actors, 
was the most ambitious undertaking of the celebration. The 
more important scenes of the 250 years were portrayed in 
most realistic manner. The athletic games in September 
attracted large numbers of lovers of outdoor sports. 

Crowning the entire observance was the heart interest 
displayed by the people, from the child participant to thv 
"aged among us." The newly arrived citizen, the one 
claiming descent from the founders and others demonstrated 
their belief in the city and its institutions. The parades of 
the school children and the various organizations will remain 
indelibly impressed upon the memory of all who viewed them. 
It was worth while. 

Hon. Franklin Murphy, former Governor of New Jersey, was 
chairman of the Committee of One Hundred; James H. Smith, 
Jr., vice chairman; D. H. Merritt, treasurer; Matthias Stratton, 
secretary; Alexander Archibald, honorary secretary; James R. 
Nugent, counsel; Henry Wellington Wack, executive adviser: 



THE 250TH ANNIVERSARY 



359 



Uzal H. McCarter, cliairinan of the executive committee, Mayor 
Thomas S. Raymond and former Mayor Jacob Hausshng, honorary 
member. The others were: 



Alexander Archibald 
George B. Astley 

Albert H. Biertuempfel 
Charles Bradley 
Joseph B. Bloom 
Philip C. Bamberger 
Gen. R. Heber Breintnall 
Angelo R. Bianchi 
Edward T. Burke 
Stanislaus Bulsiewicz 

James F. Connelly 

John L. Carroll 

Rt. Rev. Mgr. Patrick Cody 

William H. Camfield 

Joseph A. Carroll 

Frank W. Cann 

William I. Cooper 

Dr. William Dimond 
John H. Donnelly 
Richard Denbigh 
Alfred L. De Voe 
Patrick J. Duggan 
Henry M. Doremus 
Forrest F. Dryden 
Daniel H. Dunham 
Laban W. Dennis 
J. Victor D'Aloia 
Mrs. Henry H. Dawson 

Frederick L. Eberhardt 
Charles Eytel 
John Erb 

Christian W. Feigenspan 
Rev. Joseph F. Folsom 
Albert C. Fletcher 
Rabbi Solomon Foster 
John R. Flavell 
William H. F. Fiedler 
Louis A. Fast 



Henry A. Guenther 
Albert T. Guenther 
John F. Glutting 
Edward E. Gnichtel 
George J. Gates 

Augustus V. Hamburg 
Herman C. H. Herold 
William T. Hunt 

C. William Heilmann 
Richard A. Hensler 
Henry Hebeler 

Mrs. Henry A. Haussling 
Miss Frances Hays 

Richard C. Jenkinson 
Mrs. Fred. C. Jacobson 
Leopold Jay 

Nathaniel King 
Gottfried Krueger 
William B. Kinney 
Dr. Joseph Kussy 
J. Wilmer Kennedy 
William O. Kuebler 

Rt. Rev. Edwin S. Lines, D.D. 
Charles W. Littlefield 
Carl Lentz 

Franklin Murphy 

D. H. Merritt 
Rev. T. Aird Moffat 
William J. McConnell 
Uzal H. McCarter 
Anton F. Muller 
John F. Monahan 
John H. McLean 
John Metzger 

John Nieder 
James R. Nugent 

William P. O'Rourke 
Peter J. O'Toole 



360 



NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 



John L. O'Toole 
Edward J. O'Brien 
Patrick C. O'Brien 

Louis Pfeifer 
Benedict Prieth 

Michael J. Quigley 

Thos. L. Raymond 
John F. Reilly 
Dr. Samuel F. Robertson 
George F. Reeve 
Fred. H. Roever 

Morris R. Sherrerd 
Edward Schickhaus 
James Smith, Jr. 
George D. Smith 
Julivis Sachs 
Ernest C. Strempel 
A. A. Sippell 
J. George Schwarzkopf 

Bernard W. Terlinde 
Charles P. Taylor 

Frank J. Urquhart 

Dr. A. G. Vogt 

Christian Wolters, Jr. 

MEMORIAL BUILDING COMMITTEE 

Franklin Murphy 
Uzal H. McCarter 
C. W. Feigenspan 
James R. Nugent 
Alexander Archibald 
Forrest F. Dryden 
Rabbi Solomon Foster 

THE COMMITTEE OF FIFTY 

Mrs. George Barker, Chairman 
Mrs. Galen J. Perrett, Vice- 
Chairman 



Miss J. Isabelle Sims, Secre- 
tary 

Mrs. Henry Young, Jr., Treas- 
urer 

Mrs. John L. Contrell, Chair- 
man Hospitality Committee 

Mrs. Frederick S. Crum, Chair- 
man Schools Committee 

Mrs. Solomon Foster, Chair- 
man Philanthropy Commit- 
tee 

Mrs. John W. Howell, Chair- 
man Religion Committee 

Miss Alice Kirkpatrick, Chair- 
man Pageant Committee 

Mrs. Franklin Murphy, Jr., 
Chairman Entertainment 
Committee 

Mrs. L. H. Robbins, Chairman 
Publicity Committee 

Mrs. Frank H. Sommer, Chair- 
man Women's Clubs Com- 
mittee 

Mrs. Henry G. Atha 
Mrs. Louis V. Aronson 
Mrs. Joseph M. Byrne 
Mrs. Fr'k C. Breidenbach 
Mrs. Jos. B. Bloom 
Mrs. John L. Carroll 
Mrs. A. N. Dalrymple 
Mrs. Henry Darcy 
Mrs. R. Dieffenbach 
Mrs. Spaulding Frazer 
Mrs. Chr. Feigenspan 
Mrs. H. R. Garis 
Mrs. R. Arthur Heller 
Mrs. Charles F. Herr 
INIrs. R. C. Jenkinson 
Mrs. Nathan Kussy 
Mrs. William B. Kinney 
Mrs. Jennie B. Kingsland 
Mrs. Albert Lynch 
Mrs. Robert M. Laird 
Miss Margaret McVety 
Mrs. E. Erie Moody 
Mrs. Fred'k H. Mooney 
Mrs. Uzal H. McCajter 




w. 

be 

O 

o 



S 



CI 



C3 



THE 250TH ANNIVERSARY 



361 



I^Irs. William P. Martin 
Mrs. James R. Nugent 
Mrs. Benedict Prieth 
Mrs. Chauncey G. Parker 
Mrs. Charles J. Praizner 
Mrs. A. Rothschild 



Mrs. Edward S. Rankin 
Mrs. E. J. Stevens 
Dr. Sara D. Smalley 
Mrs. Francis J. Swayze 
Mrs. T. Mancusi Ungaro 
Mrs. A. Van Blarcom 



EVENTS OF THE WORLD IN THE COLONIAL ERA 

Compiled from the New GeographicaU Commercial, and His- 
torical Grammar, published at Edinburgh, 1790. 

1620 — New England planted by the Pilgrims. 

1625 — King James died and was succeeded by his son Cliarles I. 
The Island of Barbadoes, the first British settlement in 
the West Indies, planted. 

1629 — Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, entered Germany as 
head of the Protestant League. 

1633 — The Battle of Lutzen, in which he was killed. 

1640 — King Charles disobliged his Scotch subjects, upon which 
their army, under General Leslie, entered England, and 
took Newcastle, being encouraged by England malcon- 
tents. Independency of Portugal recovered by the Duke 
of Braganza. 

1641 — The massacre in Ireland, when 40,000 English Protestants 
were killed. 

1642 — King Charles impeached five members who opposed his 
arbitrary measures, which began civil war in England. 

1643 — Excise on beer, ale, etc., imposed by Parliament. Barom- 
eters invented by Torricelli. 

1646 — Episcopacy abolished in England. 

1647 — Charles I delivered up by the Scots commissioners to the 
English January 30. 

1649 — He was beheaded at "Whitehall, January 30, aged 49. Galileo 
first applied the pendulum to clocks. 

1650 — Marquis of Montrose executed at Edinburgh, aged 37 years. 

1651 — The Quakers first appeared. 

1652 — Dutch colony at Cape Good Hope established. 

1654 — Cromwell assumed the protectorship. The air pump in- 
vented by Otto Guericke, of Magdeburg. 

1655 — The British under Admiral Penn took Jamaica from the 
Spaniards. 

1658 — Cromwell died and was succeeded in the protectorship by 
his son Richard. 

362 



EVENTS IN THE COLONIAL ERA 363 

1660 — King Charles II restored by Monk, commander of the 
army, after an exile of twelve years in France and Holland. 

1660 — Episcopacy restored in England and Scotland. The 
people of Denmark being oppressed by the nobles surren- 
dered their privileges to Frederick HI, who became absolute. 

1662 — The Royal Society established in London by Charles H. 

1663 — Prussia declared independent of Poland. Carolina planted; 
divided into separate governments in 1728. 

1664 — The New Netherlands in North America conquered from the 
Swedes and Dutch by the British. 

1665 — The plague raged in London, and carried off 68,000 persons. 
The Magic Lanthorn invented by Kircher. 

166(5 — Great London fire; began September 2, continued three 
days; 13,000 houses destroyed. Tea first used in England. 

1667 — The peace of Breda, confirming to English the New Nether- 
lands. 

1669 — The Island of Crete taken by the Turks. 

1670 — The Hudson Bay Company incorporated. 

1672 — Louis XIV overran part of Holland; Dutch opened the 
sluices. African Slave Company established. 

1677 — The Micrometer invented by Kircher. 

1678 — The peace of Nimegen. The habeas corpus act passed in 
England. Strange darkness at noon on January 12. 

1680 — A comet appeared, and from its nearness to the earth 
alarmed the inhabitants. It continued visible from Novem- 
ber 3 to March 9. 

1685 — Charles II died, aged 55 years; succeeded by his brother 
James II. Duke of Monmouth, son of Charles, raised 
rebellion, defeated at Battleof Sedgemoor, and was beheaded. 
The Edict of Nantes revoked by Louis XIV and the Prot- 
estants cruelly prosecuted. 

1686 — The Newtonian philosophy published. 

1687 — The palace of Versailles, near Paris, finished by Louis 
XIV. 

1688 — The revolution in Great Britain began Nov. 5. King James 
abdicated and retired to France, December 3. Smyrna 
destroyed by earthquake. 

1689 — King William and Queen Mary, son-in-law and daughter 

* to James, were proclaimed February 16. Viscount Dundee 

stood out for James in Scotland, but was killed at the 



364 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

Battle of Killycrankie, upon which the Highlanders, wearied 
with repeated misfortunes, dispersed. The land tax passed 
in England. The toleration act passed in England. Sev- 
eral bishops were deprived for not taking the oath to King 
William. Faulkland Islands discovered. 

1690 — The Battle of the Boyne, gained by William against James, 
in Ireland. 

1691 — The war in Ireland ended by the surrender of Limerick to 
William. 

1692 — The English and Dutch fleets, commanded by Admiral 
Ruffel, defeated the French fleet off La Hogue. Dreadful 
earthquakes in Sicily, Jamaica and other parts. 

1693— The Bank of England established by King William. The 
duchy of Hanover made the ninth electorate. The first 
public lottery was drawn this year. Massacre of High- 
landers at Glencoe by King William's troops. 

1694 — Queen Mary died at the age of 33 and William alone reigned. 
Stamp duties instituted in England. 

1696 — The peace of Ryswick. 

1697 — The national debt of Great Britain first funded, being 
five millions; in 1714 it was 46 millions; 1747, 64 millions; 
1757, 74 millions; 1762, 110 millions; 1772, 127 millions, and 
at the end of the Revolutionary War, in 1784, was 274 
millions. 

1699 — The Scots settled a colony at the Isthmus of Darien, and 
named it Caledonia; ruined by King William's opposition. 

1700 — The Spanish monarchy transferred to the house of Bourbon. 
Charles XII began his reign. King James died at St. 
Germains in the 68th year of his age. 

1701 — Prussia erected into a kingdom. Academy of sciences 
founded in Berlin. 

1702 — King William died at the age of 52 and was succeeded by 
Queen Anne, daughter of James II, who with the emperor 
and States General renewed the war against France and 
Spain. 

1703 — The foundation of Petersburg laid. England visited by a 
dreadful tempest on November 27. 

1704 — Gibraltar taken from the Spaniards by Admiral Rooke, of 
England. The French defeated at Blenheim. The Court 
of Exchequer instituted in England. 



EVENTS IN THE COLONIAL ERA 365 

1706 — The treaty of union between England and Scotland signed 
July 22. The French defeated at Ramillies. 

1707— The first British Parliament. The allies defeated at AI- 
manza in Spain. 

1708 — Minorca taken from the Spaniards by General Stanhope, 
of England. Sardinia erected into a kingdom and given 
to the duke of Savoy. 

1709 — Peter the Great, Czar of Muscovy, defeated Charles II 
at Pultowa, who fled to Turkey. King of Prussia declared 
sovereign of Neufchatel. 

1710 — Queen Anne changed the Whig ministry for others more 
favorable to the interests of her supposed brother, the 
late Pretender. 

1712 — The Duke of Hamilton and Lord Mohun killed each other 
in a duel in Hyde Park. 

1713 — The peace of Utrecht, whereby Newfoundland, Nova 
Scotia, New Britain and Hudson's Bay, in North America, 
were yielded to Great Britain; Gibraltar and Minorca 
were also confirmed to the English Crown by this treaty. 

1714 — Queen Anne died at the age of fifty, and was succeeded 
by George I. Interest in England reduced to five per 
centum. 

1715 — Louis XIV died and was succeeded by his great-grandson, 
Louis XV. Rebellion in Scotland began in September 
and ended in November. 

1718 — Charles XII killed at the siege of Frederickshall, in Norway. 

1719 — The Mississippi scheme at its height in France. Lombe's 
silk throwing machine, containing 26,586 wheels, erected 
at Derby, took up one-eighth of a mile; one water wheel 
moved the machine, and in twenty-four hours it worked 
318,504,960 of organzine silk thread. 

1720 — France visited by pestilence. Earthquake in China. 

1724 — Earthquake in Denmark. An Academy of Sciences estab- 
lished in St. Petersburg. 

1727 — King George died in the 68th year of his age; succeeded by 
his only son, George II, Inoculation first tried on criminals 
in England with success. Russia, formerly a dukedom, 
now established as an empire. 

1732 — Settlement of Georgia began. 

1738 — Westminster Bridge, consisting of fifteen arches, begun, 



366 NARRATIVES OF NEWARK 

and finished in 1750, by Parliament at an expense of 
389,000 pounds. 

1739 — England declared war against Spain, on October 23. 
Kouli Khan, who usurped Persian throne in 1732, carried 
a treasure of 231 millions sterling from the conquered 
Mogul Empire. 

1744 — England declared war against France. 

1746 — Lima destroyed by earthquake. 

1747 — Kouli Khan murdered. 

1748 — The peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, by which restitution of all 
places taken during the war was made on all sides. 

1750 — Two shocks of earthquake in England. Academy of Sci- 
ences at Stockholm established. 

1753 — The British Museum instituted. Society of Arts, Manu- 
factures and Commerce established in London. 

1754 — Dreadful eruption of Mt. Etna. Earthquake at Constan- 
tinople, Lisbon destroyed by an earthquake, November 1. 

1755 — Quito destroyed by earthquake April 28. 

1759 — General Wolfe was killed in Battle of Quebec, won by Eng- 
lish. Balbec and Tripoli destroyed by earthquake. 

1760 — King George II died October 25, aged 77 years; succeded by 
King George III, who on September 22, 1761, married 
Princess Charlotte, of Mecklenburgh Strelitz. 

1762 — War declared by England against Spain. Peter III, 
emperor of Russia, deposed, imprisoned and murdered. 
American Philosophical Society organized at Philadelphia. 

1763 — Definite treaty of peace between Great Britain, France, 
Spain and Portugal, concluded at Paris, February 10, 
which confirmed to Great Britain the extensive provinces 
of Canada, East and West Florida and part of Louisana; 
also the islands of Grenada, St. Vincent, Dominica and 
Tobago, in the West Indies. 

1765 — Island of Man annexed to England. 

1766 — Earthquake at Constantinople. 

1767 — Mattinico almost destroyed by earthquake. 

1768 — Turkej'^ declared war against Russia. 

1772 — The emperor of Germany, empress of Russia and the king 
of Prussia stripped the king of Poland of nearly all his 
dominions, which were divided among themselves despite 
solemn treaties. 



EVENTS IN THE COLONIAL ERA 367 

lYT-S—The Jesuits expelled from Pope's dominions, and sup- 
pressed by bull August 25. 

1774— Peace was declared between Turkey and Russia, the former 
being unsuccessful in every campaign. 

1774_The British Parliament having passed an act laying a duty 
of three pence per pound upon all teas imported into Amer- 
ica, the colonists cons dered this as a grievance, and denied 
the right of the British Parliament to tax them. First 
Congress of American Deputies convened at Philadelphia, 
Septembers. , 

1776_The Continental Congress adopted the Declaration ot In- 
dependence and the United States was erected as a separate 
world Power. 

The Lord our God be with us, 
as He was with our fathers. 
Let him not leave us nor 
forsake us; that He may in- 
cline our hearts unto Him, to 
walk in all His ways, and 
to keep His commandments and 
His statutes, and His judgments, ^^ 
which He commanded our fathers." 
I Kings, VIII. 57, 58. 



NEW JERSEY 

Miscellaneous Statistical Information 

From "Newark A Manufacturing City." (Year Book of the 
Board of Trade, 1915-1910.) 

Gross area in square miles 8,224 

Water surface, square miles 710 

Rank in size among States 45 

Population in 1914 2,816,000 

Rank according to population 11 

Rank according to density of population . . 3 

Density of population per square mile . . 337.7 

Cities in State with over 50,000 population . . 9 

Cities in State with over 10,000 population . . 23 

Per cent, of total population residing in cities . , 64.7 

Per cent, of total value of manufactures of cities 74.3 
Miles of steam railroad tracks operated within 

State 2,256 

Total number of manufacturing plants in the 

State employing ten or more operatives, 1914 9,742 

Primary horse power employed, 1914 . . 792,885 

Number of operatives employed, 1914 . 431,003 
Aggregate total of wages paid to employees 

yearly $211,136,000 

Total value of raw materials used, 1914 . . . $883,465,000 

Value added by process of manufacture, 1914 $523,168,000 
Aggregate total of finished products, 1914 . . $1,406,633,000 
Per cent, of increase in number of establishments 

1909 to 1914 10.5 

Per cent, of increase in number of employees, 1909 

to 1914 14.5 

Per cent, of increase in horse power employed, 

1909 to 1914 29.5 

Per cent, of interest in capital, 1909 to 1914 . 38.4 

Per cent, of increase in wages to employees . . 24.4 

3G8 



NEW JERSEY 



369 



Per cent, of increase in cost of materials 
Per cent, of increase in value of product 
Number of families in the State . . 
Number of dwellings in the State . . 
Average number of persons per dwelling 
Average number per family .... 
Area of land in farms (Acres) . . . 
Value of farm lands and buildings . 
Latest figures received July 18, 1916. 



22.7 

22.8 

558,202 

407,295 

6.2 

4.5 

2,573,857 

$215,434,782 



Hail! Hail! ye Peoples yet unborn, 

We leave you all that Love bequeaths; 

Our gems and mines and fields of corn. 
Traditions, arts, and Valor's wreaths. 

New voices call. We disappear. 

Above our dust your songs will swell; 

Your banners float — Our Kinsmen, dear. 

Hail! Hail! and then — Farewell, Farewell. 

Ellen M. H. 



Gates. 



INDEX 



r 



INDEX 



Abbett, Governor Leon, inspects Old Burying 
Ground, 334 

Academy, Newark, burned, 211, 212; restored, 
220-222; board of Governors, 222; stone com- 
memorating, 357 

Acadia Valley, Tories exiled to, 217; refugees 
in, 208 

Accident, Clifton Avenue crossing, 349 

Acquackanonck, Washington's army at, 198 

Act, Amnesty, 205 

Albers, Hans, signer of Fundamental Agreement, 
12; location of town lot, 13; signs agreement 
providing for pastor's salary, 44; operates tan- 
nery, 86 

Aldermen, Board of, organized, 268 

Allegiance to Continental Congress, 189 

Alger, Camp, First regiment at, 348 

Allen, Col. William, at dedication of Kearny 
statue, 327 

Allen, John, on special jury to indict Elizabeth 
Town raiders, 135 

Allen, Samuel, on special jury to indict Elizabeth 
Town raiders, 135 

Allen, Thornton W., charge of music festival, 
358 

Amnesty act, last hours of, 205 

Andruss, Colonel Isaac, welcomes Lafayette, 
260 

Andros, Governor, attempts control of East 
Jersey, 117; demands that Gov. Carteret 
vacate governorship, 118; receives defiant 
note from Carteret, 119; places embargo on 
all ports other than New York, 118; citizens 
of New Jersey oppose his claims, 118; meets 
Gov. Carteret ancl demands that East Jersey 
be turned over to him, 123; agrees that matter 
be referred to English authorities; but later 
has Gov. Carteret seized and taken to New 
York for trial, 124; and seizes government, 
125, 130; inaugural address, 130; recalled to 
England, 132; returns later as Governor of 
New England, but again recalled, 132 

Anniversary, 50th Independence Day, 265 

Anniversary, 200th celebration, 311-312 

Anniversary, 250tb celebration, 355; program, 
,S56 

Aqueduct Board, first meeting of, 343 

Aqueduct Co., incorporated, 339; contract 
executed, 340; water supply inadequate, 341; 
plant of, sold to city, 342 

.\rnold, John, schoolm.xster, 115 

Arthur, President, takes oath, 332 

Articles of the First Committee, adoption of, 
165 

Aschcnbach, William M., reservoir site, 340 

Assanpink Creek, battle of, 202 

Assassination of President Lincoln, 303 

Assessed valuation 1916, ,352 

Associators. patriots designated as, 206 

Athletic games, 250th anniversary, 358 

Atlantic cable joined, 281 

Augustc, Francois, Rev. Ogden's guest, 233 
Ayres, Enos, member first class, college of New 

Jersey, 175 
Bacon, Colonel, aide to General Sherman, 320 
Ball, Caleb, on special jury to indict Elizabeth 
Town raiders, 135 



Ball, Edward, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 11; location of town lot, 13; signs agree- 
ment providing for pastor's salary, 44; sur- 
veys line, 105; on committee to secure Kings- 
land property, 109; on special jury to indict 
Elizabeth Town raiders, 135; on jury to indict 
second Elizabeth Town raiding party, 137; 
on alms committee, 142 

Bali, Jonathan, marriage, 28 

Ball, Stephen, patriot martyr, 213 

Baldwin, Benjamin, location of town lot, 13; 
town weaver, 84; on special jury to indict 
Elizabeth Town raiders, 135 

Baldwin, Daniel, home pillaged, 202 

Baldwin, Dr. Cornelius, revolutionary surgeon, 
213 

Baldwin, John, Jr., location of town lot, 14; 
signs agreement providing for pastor's salary, 
44; appointed town's man, 113 

Baldwin. John, Sr., location of town lot, 13; 
assists in flooring meeting house, 35; signs 
agreement providing for pastor's salary, 44; , 
saws lumber for mill, 48; appointed to arrange 
gates. 67; on committee to secure Kingsland 
property, 109; on jury to indict second Eliza- 
beth Town raiding party, 137 

Baldwin, Jes.se, welcomes Lafayette, 260 

Baldwin, Mayor Jesse, signs water contract, 340 

Baldwin, Nathan, wounded by British. 200 

Baldwin, Nehemiah, arrested in lands contro- 
versy, 168; released from sheriff by mob, 169 

Baldwin, Rev. Burr, instituted sabbath school, 
255 

Baldwin, Samuel, arrested but delivered from 
jnil by populace, 167 

Banks of Newark offering for Civil War, 286 

Bans, reading of the, 37 

Barclay, Robert, Governor of East Jersey, 133 

Barracks, Old, at Trenton, 202 

Barter, value of staple products, 54, 90 

Battery A, Hexamer's. saluted Kearny statue, 328 

Battery B, second artillery, organized, 290-291 

Battery D, fourth artillery, in Civil War, 296 

Battle of Long Island at Brooklyn, 196; defeat 
of patriots. 199 

Bauldwin, John, Jr., signer of Fundamental 
Agreement, 11 

Bauldwin, John, Sr., signer of Fundamental 
Agreement, 11 

Bayard, Nicholas, demand on, for restitution 
in Kingsland property deal, 110 

Beach, Josiah, home pillaged by British, 201 

Beach, Rev. John, Episcopalian, 161 

Beach, Zophar, home pillaged by British, 201 

Beals's Brigade, enters Newark, 1776, 198 

Beam, John E., Lieutenant, presented with 
sword, 287; killed at Malvern Hill, 291 

Belleville set off, 153 

Belleville engine house constructed at, 343; 
reservoir, 344 

Bergen County created, 133 

Berkley, Lord, receives grant, 5; letter from, m 
quit rent controversy, 93 

Berry, John, Deputy Governor, takes charge, m 
Governor Carteret's absence, 92 

Berrv, Capt. John, appointed Deputy Governor, 

no 



373 



S74 



INDEX 



Bill of sale of Indian lands, 19 

Bigelow, Moses, Mayor, welcomes Lincoln, 
§85, 286; first president Aqueduct Board, 343 

Blacthly, Aaron, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 11; location of town lot, 13; appointed 
to arrange gates, 67 

Blacthly, Thomas, signer of Fundamental 
Agreement, 11 

Bloomfield, Governor calls out militia in 1812, 

Bloomfield, General Joseph, contributes to 
chur'^h building fund, 254 

Bloomfield, part of Orange, 237; receives name, 
254; incorporated, 255 

Bloomfield Presbyterian church corner stone 
laid, 255 

Board, New Aqueduct was created, 342; first 
meeting of, 343 

Board of Freeholders, accepts offer of court 
house site, 243 

Board of Health created, 280 

Board of Trade, holds first annual dinner, 322 

Bond, Robert, on Newark-Elizabeth Town 
boundary commission, 24; on committee to 
send petition to England, 94; on committee 
to treat with Dutch generals, 96; magistrate 
under Dutch rule, 97 

Bond, Stephen, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 12; location of town lot, 14; on commit- 
tee to arrange for third pastor, 152 

Bonded debt, 1916, 353 

Bonnel, Joseph, takes depositions of settlers, 
in controversy with Proprietors, 167 

Borglum, J. G., sculptor of Lincoln statue, 349 

Boston, port of, mandate against, 181; Essex 
county relief for, 184 

Boston Port Bill, retaliation measure, 181 

Boudinot, Elisha, clerk of General Committee, 
190; writes to Governor Livingston, 203; 
Secretary of council of safety, 208; patriot in 
Revolutionar.y War, 213; on committee to 
raise funds for academy, 221; home destroyed 
by fire, 227 

Boudinot, Major Elisha, entertained Lafayette, 
260 

Boudinot, Mrs. Elisha, receives tea, 208 

Boune, John, speaker of Assembly of Deputies, 
131 

Bowers, Rev. Nathaniel, fifth pastor, 156 

Boyd, Rev. W. W., at dedication of Founder's 
Monument, 336 

Boyden, Seth, born at Foxborough, Mass., 258; 
comes to Newark, 258; eminent inventor, 258; 
builds first locomotive for Morris & Essex R. 
R., 258; cultivates strawberries, 258; bust of, 
made by Miss Ricord, 317; statue of, 347 

Branch Brook, reservoir above, 343 

Branr h Brook Park, first wells driven in, 339; 
in Essex Count.v Park System, 353 

Brainerd, Rev. John, noted Presbyterian 
preacher, 180 

Branford company, arrival of, 9, 16; settlers sign 
Fundamental Agreement, 10, 16 

Breum, Joseph, on special jury to indict Eliza- 
beth Town raiders, 135 

British, ravages of, arraigned by Dr. Mac- 
whorter, 200 

British raid Essex County, 209; attempts to 
reach Morristown, 213, 214 

Briton in January, 1780, raid, 209 

Broad Street, residents on in 1800, 228; paved, 
323 

B.'ooks, John B., signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 11 

Brooks, John, location of town lot, 14 

Brown, John, signs agreement of purchase of 
Indian lands, 20; assists in flooring meeting 
house, 35; assists in building mill, 48; appeals 
to Dutch commission for Kingsland deed, 110 



Brown, .lohn, Jr., signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 12; prepares statement to Governor 
Carteret, 101 

Brown, Rev. Isaac, tory refugee, 205 

Browne, Daniel, on special jury to indict Eliz- 
abeth Town raiders, 135 

Browne, John, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 1 1 

Browne, John, Sr., location of town lot, 14; signs 
agreement providing for pastor's salary, 44 

Browne, John, Jr., location of town lot, 14; 
signs agreement providing for pastor's salary, 
44; ceremony of admittance to Newark citizen- 
ship, 74; elected town clerk, 74 

Browne, Joseph, signs agreement providing for 
pastor's salary, 44 

Browne, Thomas, signs agreement providing for 
pastor's salary, 44 

Brooklyn, battle of Long Island, 196 

Bruen, Captain Caleb, Revolutionary War pa- 
triot, 213 

Bruen, Captain Joseph, in Independence Day 
parade, 1812,3247 

Bruen, John, signs agreement providing for pas- 
tor's salary, 44; receives land grant, 75 

Bruen, Obadiah, signer of Fundamental .\gree- 
ment, 11; location of town lot, 13; signs agree- 
ment of purchase of Indian lands, 20; letter 
to his children, 33 

Bryant, William Cullen, verse by, 188 

Buckingham, Rev. Jedidiah, last Puritan pastor, 
156 

Building First Presbyterian Church, 1787-1790, 
220 

Buildings in Newark, 1860, 342; in 1916, 353 

Bull Run, battle of, 290 

Bunker Hill, battle of, 191 

Bureau of .\ssociated Charities, The, 353 

Bureau, Municipal emplo.vment, 349 

Burlington, state capitol in 1790, 223 

Burnet, John, raided by rioters, 170 

Burnet, Dr. William, participates in mass meet- 
ing, 188; deputy-chairman general commit- 
tee, 190; receives message from Washington, 
197; warns people of British army advance, 
198; Revolutionary War surgeon, 213 

Burnet, Dr. William, Jr., Revolutionar.v W'ar 
surgeon, 213 

Burnet, Major Ichabod, served on General 
Greene's staff, 213 

Burnet, Smith, welcomes Lafayette, 260 

Burwell, Ephraim, signer of Fundamental 
Agreement, 11; location of town lot, 14; signs 
agreement providing for pastor's salary, 41; 
on committee to provide pastor's firewood, 
153 

Burwell, Samuel, prisoner in Newark court for- 
cibly liberated by Elizabeth Town rioters, 1:55 

Burwell, Zachariah, signer of Fundamental 
Agreement, 12; location of town lot, 14; signs 
agreement providing for pastor's salary, 44; 
saws lumber for mill, 48; on committee to de- 
liver pastor's firewood, 153 

Burwell, Mr. assists in flooring meeting house. 
35 

Burr, Rev. Aaron, installed by Presbytery, 173; 
assists in organizing College of New Jersey, 
174; president of college, 174; marriage, 175, 
death, 176 

Burying Ground, Old, obliteration of, 334; town 
committee adopts resolution, 1829, 337 

Burying Ground, Old, Orange, donated by Na- 
thaniel Wheeler, 337 

Bush burning, regulation of, 147 

Butler, Gen. Beni. ¥., visits industrial exposi- 
tion, 321 ' 

Caldwell, Rev. James, sides with patriots, 186; 
a.ssassinated at ElizabethTown, 186; his church 
burned, 210; town named for, 254 



INDEX 



375 



Caldwell. Mrs. James, assassinated, 213, 214 

Caldwell township formed, 254 

Canifield, Matthew, location of town lot, 13 

Canifield, Samuel, location of town lot, 14 

Canifield, Mr., on tax commission, 53 

Camp, Captain Nathaniel, enterUms Washmg- 
ton, 215 . ,. L t 

Camp, Samuel, on jury to indict members ot sec- 
ond raiding party from Elizabeth Town, 
137 

Camp, William, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 12; location of town lot, 13 

Cainp, William, appointed to arrange gates, 67; 
appointed town s man, 113; on alms commit- 

Camp. William, Revolutionary War patriot, 213 

Camp Frelinghuysen on Roseville Ave., 292; re- 
cruits receTved at, in Civil War, 293-295 

Campbell, Col. Edw. A., in Spanish-American 
War, 348 

Canal Company, Morns, proposed to augment 
water supply, 343 

Canal boat, first, arrived in Newark, 266 

Canal, ship, proposed, 322 

Candidates for President and Vice President 
nominated, 1860, 281 

Candle dipping, 87 . „ , , i » 

Canfield, Ebenezer, signer ot Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 11; signs agreement providing for pas- 
tor's salary, 44 , r. , . i 

Canfield, Matthew, signer of Fundamental 
Agreement, 11; on Newark-Elizabeth lown 
boundary commission, 24; death, 31; signs 
agreement providing for pastor s salary, 44; 
appointed to arrange gates, 67 

Canfield, Robert, welcomes Lafayette, 260 

Canfield, Thomas, appraises tory property, 205 

Capitol, state, Whisky rebeUion campaign ends 
at 2'^4 

Capteen, John, acts as Indian interpreter for 
Puritans, 6; represents Indians m sale ot 
lands, 19 . • .- 

Carman, Gen. Ezra L., in patriotic procession, 

314 
Carteret, Sir George, receives grant of New Jer- 
sey, 5; letter from, in quit rent controversy, 

Carteret, Philip, commissioned Governor of 
New Jersey, 5; induces Puritans to remain, 7; 
orders first General Assembly, 21; demands 
payment of quit rent, 89; refuses settlement 
in grain, demanding gold and silver, 90, 91; 
fearing violence escapes from country, 92; 
tesumes control, 101; conference with Newark 
committee, 102; agrees to accept produce in 
pavment of quitrent, 103; receives demand from 
Gov Andros that he vacate in his tavor, 118; 
writes defiant answer, 119; visited by Gov. 
Andros who agrees to submit question to 
English authorities, 123; account of his mar- 
riage, 123, seized at night by Andros soldiers 
and taken to New York, 124; tried before 
Court of Assizes, 127; jury declared him not 
guilty " 129; agrees to refrain from oihcial 
acts pending decision of Lord Proprietor, 130; 
resumes governorship, 132; dies one year lat«r, 

Caittret. James, offered Presidency of country, 
92 

Catling, John, signer of Fundamental Agreement, 
n location of town lot, 13; builds hog guard 
for town pound, 69; on committee to purchase 
Kingsland property from Dutch, 108; on com- 
mittee to close deal for Kingsland property. 
109; on committee to obtain arrest ot Mjcholas 
Bayard, 110; appointed one of the town s men, 
113; first Newark schoolmaster, 114; moved to 
Deerfield, Mass,; massacred by Indians, 115 

Celebration, 250th anniversary, 355 



Cemetery. Fairmotint, Civil War veterans plot 
in, 305; remains in Old Burying Ground 
removed to, 335; Miss Maas buried in, 352 
Cemetery, National, at Newark, 306 
Cemetery, Rosedale, remains in Old Burying 

Ground removed to, 336 
Census, first, 268 

Centennial Exposition, at Philadelphia, 348 
Centennial of Independence Day, 1876, 346 
Centre Market established, 269 
Chantillv, battle of, 291-292 

Chapman, Rev. Jedidiah, installed at mountain 

society, 179; associates with patriots, 186; 

served in Revolutionary War, 213; secures 

donations for hospital, 216 

Charter election, first held. 268 

Charitable Society, Female, first one organized, 

233 
Charities, Associated, Bureau of, 353 
Cliatteaubriand, Viscount de, visits Rev. Uzal 

Ogden, 233 
Chesapeake attacked by Leopard, 245 
Chestnut, Benjamin, member first class. College 

of New Jersey, 175 
Chestnuts, gathering of. 146 
Chetwood. Sheriff, imprisons rioters against 

Proprietors, 171 
Cholera epidemic in Newark, 279 
Church attendance compulsory, 38 , . , „^ 
Church of the Redeemer, corner-stone laid, 322 
Church Trinity Episcopal, Rev. Mr. Brown, 

pastor of, 206 
Churches, number of and denommation, 162 
Cider, manufacture and export, 87 
Citizen's Jubilee over Civil War's ending, 302 
Citizenship, difficulty of attaining, 80, 104; 

right of, 196 
City Battalion, merged into 2nd N. J. Vols., 291 
City Hall, New, 349 
City Planning Commission, 349 
Civil War, citizens discuss its peril, 286 
Clarke, Abraham, writes to John Hart. 190 
Clarke, John, on special jury to mdict Elizabeth 

Town raiders, 135 
Clay, Henry, arrives in Newark, 261; entertamed 
at Barney Day's Tavern, 262; welcomed by 
committee, 262 . 

Condict, Dr. John, Revolutionary War patriot, 

213 
Condict, JoDith.an, Revolutionary War patriot. 

213 
Condict, Lieutenant-Colonel David, Revolu- 
tionary War patriot, 213 
Condit, Joseph S , Broad Street store, 257 
Condit, Miss, tells of Clay's visit, 261-263 
Condit, Moses, keeper of Orange 1 avern, 237 
Condit, Silas, welcomes Lafayette, 260 
Conduct, rules for, 80 . 

Congar. Samuel H., in 200th anniversary cele- 
bration, 309 ^ ,oR 
Congress, Continental. The. allegiance to, 18b; 
at Baltimore, 190; selects Washington com- 
mander-in-chief, 191; homes loyal to, 192; 
members aroused over acts ot British and 
Hessians, 200; people required to swear allegi- 
ance to, 205; „ T J J 
Congress, Provincial, observes first Independence 
Day, 195 . ,. ■ i 
Conklin, Edw. L, in dedicatory exercises of 

Kearny sUtue, 327 
Connecticut, troops of, 198 
Connecticut Farms, fight at, 213 
Constellation, in war with France, 225 
Constitution of New Jersey adopted 1776, 195 
Constitutional, U. S., Convention finishes its 

task 220 
Continental Congress, allegiance to. 186; 
189; at Baltimore, 190; selects Washing- 
ton commander-in-chief, 191; homes loyal 



176 



INDEX 



to 10'-2: members aroused over acts of British 

and Hessians, 200; people required to swear 

allegiance to, 205 
Continental Lme, men enrolled m, 19J 
Continental riflemen, equipment ot, 190 
Continentaltroops, retreat of, 199 
Convention of New Jersey adopts constitution, 

195; order to appraise property, 196 
Convention, Constitutional, adopts L. b. L^on- 

stitution, 220 

Convention, sump Act, 1765, 179 

Cook, Francis, witness to new Indian deed, 166 

Cooper, John, on special jury to indict Elizabeth 
Town raiders, 135; on committee to purchase 
lands from Indians, 165 

Cooperage industry, 87 

Copper, discovery of, 158 

Cornwallls, his army enters Newark, 199; rav- 
ages Newark, 200 . 

Correspondence, Committee on, its members and 
duties, 190; Isaac Longworth, member ot, 
goes over to enemy, 196; 1807, 246 

Coult, Joseph, in Old Burying Ground contro- 
versy, 335 . 

Counsel of Safety, order of, 203; receives tory 
memorial, 206; provides identification pass- 

Councito'f War, Christmas night, 1776, 199 
Country Club, Essex Co., popular summer re- 
sort, 270 
Court House, vote on, in 1807. 240; new, 349 
Court Houses, old and new, 243, 244 
Court transferred from Elizabeth Town to New- 
ark, 134 
Corey Captain, in command of militia company, 

247 
Cowman, Johannes, copper miner, 158 
Crane, Azariah, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 12; signs agreement providing tor pas- 
tor's salarv, 44; appointed one of the town s 
men, 113; on alms committee, 142; on com- 
mittee to arrange for third pastor, 152 
Crane, Delivered, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 11; location of town lot, 13; death, 31 
Crane, D. D., acts for Newark in separation 

from Orange, 237 .,,.,, 

Crane, Gamaliel, arrested in Indian lands con- 
troversy, 168 
Crane, Jasper, signer of Fundamental Agreement, 
11; location of town lot, 13; on Newark- 
Elizabeth Town boundary commission, 24; 
si-'ns agreement providing for pastor s salary, 
44; Mr., on committeelo treat with Dutch gen- 
erals, 96; magistrate under Dutch rule, 97; 
on committee to arrange for third pastor, 152 
Crane, Jasper, Sr., on jury to indict second raid- 
ing partv from Elizabeth Town, 137 
Crane, John, signer of Fundamental Agreement, 
11; location of town lot, 13; signs agreement 
providing for pastor's salary, 44; on jury to 
indict second raiding party from Elizabeth 
Town, 137 , , 

Crane, Job, arrested in Indian lands controversy, 

Crane, Joseph, on committee to purchase lands 
from Indians, 165 ... 

Crane, INIagistrate, visits Dutch Commission to 
petition for Kingsland deed, 109 

Crane, Mr., chosen a town representative in 
quit rent controversy, 92; on committee to 
send petition to England, 94; on committee 
to treat with Dutch in purchase of Kingsland 
property, 108 , . > 

Crane, Samuel, killed in Newark raid, 209 

Crane, Stephen, death, 31 . i /-, 

Crane, Stephen, delegate to Continental Con- 
gress, 185 , . T ,• 1 J 

Crane, William, arrested in Indian lands con- 
troversy, 168 



Craven, Dr. John J., receives flag for First Regi- 
ment, 1861, 288 „ , ,. J , 
Craven. Rev. Dr. Elijah R., delivered eulogy on 

Lincoln, 304 
Creek, Assanpink, battle of, 202 
Crimes, punishments for, 21 
Crops failed in 1816, 257 

Crowell, Samuel, arrested in Indian lands con- 
troversy, 168 , „ , ■ -m 
Gumming, Gen. John N., Revolutionary War 
patriot, 213; oflSciates at Academy corner- 
stone laying, 221 . 
Gumming, Rev. Hooper, in militia manfleuvre, 
1812, 247; installed pastor second church, i5l 
Cumming's. Mrs. Hooper, tragic death, 252 
Cundict, Captain Jonathan, receives cartridges, 

217 
Cundict, Daniel, his home, 180 ,„« ,q, 

Cundict, Jemima, begins her diary, 180-181; 
tells of troublesome times, 185; hears Mr. 
Greene preach, 186; sees soldiers train, 187; 
alarmed over coming of enemy s fleet, 188; 
account of Green coats capture, 206; story ot 
raid on Essex County, 209 
Cunditt, John, town weaver, 84; kindness to the 

sick 139 
Cunditt, John, keeper ot tavern, 169; one of the 

rioters against Proprietors, 169 
Currency, scarcity of, 54, 90 
Curtis, John, signer of Fundamental Agreement, 
11; location of town lot, 13; signs agreement 
providing for pastor's salary, 44; appointed 
to arrange gates, 67; surveys the west line, 
105- chosen as substitute to deputies tor «jen- 
eral Assembly, 117; associate justice, 134; 
supervisor of bush burning, 147; on committee 
to arrange for third pastor, 152 
Custer, Gen. Geo. A., visits Newark, 296 
Committee, General, passes restrictive resolu- 
tions, 193; orders appraisement ot property, 
196; welcomes Washington's troops, 198 
Committee, Memorial Building, 250th anniver- 

sarv celebration, 360 . 

Committee of Fifty, The, 250th anniversary cele- 
bration, 360 , , . 
Committee of One Hundred, 250th anniversary 

celebration, 358-360 . 

Committee on Correspondence, its members and 
duties, 190; Isaac Longworth — member ot, 
goes to enemy, 196; 1807, 246 
CommitteeonKearny Statue, 326 
Committee on Observation, its members, 185; 

conferences of, 187 
Committee, Public Aid, in Civil War, 299 
Common Council, acquires control ot water sup- 
ply 340, 341; purchases water plant, 34A 
authorized to erect Memorial Building, 355 
Company, East Jersey Water, The, sells Pequan- 

nock watershed to city, 344 
Concord, battle of, 187 ,„nno3« 

Cleveland, Benjamin, silversmith in 1790, ^a» 
Clifton Avenue Crossing Accident, 349 
Clinton set off, 1833, 265 , , ,. ^ , _. 
Clinton Ave. Baptist Church dedicated, 322 
Clinton Park, Colleoni statue in, 358 
Cockburn, John, signs agreement providing for 

pastor's salary, 4 4 
"Cockloft Hall," Washington Irving at. 230 
Coe, Benjamin, house burned by British, ^01, 

House, 205 , , ^„„ , 

Coles, Dr. Abraham, author of 200th anniversary 

ode, 307 ^ . ^ . -„- 

Collector, Newark Port, first appointed, 266 
College of New Jersey, organization, 174; first 

commencement exercises, 175 
Colleoni statue in Clinton Park, 358 
Colve, Anthony, Governor under Dutch rule, 

99 
Colyer, Captain John, under orders from Gov. 



INDEX 



377 



Andros, seizes Gov. Carteret and takes him to 
New York for trial, 12-1 

Combs, Rev. Moses N., pioneer shoe manufac- 
turer, 228 

Commercial wharf, fire at, 322 

Committee, General organized, 1775, 189 

Dalglesh, Robert, signer of Fundamental 
Agreement, 12; location of town [lot, 1-t; signs, 
agreement providing for pastor's salary, 44 

Dancing lessons at Newark Academy, 257 

Davenport, John, Jr., marriage, 28 

Davis, Col. E. W., marshal of Garfield^ funeral 
parade, 333 

Davis, John, location of town lot, 13 

Davis, Stephen, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 11; location of town lot, 13; signs agree- 
ment providing for pastor's salary, 44; assists 
in building mill, 48; on reconstruction com- 
mittee, 100; on committee to draw up petition 
to Governor, 105 

Davis, Thomas, builds saw mill, 88 

Day, Barnabas, Henry Clay entertained by, 
262 

Day, Barney, stage headquarters, 270 

Day, George, signer of Fundamental Agreement, 
11; location of town lot, 13; assists in building 
mill, 48; appointed one of the town's men, 113 

Day, Isaac, candidate for sheriff, 1807, 243; de- 
feated for sheriff, 243 

Day, Matthias, postmaster, 256 

Day, Stephen I)., acts for Orange in separation 
from Newark, 237 

Day's Hill, court house site election at, 240; 
vote for, announced, 241 

Dayton, General Jonathan, welcomes Lafay- 
elti», 201; entertained Lafayette, at Elizabeth, 
261 

Decatur House, The, 250 

Decatur, Captain John R., militia commandant, 
247 

Declaration of Independence, its adoption, 195; 
declared "pack of lies," 196 

Declaration of Rights, adopted by Esse.'c county 
citizens, 182 

Dedi.-ation of Soldiers' Home in 1866, 301-302 

De Hart, John, signed call for mass meeting in 
1774, 182; delegate to Congress at Phila- 
delphia, 185 

Delavall, John, offers to present colonists' ar- 
gument to Lords Proprietors, 94 

Delaware River, War Council on bank of. 199 

Delegates to Provincial Convention in 1774, 183 

Dennison, Rol>ert, signer of Fundamental 
Agreement, 11; location of town lot, 13; signs 
agreement of purchase of Indian lands, 20 

Dental Chnic established, 349 

Dickinson, Rev. Dr. Jonathan, selected to con- 
trovert Episcopalian doctrine, 161; assists in 
organization ot College of New Jersey, 174 

Directory — first one issued, 265 

Dispute over title to parsonage lands settled, 263 

Doane, Monsignor, orders bell tolled for Gar- 
field's death, 332 

Dock, new town, built in 1804, 234 

Dock, town, contributors for, 234-235 

Documents of Concessions of Lord Berkley and 
Sir George Carteret destroyed b.v fire, 83 

Dod, Daniel, location of town lot, 13; signs agree- 
ment providing for pastor's salary, 44; re- 
quired to keep his fence in repair, 70 

Dod, John, copper mine of, 158 

Dod, Samuel, location of town lot, 13; signs agree- 
ment for providing pastor's salary, 44 

Dodd, Daniel, surveys the north line, 105 

Dodd, Eleazer M — Alderman — died of cholera, 
279 

Dodd, Samuel LTzal, killed at Franklin's crossing, 
295 

Domestic animp.ls, care of, 67 



Doremus, Mayor Henry M., advocates railroad 

grade crossing elimination, 349 
Dougherty, Dr. A. N., parades with Civil War 

veterans, 327 
Douglas, John, on special jury to indict Eliza- 
beth Town raiders, 135 
Douglass, Major, engineer Morris Canal, 266 
Drafting of citizens in Civil War, 295 
Drummer, town, salary of, 55 
Dutch rule of Newark, 95 
Dyeing, home, 85 

Eagle Hotel, patriots' headquarters, 192 
Eagle Rock, old lookout, 58; Daniel Condict 

lived near, 180; proposed exploding powder 

from, 331 
Eagle Tavern, Washington probablv stopped 

at, 199 
East Jersey Water Company, The, agrees to 

supply water system, 344 
East Side Park, in Essex County Park System, 

353 
Edison, Thomas A., invents arc lamps, 329; 

invents moving pictures, 347; resident in 

1870, 350 
Edsall, Samuel, arranges purchase of lands from 

Indians, 18 
Eighth N. J. Vols., mustered in service, 290 
Electric Arc Lamps, introduced in 1882, 350 
Elizabeth Town, settlement of, 5; revolutionists' 

activities, 134; Rev. Mr. Caldwell assassinated 

at, 186; raid on, 210; battle of, 213; voting at, 

240 
Elizabeth Town-Newark boundary established, 

24 
Elwood Park, 199 
English Government, 200 
English Parliament, 218 
Episcopal Church, parish organized, 161 
Erie car shops, fire at, 322 
Erskine, General William, 202 
Essex County created, 133; mass meeting, 182; 

institute, 277; park svstem, the, 353 
Events in Colonial Era, 362-367 
Exposition, Industrial, 358 
Exposition, Pan-American, 348 
F"airmount Cemetery, Civil War veterans plot in, 

305; remains in Old Burying Ground removed 

to, 335; Miss Maas buried in, 352 
Farrand, Ebenezer, arrested in Indian lands con- 
troversy, 168 
Fast Day, in Revolutionary War, 190 
Fearey, jabez, telegraph operator, 332 
Feit;enspan, Christian W., contributes CoUeoni 

statue, 358 
Female Charitable Society, first one organized, 

233 
Fence viewers appointed, 67 
Fenwick, John, one of the purchasers of Lord 

Berkley's holdings, 117 
Fielder, Ma,vor, announces Garfield death, 332 
Fiftv, Committee of, The, 250th anniversary cele- 
bration, 360 
Financial institution, Newark's first, 248 
Financial panic of, 1857-1858, 280 
Findley, Rev. Wm. F., at dedication of Founders 

Monument, 336 
Fire, at Commercial WTiarf, 322; at Elisha 

Boudinot's home, 227; at Erie car shops, 322; 

disastrous, 1836, 271-272, 322; in Orange. 1872, 

322 
Fire department organized in 1797, 228; auto- 
mobiles introduced, 349 
First Presbyterian Church of Orange, history, 157 
First Presbyterian Meeting House, built, 157 
First Regiment leaves for CivU War, 287-289; 

returns home in 1861, 290 
Foote, E. L., addresses General McClellan, 297 
Forest Hill, formerly Woodside, 354 
Fort Sumter, surrendered, 286 



378 



INDEX 



Founders Day, in 250th anniversary celebra- 
tion, 358 

France, war with, 225 

Franklin, Benjamin, improves postal service, 
158 

Frazer, Rev. David R., at dedication Founders 
Monument, 336 

Freeholders, Board of, accepts offer for Court 
House lot, 243 

Freeman, Mr., on reconstruction committee, 100; 
on committee to treat with Governor Carteret, 
101 

Freeman, Samuel, signs agreement providing 
for pastor's salary, 44 

Freeman, Stephen, signer of Fundamental 
Agreement, 11; location of town lot, 13; on 
committee to obtain arrest of Nicholas Bayard, 
110; on bush burning committee, 147 

Free Masonry, instituted 1761, 179 

Freight boats operated on Morris Canal, 259 

Freight train, first on M. & E. R. R., 267 

Frelinghuysen, Camp, opened on Roseville, 292; 
recruits received at, 293-295 

Frelinghuysen, Captain, of militia company, 2-i7 

Frelinghuysen, Fred T., orator at Lincoln me- 
morial service, 304; statue of, 347 

Frelinghuysen Lanciers, escorts President Grant, 
320 

Frelinghuysen, Senator, speaks at reception to 
President Grant, 320; entertains President 
Grant, 326 

Frelinghuysen, Theodore, welcomes Lafayette, 
260 

Frog Pond, location of, 14; source of water 
supply, 339 

Fruits, abundance of, 147 

Fundamental Agreement, text of, 10; signers of, 
11: adoption of, 16, as to town government, 16 

Gaines Farms, battle of, 291 

Game, abundance of, 61, 145, 151 

Games, Athletic, 250th anniversary celebration, 
358 

Gardner, John, agrees to care for Richard Hore, 
142 

Gardner, Thomas, arrested in Indian lands con- 
troversy, 168 

Gaol, Essex County, tories in, 206, 207 

Gaol, Morris County, tories in, 206, 207 

Garfield, President James A., assassinated, 330; 
removed to Elberon, 331; died, 332; parade 
in memory of, 333; memorial services for, 333 

Gas introduced, 274 

Gas Light Co. formed, 274 

Gates, Ellen M. H., verse written by, 369 

General Assembly, first, 21; powers restricted, 93 

General Committee, 1775, organized, 189; 
passes restrictive resolution, 193; orders ap- 
praisement of property, 196; welcomes Wash- 
mgton's troops, 198 

Gerhart, Karl, sculptor of Boyden and Fre- 
linghuvsen statues, .S48 

Ghent, Treaty of, in war of 1812, 251 

Gifford, Archer, first collector, port of Newark, 
266 

Gifford, Captain John, parade forms at his tavern, 
247 

Gifford's Tavern, turnpike begins at, 230 

Gillespie's Spring Mansion, summer resort, 270 

Goble, Luther, welcomes Lafayette, 260 

Gordon, Charles, writes on Newark's advantages, 
151 

Gouveneur, Isaac, President Newark Academy 
Association, 221 

Government, English, Cornwallis prepares an- 
nouncement to. 200 

Government, U. S., French try to extort money 
from, 225 

Grand Jury, challenged by Justice Smyth, 1774, 
186 



Grant, Dr. Galjricl, in dedication Kearny 
Monument, 327 

Grant, General, assists in dedication Kearny 
Monument, 326 

Grant, President, visits Newark, 1872, 310-320 

Grant's vote in Essex County in 1872, 320 

Great Britain, unfriendly attitude, 245; in war 
1812, 240; king of, 196 

Greeley, Horace, guest of J. H. Dennison, 319; 
visited Industrial Exposition, 320 

Green, Rev. Jacob, sides with patriots, 186 

Gregory, John* location of town lot, 14 

Griffin, Rev. Dr. Edward Dorr, 238 

Ground broken for Presbyterian church, 220 

Guilford Company, arrival of, 9, 16; settlers sign 
Fundamental Agreement, 10, 16 

Hackettstown, Morris & Essex R. R. completed 
to, 281 

Haddon, William, first master Newark Acad- 
emy, 221 

Halsey, William, welcomes Lafayette, 260; 
elected first mayor, 268 

Halstead, D. C, tells of first canal boat's arrival, 
266 

Hamilton, John, becomes Governor, 170; offers 
amnesty to rioters, 170; as acting Governor 
grants charter College of New Jersey, 174 

Hancock, John, Washington writes letter to, 192 

Harrifson, Daniel, on jury to indict second raiding 
party from Elizabeth Town, 1.S7 

Harrison, George, signs agreement providing for 
pastor's salary, 44 

Harrison, John, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 11; location of town lot, 13; death, 31 

Harrison, Joseph, signs agreement providing for 
pastor's salary, 44; foreman of jury to indict 
second raiding party from Elizabeth Town, 
137; on committee to purchase lands from 
Indians, 165 

Harrison, President Benjamin, speaks at N. J. 
Historical Society, 50th anniversary, 348 

Harrison, Sergeant, on committee to treat with 
Governor Carteret; selected ensign, 76; rep- 
resentative in house of deputies, 98; on recon- 
struction committee, 100 

Harrison, Sergeant Richard, signer of Funda- 
mental Agreement, 11; location of town lot, 
13; co-builder of meeting house, 34^, signs 
agreement to finish mill, 49; becomes sole 
owner of mill, 51; operates town saw mill, 88, 

Harrison, Samuel, location of town lot, 14; 
signs agreement providing for pastor's salary, 
44; appointed to arrange gates, 67; selected 
ensign, 76; chosen sheep master, 85; on special 
jury to indict Eliz.abeth Town raiders, 135; 
on jury to indict second raiding party from 
Elizabeth Town, 137; on alms committee, 142; 
on committee to provide pastor's firewood, 153; 
assists in securing new deed from Indians, 166 

Hart, John, .\braham Clark writes to, 190 

Hawley, Gen. Joseph R., at Kearny Monument 
dedication, 327 

Hay, Colonel Stephen, welcomes Lafayette, 
260 

Hayes, Major Samuel, appraisement commis- 
sioner, 205; captured by British, 213 

Hayes, Thomas, foreman special jury to indict 
Elizabeth Town raiders, 135; on jury to indict 
second raiding party from Elizabeth Town. 
137; murdered during British occupation, 200 

Haynes, Mayor Joseph E., comments or, 
Burying Ground, 335; reviewed charter anni- 
versary parade, 334; accepts Foundeu 
Monument for cit.v, 336 

Hays, Thomas, chosen sheep master, 85 

Health, Board of. created, 280 

Heard's Brigade enters Newark, 1776, 198 

Hecker, Rev. J., at dedication v{ St. James 
Church, 313 



INDEX 



379 



Hedden, Allen, confined in Su^ar House, 209 
Hedden, Colonel James welcomes Lafayette, 260 
Hedden, Justice Joseph Jr., writes to Governor 

Livingston, 204; president appraisement 

commission, 205; captured by British, 211; 

thrust into Sugar House, 212; martyr to patri- 
otic duty, 213 
Hedden, Mistress, receives bayonet wounds, 211 
Hedden Zadock, confined in Sugar House, 209 
Henry, Hugo, member first class College of New 

Jersey, 175 
Herschel, Engineer, East Jersey Water Co., 344 
Hessian forces occupy Trenton, 199 
Hessians, ravages of, 200; at Springfield battle, 

214 
Hetfield, Matthias, commissioner to administer 

oath of allegiance to rioters, 171 
High Street in 1800, 232 
Hine, Gen. Edwin W., in command of troops at 

Mexican border, 350 
Historical Pageant, The, in 250th anniversary 

celebration, 358 
Hobart, Garrett A., offers to supply Newaik 

with water, 344 
Hog, source of trouble, 69 
Holbrook, Albert M., executive of Newark's 

Exposition, 316; maintains interest in exposi- 
tion, 318; receives gift,' 321 
Home industries and customs, 85, 86, 87 
Homesteaders, inducements to, 146, 149 
Honan, Robert, clam man, 257 
Hopkins, Samuel, elected secretary Dutch house 

of deputies, 98 
Hore, Richard, cared for, 139; deeds property to 

John Cunditt, 141; cared for by town, 142; 

death, 143 
Hornblower, Joseph C, secretary committee on 

correspondence, war 1812, 246 
Horse Neck, name changed to Caldwell, 254 
Hospital in Civil War, supplies for, 216, 217 
Hospital, Ward, U. S. G., for Civil War soldiers, 

300-301 
Hotel, Eagle, patriots' headquarters, 192 
House of Deputies convene at Woodbridge, 98 
Houses of first settlers, 14 

Hudson and Manhattan Terminal opened, 349 
Hudson River, Washington's retreat from, 199 
Hudson River tunnel caves in (1880), 328 
Hunt, Dr. Sanford B., at exposition (1872), 

318 
Huntington, Samuel, on jury to indict second 

raiding party from Elizabeth Town, 137 
Huntington, Thomas, signer of Fundamental 

Agreement, 11; location of town lot, 13 
Immigration, inducements for, 146, 149 
Incorporation favored in 1836, 265 
Incorporated, Newark Library Association, 274 
Incorporation of town by Queen Anne, 156 
Independence Day celebration, 1812, 247; record 

ride, 247-248; banquet, 1812, 249, 250; SOth 

anniversary, 265 
Independence, Declaration of, adopted, 195; 

"Packof lies," 196 
Indian customs and worship, 23 
Indian hostilities threaten, 76 
Indian weddings, how conducted, 23 
Indians, Hackcnsack, 8; sell lands to Puritans, 

18; sell additional lands to the town, 165 
Industrial Exposition opened, 316; Greeley, 

Horace, visited, 319; 250th anniversary cele- 
bration, 358 
Industrial output in 1836, 268 
Industries, beginning of Newark's, 84 
Industries in Newark in 1815, 255 
Institute, Essex County, 277 
Insurance Co., Prudential, dedicates, 347 
Irvine's Brigade enters Newark, 198 
Irving, Washington, at Cockloft Hall, 229 
Irvington, Orange boundary line, 237 



Jafkson, Dr. J. B., surgeon. Ward U. S. General 
Hospital, 300 

Jackson, J. Wesley, unveils Kearny statue, 328 

Jacobus, Hendrick, arrested in Indian lands con- 
troversy, 168 

Jefferson, President, orders British vessels out 
of harbors, 243; resolutions sent to, 246 

Jeliff, John, in apprenticeship, 269 

Johnson, Captain of militia company, 247 

Johnson, Colonel Adolphus J., First Regiment, 
Civil War period, 286; flag presented to, 288; 
organizes 8th N. J. Vols., 290 

Johnson, Mr., on committee to purchase Kings- 
land property, 108; on committee to arrange 
for third pastor, 152 

Johnson, Eliphalet, chosen sheep master, 85; on 
committee to purchase land from Indians, 1C5 

Johnson, Ensign, on committee to negotiate 
for purchase land from Indians, 164 

Johnson, Goodman, father of town drummer, 23; 
on committee to provide nails for meeting 
house, 35 

Jones, Jeffrey, on Newark-Elizabeth Town 
boundary commission, 24 

Johnson, John, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 11; location of town lot, 14; on jury to 
indict second raiding party from Elizabeth 
Town, 137 

Johnson, Joseph, location of town lot, 14; 
town drummer, 23; useful official, 28; marriage, 
28; married into Pierson family, 41; on special 
jury to indict Elizabeth Town raiders, 135; 
on jury to indict second raiding party from 
Elizabeth Town, 137; tombstone in Old 
Burying Ground, 337 

Johnson, Saving, 23 

Johnson, Thomas, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 11; location of town lot, 13; second tav- 
ern keeper, 23; on Newark-Elizabeth Town 
boundary commission, 24; assists in raising 
meeting house, 35; assists in flooring meeting 
house, 35; signs agreement providing for pas- 
tor's salary, 44; appointed first tax collector, 
54; appointed to arrange gates, 67; selected 
captain, 76; appointed receiver of quit rents, 
90; granted pass to bring in supplies, 99; on 
committee to treat with Governor Carteret, 
101; on committees to appeal to Governor, 
104, 105; on committee to sue Nicholas Bay- 
ard, 110; chosen deputy for General Assembly, 
117; leader in protest to Governor, 133; on 
bush burning committee, 147 

Jubilee Mass meeting over Civil War's ending, 
302 

Kean, Major, welcomes Lafayette, 260 ' 

Kearny, General Philip, memory revered, 324; 
statue of, at Trenton, 325; killed at Chantilly, 
291-292; remains reinterred at Arlington, 292 

Kearny statue, committee on, 326 

Kilburn, Captain Daniel, first to respond in 1812 
war, 251 

Kilpatrick, Gen. Judson, at dedication Kearny 
statue, 327 

King's army expected, 1776, 199 

King George, acknowledged rightful sovereign, 
183; warned of patriots' ire, 187 

King George's army, 213 

Kingsland, Isaac, first sheriff of Essex County, 
134 

Kingsland, Nathaniel, owner of New Barbadoes 
Neck, 107; land confiscated by Dutch and 
bought by town, 108; restored by Gov. Car- 
teret, 102, 111 

Kinney, Colonel Thomas T., welcomes Lafay- 
ette, 260 

Kinney, William B., orator 200th anniversary 
celebration, 312 

Kinsey. James, delegate to Continental Con- 
gress, 185 



380 



INDEX 



Kitchell, Mr., on committoo to seinl petition to 
England, 94; on committee to treat with Gov- 
ernor Carteret, 101; on committee to draw up 
I)etition to Governor, 105 

Kitchell, Robert, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 11; location of town lot, l.'J; death, 31 

Kitchell, Samuel, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 11; location of town lot, 13; signs agree- 
ment of purchase of Inilian lands, ^0; mar- 
riage, 28; signs agreement providing for pas- 
tor s salary, 44; sworn in as ensign of military 
under Dutch rule, 98; on reconstruction com- 
mittee, 100 

Kitchell, Dr. William, reports on water supply, 
342 

Ko.ssuth, Louis, guest of city, 275-278 

Lafayette entertained at Elizabeth, 260-261 

Lafayette, George Washington, guest of town, 
260 

Lafayette, Marquis de, visits town, 260 

Lampson, Eleazer, on special jury to indict 
Elizabeth Town raiders, 135; arrested in In- 
dian lands controversy, 168 

Landing Place Park, memorial fountain erected, 
4 

Lands purchased from Indians, 18, 20 

Las Animas Hospital, The, Miss Maas dies at, 
351 

Lawrence, Joseph, arrested in Indian lands con- 
troversy, 168 

Lawrence, Deacon Richard, signer of Funda- 
mental Agreement, 11; location of town lot, 
13; signs agreement providing for pastor's 
salary, 44; on tax commission, 53; representa- 
tive in house of deputies, 98; on reconstruction 
committee, 100; on committee to treat with 
Governor Carteret. 101; on committee to 
debate with Governor, 105 

Lawrie, Gawen, on advantages to settlers, 151 

Lee, Charles, Major-General, accompanies 
Washington, 1775, 192 

Lee surrendered to Grant, !iOi 

Legislature, New Jersey, The, adopted amnesty 
act, 205 

Lexington, Battle of, 187 

Libert.v, Sons of, aroused, 181 

Library Association dissolved, .S47 

Library, Newark, .\ssociation incorporated, 274 

Library, Newark Free, incorporated, 347 

Lighting plant, municipal, established, 349 

Lincoln, Ahralium, nominated for president, 281; 
elected president, 283; guest of city in 1861, 
284-286; raises fJag over Independence Hall, 
285-286; elected president, 297; assassinated, 
303; death announced, 303; memorial services 
in Military Park in 1865, 304 

Lincoln Park, Colleoni statue near, 358 

Lincoln, statue of, in court house plaza, 349 

Lindly, Francis, signs agreement providing for 
pastor's salary, 44 

Line, Continental, men enrolled in, 193 

Line division, between Newark-Orange, 236 

Linle, Francis F., signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 11; location of town lot, 14 

Linslcy, John, on jury to indict second raiding 
party from l^lizabeth Town, 1.37 

Livingston, William, delegate to Continental 
Congress, 185 

Livingston, Governor William, written to by 
Newark patriots, 203, 204 

Loan. The 7.30. in 1865, 30 

l/ocusls. plague of, 155 

"Long Bill in Chancery," 172 

Long Island, Battle of, 196; retreat from battle 
of, 199 

Longworth, David, published first New York 
directory, 218 

Longworth, Isaac, goes over to enemy, 196; re- 
turns to town, 218 



Longworth, Thomas, tory refugee, 218 

Lots, drawing for, 12; of the first residents, 13 

Love, Dr. John J. H., at dedication of Kearny 
Monument, 327 

L<iwer Common, now Military Park, 16 

Loyalists, Skinner's Brigade of, 206 

Ludington, Thom:is, location of town lot, 14; 
assists in raising meeting hou.se, 35; on jury 
to indict members .second raiding party from 
Klizal>eth Town, 137; on committee to arrange 
for third piistor, 152 

Lyon, Henry, signer of Fundamental .\greement, 
11; location of town lot, 14; first tavern 
keeper, 22; appointed first tavern keeper, 39; 
assists in building mill, 48; town treasurer, 55; 
appointed receiver of quit rent, 90; on com- 
mittee to .send petition to England, 94; on 
bush burning committee, 147 

Lyon, Samuel, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 12; signs agreement providing for pas- 
tor's .salary, 44 

Lyon, Thomas, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 11; location of town lot, 14 

Lymon, Rol)ert, location of town lot, 13 

Lymens, Rol)ert, signer of F'undamental Agree- 
ment, H 

Lyons Farm, .school house at, 197 

Ludlow, Governor, proclamation issued for 
President's recovery, 1881, 332 

Lumm, Major, commanded British raid on town, 
210 

McClellan, Gen. George B., nominated Presi- 
dent, 296; Democratic leaders visit, 2:47; 
home of, 297; at dedication of Kearny Monu- 
ment, 326 

McDonald, Colonel,, in British Army, 202 

McKinley, President, a.ssassinated, 348 

McKeilson, Elias, a.ssociate justice, 134 

Maas, Miss Clara Louise, trained nurse, martyr 
to profession, 351, 352 

MacWhorter, Rev. Dr. Alexander, successful 
pastor, 180, 186; sides with patriots, 192; 
his parsonage ransacked, 199; arraigns British 
army, 200; writes letter to Gov. Livingston,203; 
chaplain in Washington's army, 213; breaks 
ground for church (1787), 220; rai.ses fund for 
academy, 221; sermon on Washington's 
death, 226; calls for fire protection, 227, 228; 
dies, 238; memorial of, 239; lays corner stone 
Bloomficid church, 255 

Ma<lis<>n, President, orders militia into service, 
1812, 246 

Malvern Hill, Battle of, 291 

Market Centre, established, 2C9 

Market place, location of, 16 

Marriages, laws pertaining to, 22 

Maryland, troops of, in 1776, 198 

Massachu.setts, troops of, in 1776, 198 

Ma.ss meeting, Essex County, 1774, 182; 1798, 
225; at beginning of Civil War, 286 

Matthews, WilUam, wounded at Battle of Second 
River, 209 

Meadow Brook, east boundary line of Orange, 
237 

Meeker, Captain Obadiah, parade on 50th 
anniversary Independence Day, 264 

Meeting House, building of, 34; barricade<l 
against Indian attack, 78; mass meeting in, 
182, 185, 188; pastoral letter read in, 190; 
ransacked by British, 199; used as court house, 
220 

Meeting House, Orange, pastoral letters read in, 
DO; hospital supplies brought to, 216 

Memorial Building proposed, 355; committee, 
360 

Memorial Day, veterans remembered, 305; 
Lincoln statue dedicated, 34') 

Memorial, Revolutionary, proposed in 1836, 271 

Mexican border service, county troops in, 350 



INDEX 



381 



Middlesex County created, 133 

Mifflin, Major Thomas, accompanies Wash- 

insrton, 192 
Milford, changed to Newark, 16 
Military Park, originally Ltiwer Common, 16; 
soldiers train in, 187; homes near, 231; founda- 
tion for Revolutionary War Memorial laid in, 
264; unemployed hold mass meeting, 280; 
Lincoln memorial services held in, 304; 
Kearny statue proposed for, 325; Frelinghuy- 
sen statue dedicated in, 347 

Military training begun, 76 

Militia firmly established, 134; the, enlist in 
Washington's army, 199; dress in 1794, 224; 
assembled at Common, 1812, 247; local, pa- 
raded in 1812, 250 

Mill, built by town, 47 

Millerites, The, awaited Saviour's coming, 273 

Minute Men, drilled on Training Ground, 188; 
Essex County provided six companies of, 
193 

Monmouth County created, 133 

Montclair, adjoins Orange, 237 

Morris Canal opened, 265 

Morris Canal Company contract to furnish 
water, 343 

Morris & Essex R. R., extended to Morristown, 
266; extended to Madison, 266; chartered, 
266; first freight train, 266; completed to 
Hackettstown, 281 

Morris, John, location of town lot, 13; on com- 
mittee to purchase lands from Indians, 165 

Morris, Gov. Lewis, sends recommendation to 
Legislature in Indian land deal, 107 

Morris, Thomas, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 12 

Morris, Major W. W., at dedication of Kearny 
statue, 327 

Morristown, Washington occupies, 202; ene- 
my's objective, 213; second attempt to reach 
by enemy, 214; Washington's headquarters at, 
216 

Mott, Gen. Gershom, at dedication of Kearny 
statue, 327 

Mountain Settlement, Benjamin Williams, of, 
205 

Mount Pleasant Turnpike Company, incor- 
porated 1806, 230 

Mountain Society, Rev. Jedidiah Chapman in- 
stalled at, 179 

Municipal Employment Bureau established, 349 

Munn, Judge Aaron, Essex County court house 
election, 241 

Munn, Joseph, slave escapes from, 257 

Munrow, Alexander, location of town lot, 13 

Murphy, Hon. Franklin, presides at 250th anni- 
versary celebration exercises, 355 

Nassau, Old, hospital in, 216 

National Bank Chartered in 1816, 253 

National Cemetery of Newark, 305 

Na\-y, U. S., its status in 1792, 223 

Newark Academy, early morning school, 256 
Rev. Dr. James Richards, president of, 256 
Rev. Humphrey M. Perine, instructor of, 256, 
dancing at, 257; oldest educational institu- 
tion, 353; memorial at first site, 357 

Newark Aqueduct Co., incorporated in 1800, 
339 

Newark Aqueduct Board sells its plant to city, 
342 

Newark Banking and Insurance was chartered, 
233 

Newark Bank's offerin<» to war funds, 286 

Newark Cadet Corps salutes Lafayette, 260 

Newark Camp for tuberculosis patients insti- 
tuted,5349 

Newark, name adopted, 16; under Dutch rule, 
95; raid on by British, 210; industries in 1815, 
255; welcomes Henry Clay, 262; votes in favor 



of incorporation, 265; divided into four wards, 
265; port of, 266; entertained Louis Kossuth, 
275-278; in 1850, 279; population in 1872, 
321 

Newark-Elizabeth Town boundary established, 
24 

Newark Free Library incorporated, 347 

Newark Gaslight Co. formed, 274 

Newark Industrial Exposition opened, 316 

Newark's 150th Anniversary, 153; first financial 
institution, 248; first board of aldermen, 268; 
first Mayor, 268; vote in 1860, 283; 200th 
anniversary celebration, 311-312; first water 
supply, 339; population, 1856, 342 

Newark's Wigwam, 281 

New Barbadoes Neck, purchase of, 98, 102, 107 

New Brunswick, militia entertained at WTiite- 
hall tavern, 225 

New Jersey, Constitution of, adopted, 195 

New Jersey Convention orders appraisement of 
property, 196; Samuel Tucker presides over, 
196 

New Jersey, divided by sale of Berkley's intarest, 
117 _ ' 

New Jersey Historical Society, The, SOth anni- 
versary, 348; entertains guests of 25i0th anni- 
versary celebration, 355 / 

New Jersey Legislature adopted amnesty act, 
205 

New Jersey statistical information, 308 

N. J. R. R. TransporUition Co., began operations 
266 

New York, Washington arrives at, 192; troops 
of, 199 

New York Mercury, excerpt from on death of 
Rev. Aaron Burr, 177 

New York Weekly Pout Boy, excerpt from, 169 

Nichols, B. T., warehouse used as hospital, 300 

Nichols, Dr. I. A., surgeon at Ward U. S. G. 
Hospital, 300 

Nichols, Isaac, made first census, 2G8 

Nichols, Captain Robert, Revolutionary War 
patriot, 213; delivers cartridges, 217; com- 
pletes first church edifice, 220; builds town 
dock, 234-235 

Nuttman, James, on jury to indict second raid- 
ing party from Elizal)eth Town, 137; well- 
known tory, 199; abused by British, 201; in 
gaol, 207 

Oakley, Dr. Lewis, at dedication of Kearny 
statue, 327 

O'Brien, James, well-known tory, 204 

Observation, committee of, names on, 185; 
conference held, census taken, 187 

Odenheimer, Bishop Wm. Henry, at Industrial 
Exposition, 321 

Ogden, Abraham, the patriot, 208; acts for 
Academy Association, 221 

Ogden, David, signs agreement providing for 
pastor's salary, 44; appointed to arrange gates, 
67; on special jury to indict Elizabeth Town 
raiders, 135 

Ogden, Justice David, property confiscated, 206; 
sons of, divided in allegiance to American 
cause, 208; the loyalist, 218 

Ogden, Isaac, signs call for mass meeting, 182; 
petitions to be removed from Essex to Morris 
gaol, 207, 208 

Ogden, John, on Newark-Elizabeth Town bound- 
ary commission, 24; elected schout of Dutch 
house of deputies, 98 

Ogden, John, his house ransacked, 201 

Ogden, Col. Josiah, desecrates the Sabbath, 
159; censured by church, 160; decision re- 
versed by Synod, 161; is means of organiza- 
tion of Episcopalian parish, 161; death, 163; 
his daughter, 218 

Ogden, Lewis, chairman General Committee, 
189; issues order, 193 



382 



INDEX 



Ogden, Moses, purchases slave, 222 

Ogden, Nicholas, tory refugee, 208 

Ogden, Peter, loyalist, 208 

Ogden, Samuel, joins patriot forces, 208 

Ogden, Uzal, commissioner to administer oath 
of allegiance to rioters, 171 

Ogden, Rev. Uzal, on committee to secure funds 
for building academy, 221; signs call for mass 
meeting, 228 

Old Burying Ground, remains exhumed from, 
334, resolution for abandonment of, 337 

Old Burying Ground, Orange, Nathaniel 
Wheeler donates ground, 337 

Olden Camp, Second N. J. Vols., mustered at, 
291 

Olden, Gov., gives permission to provide hos- 
pital, 299 

"Old Nat" ordnance given by Washington to 
Nathaniel Camp, 216 

"Old Sow" sounds alarm at Springfield, 214 

Oliff, Anthony, si^ns agreement providing for 
pastor's salary, 44; appointed constable's 
deputy, 65; on special jury to indict Elizabeth 
Town raiders, 135; on jury to indict members 
of second raiding party from Elizabeth Town, 
137 

Orange Board of Trade, Essex County Park 
system proposed by, 353 

Orange, set off from Newark, 235; divided into 
two sections. 265; fire in, 322; half-fare to, 
354 

Oranges, the territory embraced in, 237; suf- 
fered for lack of water, 330 

Oxen, value to early settler, 68 

Pageant, Historical, The, in 250th anniversary 
celebration, 358 

Parade of school children in 250th anniversary 
celebration, 358 

Parades of political organizations in 1860, 281- 
283 

Park, Branch Brook, source of first water sup- 
ply, 339; in County Park system, 353 

Park, Clinton, Colleoni statue in, 358 

Park Commission, Essex Co., created, 353 

Park, East Side, in County Park System, 353 

Park, Elwood, Washington's soldiers camp at, 
199 

Park House, Louis Kossuth entertained at, 276; 
a landmark, 348 

Park, Military, soldiers train in, 187; homes tear, 
231; foundation for memorial laid in, 264; 
First regiment assembled, 287; Lincoln me- 
morial services held at, 304; Kearny statue pro- 
posed for, 325; Kearny statue dedication in, 
328; Frelinghuysen statue dedicated in, 347 

Park System, Essex Co., The, created, 353 

Park, Washington, old site of academy, 221; 
Seth Boyden statue in, 347; Washington 
statue in, 350 

Park, Weequahic, in Essex County Park system, 
353; Historic Pageant in, 358 

Park, West Side, in Essex County Park system, 
353 

Parker, Cortlandt, President Kearny Monument 
Association, 324; orator dedication Kearny 
statue, 328; counsel in Burying Ground dis- 
pute, 334; orator 1876 celebration, 346 

Parker, R. Wajoie, assists in Burying Ground 
dispute, 335 

Parliament — British, passed "Boston Port Bill," 
181; Parliament gives Tory relief, 218 

Parmator, Joseph, prisoner, liberated by Eliza- 
beth Town mob, 135 

Parsonage land dispute settled, 263 

Passaic River, Washington's army crosses, 198 

Passaic River, water supply from proposed, 342; 
water used from, 343; purification agitated, 
348; city located on, 352 

Passaic Valley Sewerage Commission, 348 



Pasture fenced for town cattle, 67 

Patriots captured in raid by British, 212 

Paulus Hook, Washington to cross at, 192; 
British assemble at, 210; soldiers on duty at, 
251 

Peacock, Archibald, killed in Orange, 302 

Peck, Judge, administers oath, 205 

Peck, Jeremiah, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 11 

Peck, Joseph, on jury to indict second raiding 
party from Elizabeth Town, 137 

Pecke, Jeremiah, location of town lot, 13 

Peddie, Mayor Thos. B., proclamation of, 309, 
310; at 200th anniversary celebration, 312 

Pemberton, Rev. Ebenezer, assists in organiza- 
tion of College of New Jersey, 174; chosen its 
president, 174 

Penn, William, interested in purchase of West 
Jersey, 117; with eleven associates, purchases 
East Jersey, 117 

Pennington, A. C. M., marshal of Kossuth 
parade, 276 

Pennington, Ephraim, signer of Fundamental 
Agreement, 12; location of town lot, 14; 
W. S. Pennington, grandson of, 214 

Pennington, Samuel, home robbed by British, 
201 

Pennington, Judge William S., Revolutionary 
patriot, 213; spurns offer of uncle, 214; Lieu- 
tenant, journal of, 214; Captain, 215; works 
at court house election, 241; offers site for 
court house, 243; elected governor, 215, 251 

Pennington, W. S., speaker of House of Repre- 
sentatives, 297 

Pequannock watershed, proposed to build a 
dam in, 344 

Ferine, Rev. Humphrey ]\L, at Newark Acad- 
emy, 256 

Perro, chief of Hackensack Indians, 8 

Perth Amboy, a principal New Jersey Town, 223 

Petersburg, battles near, 298 

Philadelphia, capitol of Llnited States, 223 

Philadelphia City Troop escorts Washington, 191 

Phil Kearny Monument Association, 324 

Phillips, Abraham, home destroyed by rioters, 
172 

Pierson, Mr., on reconstruction committee, 100; 
on committee to negotiate for purchase land 
from Indians, 164 

Pierson, Rev. Abraham, aids in locating Puritans 
in New Jersey, 6; signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 11; location of town lot, 13; account of 
his labors, 26; death, 30; last will and testa- 
ment, 31 

Pierson, Abraham, Jr., location of town lot, 13; 
married, 28; succeeds his father as pastor, 30; 
history, 41; assumes pastorate, 41; family, 
42; discord among parishioners, 43; accepts 
call to Killingworth, Conn., 45; afterwards to 
Yale University, 45; death, 46; visits Dutch 
Commission to petition for Kingsland deed, 109 

Pierson, Benj. T., issued first directory, 265 

Pierson. Bethuel, a rioter against proprietors, 
171 

Pierson, Caleb, tavern keeper, 250 

Pierson, Dr. Isaac, elected sheriff, 243 

Pierson, Jabcz, presides at citizens' meeting, 242 

Pierson, Rev. John, assists in organization of 
College of New Jersey, 174 

Pierson, Jonathan, house burned and documents 
destroyed, 166 

Pierson, Joseph, arrested in Indian lands con- 
troversy, 168 

Pierson, Justice, defies mob from Elizabeth 
Town who seek to liberate a prisoner, 136 

Pierson, Dr. Matthias, father of Dr. Isaac, 243 

Pierson, Samuel, signs agreement providing for 
pastor's salary, 44; on jury to mdict second 
raiding party from Elizabeth Town, 137 



INDEX 



383 



Pierson, Thomas, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 11; signs agreement providing for pas- 
tor's salary, 44; assists in building mill, 48; 
town weaver, 84; location of town lot, 13; 
appointed one of the town's men, 113 

Pierson, Thomas, Jr., location of town lot, 14; 
chosen to restrain disorder during services, 
38; appointed one of the town's men, 113 

Pierson, Theophilus, signs agreement providing 
for pastor's salary, 44; associate justice, 134 

Pistols and swords, wearing of, prohibited, Si 

Plume, Captain John J., volunteers in 1812, 251 

Plume, Col. Joseph W., marshal of parade, 310, 
311, 326, 327; command First Brigade, N. G. 
N. J. 333; commissioned by President McKin- 
ley. 348; 

Plum, Joseph, Broad Street store, 257 

Plum, Samuel, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 11; location of town lot, 13; signs agree- 
ment providing tor pastor's salary, 44 

Political parades in 1860, 281, 283 

Political parties nominate candidates, 281 

Poor, care of, 139 

Population in 1683, 65; in 1856, 348; in 1890, 351 

Port of Boston, Parliament's drastic action 
against, 181 

Postmaster Matthias Day, 256 

Post, John, guides Washington to Passaic, 198 

Postal facilities of early settlers, 23 

Postal service improved by Benjamin Franklin, 
158 

Potter, Samuel, chosen to restrain disorder dur- 
ing services, 38 

Pound, for cattle and horses, instituted, 68 

Princeton, Battle of, 202, hospital at, 216 

Princeton University, original organization, 174 

Program, 250th anniversary, 356 

Proprietary Government restored, 29; end of, 
132; dissolved, 138 

Proprietors, controversy with, over purchase of 
Indian lands, 164 

Provincial Congress, resolutions adopted, 183; 
delegates to, 183; representatives, 190; consti- 
tution adopted by, 195 

Provisions, prices of in early days, 151 

Pruden, Rev. John, third pastor, 152; resign.a- 
tion of, 154; death, 157; remains removed 
from Old Burying Ground, 337 

Prudential Insurance Co., building dedicated, 
347 

Public Aid Committee, in Civil War, 299 

Public Service, building on site of Park House, 
348 

Punishments for crimes, 21 

Puritan restraint lessened, 62 

Puritan Sunday, efforts to restore, 227 

Puritans, arrival in New Jersey from Connecti- 
cut, 3 

Purchase of lands from Indians, 18, 20 

Quarry, The, reservoir at, 340; reservoir at, va- 
cated, 343 

Quinby, Mayor, welcomes Louis Kossuth, 276 

Quit rent, attitude toward payment of, 89; con- 
troversy settled, 103, 106 

Rahway favors court house at Day's Hill, 240 

Railway River, East branch of, battle of Spring- 
field, begins at, 214 

Ramsey, John, Lieutenant-Colonel, promoted 
colonel, 290 

Raritan River, army's march to, 199 

Rankin, William, first president Newark Li- 
brary Association, 274 

Rebels, patriots designated as, 206 

Reed, Israel, member first graduating class. Col- 
lege of New Jersey, 175 

Reed, Joseph, Washington's military secretary, 
192 

Reformed church system succeeds Puritanism 
temporarily, 29 



Regiment, First, Leaves for Civil War, 287, 289; 
in Spanish-American War, 348 

Relief for Boston, in Revolutionary War, 184 

Religion changed under Dutch rule, 98 

Representatives to Provincial Congress, 190 

Residents on Broad Street in 1800, 228-232 

Resolutions, Provincial Congress adopts, 183 

Revolutionary Memorial project abandoned, 
271 

Revolutionary War memorial foundation kid 
in Military Park, 264 

Reynolds, Abraham, welcomes Lafayette, 260 

Rhind, J. Massey, sculptor of Washington statue, 
350 

Richards, Miss Anna, organized first Sunday 
school class, 255 

Richards, Rev. Dr. James, president Newark 
Academy Association, 256 

Richards, Thomas, location of town lot, 13; 
signs agreement providing for pastor's salary, 
44; on reconstruction committee, 100; on com- 
mittee to treat with Governor Carteret, 101; 
on committee to appeal to Governor, 10 »; 
chosen one of deputies to General Assembly, 
117 

Ricord, Mayor F. W., speaks at exposition, 317 

Ricord, Miss Sophia P., exhibits bust of father, 
318 

Rigs, Edward, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 11; location of town lot, 14; signs agree- 
ment providing for pastor's salary, 44; chosen 
as fence viewer, 67 

Rigs, Sarj. Edw, co-builder of meeting house, 31 

Riggs, Caleb, welcomes Lafayette, 260 

Riggs, Joseph, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 12; location of town lot, 13; assists in 
flooring meeting house, 35; signs agreement 
providing for pastor's salary, 44; appointed 
to arrange gates, 67 

Riggs, Sargeant, Sr., death, 31 

Riggs, Sergeant, expert wolf hunter, 59 

Righter, Wilham A., entertains Gen. Sherman, 
326 

Riker, Abraham, arrested in Indian lands con- 
troversy, 108 

Riots against Proprietors, 167 

Rising Sun Tavern, St. John's Lodge instituted 
at, 180 

River, Delaware, Washington retreats to, 199 

River, Hudson, Washington crosses, 192; 
Washington's retreat from, 199 

River, Rahway, East branch of. Battle of Spring- 
field, begins at, 214 

River, Raritan, Washington's retreat continues 
from, 199 

Roberts, Amos, imprisoned as leader of rioters, 
released by mob, 171 

Roberts, Mistress Elizabeth, rushed to her 
brother's assistance, 211 

Roberts, Hugh, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 12; location of town lot, 14; death, 31; 
tanner, 86 

Robinson, Alexander, house used as British 
headquarters, 202 

Rock, Eagle, Daniel Cundict lives near, 180 

Robinson, Joseph, signs agreement providing 
for pastor's salary, 44 

Rogers, Jabez, on special jury to indict Eliza- 
beth Town raiders, 135; on jury to indict 
second raiding party from Elizabeth Town, 137 

Rogers, John, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 11; location of town lot, 13 

Rogers, Dr. John R. B., welcomes Lafayette, 
280 

Rose, Samuel, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 11; location of town lot, 13; signs 
agreement providing for pastor's salary, 44 

Rosedale Cemetery, remains from Old Burying 
Ground removed to, 336 



384 



INDEX 



Ross, Dr. John W., eulogizes Miss Maas, 351 

Roosevelt, Theodore, dedicates Lincoln statue, 
349 

Rudyard, Thomas, Deputy Governor of East 
Jersey, 133 

Rules of conduct, 80 

Runyon, General, commands Brigade, 287 

Runyon, Mayor, recommended jubilee, SO'-i; acts 
on Lincoln's death, 303 

Runyon, Chancellor Theodore, grants temporary 
injunction, 336 

Runyon, Gen. Theodore, speaks at Industrial 
Exposition, 317 

Rutherford, John, officiates at '■200th anniver- 
sary celebration, 312 

Sabbath, observance of, 40; desecration of by 
labor, 159 

Safety, Counsel, of, order issued by, 203; receives 
torv memorial, 206; allows Mrs. Boudinot 
tea, 208 

Safety of town threatened, 188 

Safety, State Council of, Elisha Boudinot, Clerk 
of, 190 

St. John's Lodge, F. and A. M., lays Academy 
corner stone, 221 

Sanford, Capt. William, buys New Barbadoes 
Neck from Indians, 107; presiding justice, 134 

Sandy Hook, soldiers at, in 1812, 251 

Sanford, William, loyalist, 214 

Sargeant, Jonathan, signs agreement providing 
for pastor's salary, 44; granted piece of land, 
84; on jury to indict second raiding party 
from Elizabeth Town, 137 

School, the first, 112 

School children parade in 250th anniversary 
celebration, 358 

Schuyler, Arent, copper mine of, 158 

Schuvler, General Philip, escorts Washington, 
192 

Scott, George, Newark's historian, 149 

Sea Girt, camp at, 348 ; troops mobilize at, 350 

Seargeant, Jonathan, signer of Fundamental 
Agreement, 12 

Second N. J. Vols, in Civil War, 291 

Second Meeting House erected, 156 

Second Presbyterian Church history, 157 

Sergeant, Thomas, arrested in Indian lands con- 
troversy, 168; released from sherifif by mob, 
168 

Settlers, inducements to, 146, 149 

Seven Days' Fight before Richmond, 291-292 

Shade Tree Commission instituted, 349; trees 
in its care, 353 

Sheep raising premiums provided by town meet- 
ing, 219 

Sherman, General, at dedication of Kearny 
statue, 326; entertained at banquet, 328 

Shoe industry, beginning of, 86 

Shoe trade with South paralyzed, 287 

Shoemakers, itinerant, 86 

Skinner's Brigade, L<iyalists, organized, 206 

Skinner, General Cortlandt commands Skin- 
ner's Greens, 206 

Slaves, in Newark, 88; freedom of, 256 

Smith, Rev. Caleb, tutor at College of New Jer- 
sey, 174; acting president, 174; pastor Meeting 
House at Orange, 174 

Smith, Richard, delegate to Continental Con- 
gress, 185 

Smith, Sheriff, assailed by Elizabeth Town mob, 
136 

Smyth, Chief Justice, challenges Grand Jury, 
186 

Soap making, home, 86 

Society, Mountain, Rev. Jedidiah Chapman, 
installed at, 179 

Soldiers' Home moved to Kearny, 302 

Soldiers' Monument in Fairmount Cemetery, 
305 



".Soldier's Friend," The. 299 

Soldiers' home dedicated, 301-302 

Sons of Liberty, their ire aroused, 181 

Southampton, Long Island, 26 

Spanish American War, declared ended, 348 

Speer, Captain Cornelius receives cartridges, 217 

Springfield, effort to remove court house to, 240; 
vote of in court house controversy, 242; cen- 
tennial of battle of, 328 

Squire, Jonathan, arrested in Indian lands con- 
troversy, 168 

ft. John's Lodge instituted, 179 

Springfield township incorporated, 254 

Stage line, E. J. Liming's, 270; the Eclipse, 270 

Stage hnes, Camptown, 277; William Morgan's, 
277; Stephen Bond's, 278; N. R. Dodd & Co., 
278; J. P. Doremus, 278; Hugh & Hay. 278; 
Erastus Pierson, 278 

i-tamps, sale of protested, 179 

Stamp Act repealed, 179 

Staples, Thomas, location of town lot, 14 

State Bank closed its doors, 253 

State capitol, its location, 352 

State Council Safety, Elisha Boudinot, clerk of, 
190 

State Normal School in Newark, 353 

Staten Island, British headquarters on, 206; 
British leave for Elizabeth Town, 210 

Statue, Colleoni, gift of C. W. Feigenspan, 358 

Statue of Lincoln, in court house plaza, 349 

Statue of Washington, in Washington Park, 350 

Stevens, Samuel, arrested in Indian lands con- 
troversy, 168 

Stockton, Richard, member first class College of 
New Jersey, 175; signer of Declaration of 
Independence, 175 

Strangers not welcomed, 80 

Streets and highways, laying out of, 12 

Stuyvesant, Governor, surrenders New Nether- 
lands to English, 5 . 

Stvles, John, deputy sheriff, attacked by rioters, 
171 

Sugar House, Revolutionary prisoners in, 212 

Sunday School class organized, 255 

Sunday School, World's first, 255 

Swaine, Elizabeth, first woman of Puritan com- 
pany to step ashore, 6 

Swaine, Samuel, signer of Fundamental .Agree- 
ment, 11; represents Newark at first General 
Assembly, 21; on Newark-Elizabeth Town 
boundary commission, 24; on Uw commission, 
5.i; sworn in as captain of military under 
Dutch rule, 98 

Swaine, Lieut. Samuel, location of town lot, 
13; on mill committee, 48; supervises construc- 
tion, 48; selected captain, 76; chosen with Mr. 
Crane as town representatives in quit rent 
controversy, 92; on committee to send peti- 
tion to England, 94; on committee to treat 
with Dutch generals, 96; on bush burning 
committee, 147 

Swaine, Capt., on committee to treat with 
Governor Carteret, 101 

Swords and pistols, wearing of prohibited, 82 

Talleyrand, guest of Rev. Uzal Ogden, 233 

Tavern, first est.iblished, 22 

Tavern, Eagle, Washington stopped at, 199 

Tavern, Rising Sun, St. John's Lodge organized 
at, 180 

Tavern dinner, 235-236 

Tavern, Gifford's, meeting held at, 221; turnpike 
begins at, 230; headouarters of militia, 247 

Trivern, Whitehall, soliiiers entertained at, 225 

Taxes, first levy, and how paid, 22; method of 
raising, 53 

Tax budget, amount of first, 54; compared with 
1915,54 

Taylor, Rev. Daniel, minister at mountain, 157; 
assists in obtaining new deed from Indians, 



INDEX 



385 



166; witness to new Indian deed, 166; encour- 
ages colonists in resisting Proprietors, 168; 
death, 170 

Teese, Judge F. H., treasurer Kearny monument 
association, 3'-Z-i 

Thane, Daniel, member first class, College of 
New Jersey, 175 

Thirteenth N. J. Volunteers, recruited, 29^; 
at Camp Frelinghuysen, 293; leave for war, 
294-295 

Thirty-third Veteran Regiment leave for 
Washington, 295 

Thirty-ninth, N. J., Volunteers, its service in war, 
298 

Tichenor, Daniel, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 11 

Tichenor, John, signs agreement providing for 
pastor's salary, 44 

Tichenor, Martin, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 12; location of town lot, 13 

Tichenor, Samuel, signs agreement providing 
for pastor's salary, 44 

Tobacco, brought in from Virginia, 69 

Toll gates in County, 257 

Tompkins, on committee to provide nails for 
meeting house, 35 

Tompkins, Deacon Michael, location of town lot, 
14; on reconstruction committee, 100; on 
committee to draw up petition to Governor, 
105 

Tompkins, John, arrested in Indian lands con- 
troversy, 168 

Tompkins, Jonathan, signer of Fundamental 
Agreement, 11; location of town lot, 14; signs 
agreement providing for pastor's salary, 44 

Tompkins, Micah, signs agreement providing 
for t astor's salary, 44 

Tompkins, Michael, signer of Fundamental 
Agreement, 1 1 ; signs agreement of purchase of 
Indian lands, 20; on tax commission, 53; chosen 
as fence viewer, 67; appointed to arrange 
gates, 67; previous home in Miiford, 73 

Tompkins, Seth, signs agreement providing 
for [!astor's salary, 44; on jury to indict 
second raiding party from Elizabeth Town, 
157 

Toombs, Samuel, assists in organizing Kearny 
Jilonument Association, 324; Tories, circulate 
rumors, 188; damage property, 196; property 
violated by British, 198 

Tories treated same as Whigs, 201; give infor- 
mation to enemy, 203; prepare to pillage, 209; 
British receive favorable reports from, 214; 
exiled to Acadia Valley, 217; their conditions 
relieved, 218 

Tory's Soliloquy, The, at end of war, 217 

Tory Corner, Benjamin Williams lived at, 205 

Tories' Memorial to Council of Safety, 206 

Tory women impede business, 204 

Town lots of the first residents, 13 

Town drummer, duties of, 29 

Town meetings, opened to all residents, 62; 
trouble over non-attendance, 64; reduced to 
four per year, 66 

Town's men, in charge of school affairs, 113, 116 

Trade, Orange Board of, conceives county park 
system, 353 

Training Ground, Minute Men drill on, 188; 
troops assemble at, in Whisky Rebellion, 224 

Treat, John, location of town lot, 14; surveys 
the west line, 105; on committee to purchase 
lands from Indians, 165 

Treat, Robert, chairman of committee on re- 
location of Puritans, 4; arranges for settle- 
ment in New Jersey, 6; signer of Fundamental 
Agreement, 11; lots assigned to, 12 

Treat, Captain Robert, location of town lot, 13; 
location of extra town lot, 14; represents 
Newark at first General Assembly, 21; on 



Newark-Elizabeth Town boundary commis- 
sion, 24; proposes building of i)ublic mill, 47; 
on inill committee, 48; oversees construction 
of mill, 48; signs agreement to finish and main- 
tain mill, 49; retires from mill copartnership 
and returns to Miiford, 51; on tax commission, 
S3; removes to Miiford, Conn., afterward be- 
coming Governor, 71; connection with Char- 
ter Oak, 72; death, 72; estimate of his life 
and service, 72; descendants in Newark, 73; 
recommends payment of proprietor's quit rent, 
90 

Treaty of Ghent at end of War of 1812, 251 . 

Trenton, loot from Newark, found in, 202 

Tribute to Adams and Jefferson, 264 

Trinity Episcopal Church, parish inaugurated, 
161; Church erected, 162; pastor of, loyalist, 
205 

Troops, Continental, retreat of, 199 

Tuberculosis Pavilion at Verona, 349 

Tucker, Samuel, joined adherents of Crown, 196 

Tucker, Colonel Isaac M., receives mortal 
wound, 291 

Tuttle, William, makes announcement of court 
house vote, 241 

Twenty-sixth N. J. Volunteers, recruited, 294; 
breaks camp, 295 

Tyron, Governor, his expected arrival in New 
York, 192 

United States, what constituted treason of, 196 

U. S. Government, France tries to extort money 
from, 225 

Upper Common, now Washington Park, 16 

Vailsburg, annexed to Newark, 349 

Van Arsdale, Rev. Jacob, Revolutionary War 
patriot, 186 

Van Berckel, Hon. Peter I., Minister from Hol- 
land, 231 

Van Buskirk, Colonel Abraham, commands 
troops in raid on Elizabeth Town, 210 

Van Cortlandt. Colonel Philip, issues order for 
cartridges, 217 

Van Gieson, Isaac, witness to new Indian deed, 
166 

Van Horn, Amos H., provides for Lincoln and 
Washington statues, 350 

Van Valen, Alderman Joseph R., presides at 
Founders ^Monument dedication, 335 

Van Vorst, Col. Cornelius, commandant Camp 
Frelinghuysen, 292 

Van Winkle, Gideon, copper miner, 158 

Van Winckle, Johannes, arrested in Indian lands 
controversy, 168 

Vincent, John, arrested in Indian lands contro- 
versy, 168 

^'^incent, Levi, Jr., arrested in Indian lands 
controversy, 168 

Virginia, troops from, 198 

Vreelandt, Michael W., witness to new Indian 
deed, 166 

Wagner, General, reception for in Board of Trade 
rooms, 326 

Wakeman, Rev. Jabez, chosen fourth pastor, 
154, sickness and death, 155 

Ward, Deacon Lawrence, location of town lot, 
13; death, 31; co-builder of meeting liouse, 34; 
on mill committee, 48; on tax commission, 53 

Ward, Elihu, arrested in Indian lands contro- 
versy, 168 

Ward, Governor Marcus L., in 200th anniver- 
sary celebration, 311-312; experience on horse 
car, 314; opens exposition, 316; entertains 
President Grant, also Horace Greeley, nomi- 
nated for Congress, 319; gives reception to 
President Grant, 320; closes industrial exposi- 
tion, 321 

Ward, John, Jr., signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 11; location of town lot, 13; appointed 
to arrange gates, 67; chosen to procure ammu- 



INDEX 



nition to resist Indian attack, 79; on committee 
lo send petition to England, 94; on committee 
to treat with Dutch generals, 96; magistrate 
under Dutch rule, 97; sworn in as lieutenant 
under Dutch rule, 98; on reconstruction com- 
mittee, 100; on committee to treat with Gov- 
ernor Carteret, 101; on committee to debate 
with Governor, 105; on committee to purchase 
Kingsland property from Dutch, 108; on com- 
mittee to arrest Nicholas Bayard, 110; on 
'■ommittee to conduct suit against Nicholas 
Bayard, 110; on committee to arrange for 
third pastor, 152 

Ward, John, Sr., signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 11; location of town lot, 13; si.j;ns agree- 
ment nroviding for pastor's salary, 44 

Ward, Josiah, one of first Puritan settlers, 6; 
signer of Fundamental Agreement, 11; loca- 
tion of town lot, 13; death, 31; selected lieu- 
tenant of soldiery, 76 

Ward, Lawrence, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 11 

Ward, Marcus L., "Soldiers' Friend," 299; 
dedicates Soldiers' Home, 301; presides at 
Lincoln Memorial services, 304 

Ward, Nathaniel, signs agreement providing for 
pastor's salary, 44; on special jury to indict 
Elizabeth Town raiders, 135; on committee 
to provide pastor's firewood, 153 

Ward, Robert, arrested in Indian lands con- 
troversy, 168 

Ward, Samuel, on jury to indict second raiding 
party from Elizabeth Town, 137 

Ward, Sergeant, selected lieutenant, 76; on bush 
hurnini» committee, 147 

Ward, Captain Thomas in Whisky RebeHion, 
224; presides at war meeting, 1807, 246; 
wel -omes Lafayette, 260 

Ward, Dr. Thomas, poet of 200th anniversary 
celebration, 312 

Ward, U. S. G. Hospital, instituted, 300-301; 
care of soldiers, 305 

Ward, Uzal, replies to Justice Smyth's charge, 
186; Broad Street store, 257 

Ward, Gen. William, secretary Kearny Monu- 
ment Association, 324; President Fairmount 
Cemetery Association, 336 

Watershed, Pequannock, proposed dam in, 344 

Walters, Joseph, signer of Fundamental Agree- 
ment, 12; location of town lot, 14; chosen to 
restrain disorder during services, 38; signs 
agreement providing for pastor's salary, 44; 
on tax commission, 53 

Wampum, how made, and value, 20 

War, Council of, Dr. Macwhorter participates 
in, 199 

War passports provided by Council of Safetv, 
208 

War, Spanish American, local soldiers in, 348 

Washington Park, originally Upper Common, 
16; Seth Boyden statue in, 347; Washington 
statue in, 350 

Washington's retreat from Hudson to Delaware 
rivers, 198 

Washington's army, results of defeats, 197; 
enters Newark, 198-199 

Washington, Statue of, in Washington Park, 
350 

Washington Park, Academy site in, abandoned, 
221 

Washington, President, orders troops to subdue 
Whisky insurrection, 224 

Washington, Mrs., Captain Pennington meets, 
215 

Washington, Newark's distance from, 352 

Washington's camp ground at Elwood Park, 
199 

Washington's headquarters, Morristown, 216 

Washington's troops raid on Staten Island, 209 



Washington, Colonel, chosen commander-in- 
chief of army, 191 

Washington, General, in Newark, 191; in New 
York, 192; message from, to General Com- 
mittee, 198; captures Trenton, 199; the 
strategist, 20; returns loot, 202; entertains 
Captain Pennington, 215; memorial parade for, 
220; death of, 226; memorial service for, 226; 
commands army in French war, 225 

Water supply, Newark's first, 339 

Water system first used, 344, 345 

Watering place, location of, 14 

Watson, Luke, on Newark-Elizabeth Town 
boundary commission, 24 

Watson, Peter, letter indicating changing re- 
ligious sentiment, 42 

Webb, Rev. Joseph, 158; sixth pastor of Meeting 
House, 158; resigns pastorate, 162; death by 
drowning, 162 

Weddings, laws pertaining to, 22 

Weequahic Park, Divident Hill in, 25; in Essex 
County Park System, 353; historic pageant in, 
358 

Westfield favors court house at Day's Hill, 
240 

West Side Park, in Essex County Park System, 
353 

WTialing vessels equipped, 259 

Wheeler, Captain Caleb, Revolutionary War 
patriot, 213 

Wheeler, Captain James, Revolutionary War 
patriot, 213 

Wheeler, Nathaniel, signer of Fundamental 
Agreement, 12; location of town lot, 13; 
on committee to close deal for Kingsland prop- 
erty, 109; supervisor of bush burning, 147; 
donates Old Burying Ground, Orange, 337 

Whigs, The, suffer loss of property, 198; treated 
outrageously by British, 201; patriots known 
as, 206 

White, General A. W., entertains at end of 
Whisky Rebellion, 225 

Wliitehall Tavern, General White entertains at, 
225 

Whitehead, Isaac, clerk of Assembly of Deputies, 
131 

^\'hitehead, William, planned 200th anniversary 
celebration, 308; reads historical paper at 
200th anniversary celebration, 309 

Wigwam in Newark, in political campaign, 281 

Wild beasts annoy settlers, 58 

Williams, Amos, on jury to indict second raid- 
ing party from Elizabeth Town, 137 

Williams, Benjamin, takes oath of allegiance, 205 

Williams, Captain Cornelius, commands militia 
company, 209 

Williams, Daniel, arrested in Indian lands con- 
troversy, 168 

Vniliams, Matthew, location of town lot, 14 

Williams, Matthews, admitted as planter, 66 

Williams, Nathaniel, arrested in Indian lands 
controversy, 168 

'Williams, Thomas, arrested in Indian lands con- 
troversy, 168 

Williams, Captain Thomas, Revolutionary War 
patriot, 213 

Williamsburg, battle of, 290; wounded received 
from, 299 

AVilHamson, William, arrested in Indian lands 
controversy, 168 

Wilson, President, calls troops to Mexican bor- 
der, 350 

Winter, unusually severe, 209 

Winthrop, Governor, secures charter combining 
New Haven and Connecticut colonies, 4 

Wolves, depredations of, 58; bounties for, 59; 
60, 61 

Woodbridge, Dutch house of deputies, convene 
at, 98 



INDEX 



387 



Woodbury, George T., Captain of Battery D., 
295 

Woodside, now Forest Hill, 354 

Wright, Col. E. H., entertained General Mc- 
Clellan, 326 

Wright, William, President Aqueduct Company, 
340 

York, Duke of, receives grant from Charles II, 
5 

Yorktown, Cornwallis surrenders to Washing- 
ton, 206; continental forces remain on duty 
after surrender of, 217 



Young, Robert, chosen sheep master, 85; on 
jury to indict second raiding party from Eliza- 
beth Town, 137; arrested in Indian lands con- 
troversy, 168; released from Sheriff by mob, 
168 

Young, Stephen, arrested in Indian lands con- 
troversy, 168 

Y. M. C. A. dedicates new building, 349 

Y. W. C. A., its building, 349 

Zenger, Widow Catherine, printer of pamphlets 
opposing Proprietors, 171 




THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS 
GARDEN CITY, N. Y. 



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